1957 Israel GERMAN REPARATIONS Hebrew HOLOCAUST RESTITUTION Jewish SURVIVORS

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1957 Israel GERMAN REPARATIONS Hebrew HOLOCAUST RESTITUTION Jewish SURVIVORS:
$95.00

DESCRIPTION : Up for sale is an EXTREMELY RARE Hebrew-German publication , Being a GUIDE BOOK to Jewish HOLOCAUST SURVIVOERS , Explaining in short their RIGHTS regarding the GERMAN REPARATIONS. The publication is named ( In Hebrew ) \" THE GERMAN PERSONAL REPARATIONS From GERMANY - TO WHOM ? and FOR WHAT ?\" ( In German \"PERSOENLICHE ENTSCHAEDIGUNGEN AUS DEUTSCHLAND - FUER WEN ? - Und WOFUER ? \" ) . Published in 1957( Dated ).Original SC. 5.5\" x 8\". 50 pp. Very good condition. Used. Wear. Age tanning of leaves. ( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ) Will be sent inside a protective packaging .

PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal .SHIPPMENT : Shipp worldwide via registered airmail is $ 16 . Will be sent inside a protective packaging . Will be sent within3-5 days after payment . Kindly note that duration of Int\'l airmail is around 14 days.

Holocaust Restitution:German ReparationsHolocaust Restitution:Table of Contents|File a Claim|Lost Art DatabaseOn Sept. 20, 1945, three months after the end ofWorld WarII,Chaim Weizmann, on behalf of theJewish Agency, submitted to the governments of theUS,USSR,UK, andFrance, a memorandum demanding reparations, restitution, and indemnification due to the Jewish people fromGermanyfor its involvement in theHolocaust. He appealed to the Allied Powers to include this claim in their own negotiations for reparations withGermany, in view of the \"mass murder, the human suffering, the annihilation of spiritual, intellectual, and creative forces, which are without parallel in the history of mankind.\"Due to the deadlock, and later interruption of the Allies\' negotiations for reparations, no further development inWeizmann\'srequest took place until March 12, 1951, when Israel\'s foreign ministerMoshe Sharettsubmitted a note to the four Allied governments which claimed global recompense to theState of Israelof $1.5 billion from the German Federal Republic (West Germany). Sharett\'s claim was based on the financial cost absorbed by Israel for the rehabilitation of those Jews who escaped or survived theNazi regimeand came to the newly created Jewish state. The financial expense incurred by Israel in the absorption of 500,000 Nazi victims could be covered at $3,000 per capita.As a result of unofficial preliminary contacts, West German ChancellorKonrad Adenauerdeclared on September 27, 1951, that his government was ready to compensate Israel for material damage and losses and to negotiate with Israel and with representatives ofDiaspora Jewryfor other reparations. The following month, the Jewish community established theConferenceon Jewish Material Claims against Germany(Claims Conference) inNew York, presided over byNahum Goldmann, to help with individual claims.In Israel, theKnessetfiercely debated whether to accept the reparations from Germany over a three day period in early January 1952.Menachem Beginand theHerut Partywere among the most vocal members of the opposition, who considered the reparations offer as blood money. By the end of the debate, a small majority of 61-50 succeeeded in passing the resolution to enter into direct negotiations with West Germany over specific reparations amounts. Outside theKnesset, thousands of Israeli\'s protested and rioted the decision, at times even pelting the plenum building with stones, leading the police to use tear gas to disperse the crowds.Following Israel\'s approval of the resolution, a West German delegation headed by Professor Franz Boehm met with the Israeli delegation led byGiora Josephthaland Felix Eliezer Shinnar atThe Haguein March 1952. The delegation of theClaims Conference, headed byMoses Leavitt, was put in charge of negotiations on individual claims for indemnification. At the negotiations,Israelreduced her claim of $1.5 billion against the whole of Germany to $1 billion against West Germany alone while reserving the right to claim the balance from East Germany - which neither attended the negotiations nor ever provided compensation.On September 10, 1952, after six months of negotiations, an agreement on reparations between Israel and West Germany was signed inLuxembourgby Sharett and Adenauer. The agreement was ratified and came into effect on March 21, 1953, after a delay caused by the Arab states\' efforts to prevent ratification.Under the agreement, West Germany undertook to pay a total of $845 million: $100 million earmarked for allocation by theClaims Conferenceand the remainder toIsrael. Direct compensation would be paid in annual installments over a period of 14 years (between April 1, 1953, and March 31, 1966). The money to Israel was split - 30 percent was to pay for Israel\'s crude oil purchases in theUnited Kingdomand with the balance of 70 percent Israel was to buy ferrous and nonferrous metals, steel, chemical, industrial, and agricultural products from Germany.The agreement was carried out by West Germany government both in letter and in spirit and the goods bought and imported under the agreement represented between 12 and 14 percent of Israel\'s annual imports over the decade, thus making an important contribution to Israel\'s growing economy.In 1988, the German government allocated another $125 million for reparations, enabling remainingHolocaustsurvivors to receive monthly payments of $290 for the rest of their lives. In February 1990, before its unification with West Germany, East Germany admitted for the first time that it was also responsible for war crimes committed by the German people duringWorld WarIIand agreed to pay reparations.In 1999, in response to the filing of numerous class action lawsuits in American courts, the German government and German industry agreed to compensate Jews and non-Jews specifically forslave and forced laborthey performed for German industry during the war. Among the German industries that came under the lawsuits were Deutsche Bank AG, Siemens, BMW, Volkswagen, and Opel. In return for the dismissal of all such lawsuits and the guaranteeing German industry \"legal peace\" from any such further litigation, the German government created a foundation - \"Remembrance, Responsibility and the Future\" - with assets of approximately $5 billion. Slave and forced laborers still alive at the time of the settlement could apply to receive a lump sum payment of between $2,500 and $7,500 from the foundation; in all, over 140,000 Jewish survivors from more than 25 countries received payments. Final payments from the Foundation were to be made by September 2006.TheReparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany(German:Luxemburger Abkommen\"Luxembourg Agreement\" השילומיםHeskem HaShillumim\"Reparations Agreement\") was signed on September 10, 1952,[2]and entered in force on March 27, 1953.[3]According to the Agreement,West Germanywas to payIsraelfor theslave laborof Jews duringthe Holocaust, and to compensate for losses in Jewish livelihood and property that was stolen by theNazisdue to its persecution and genocide.Contents[hide]· 1Backgroundo 1.1The Claims Conferenceo 1.2Israel\'s dilemma· 2Negotiations· 3Oppositiono 3.1The rallyo 3.2Further protests· 4Implementationo 4.1Reopened claims· 5Further claims in 2009· 6See also· 7Referenceso 7.1Sourceso 7.2Citationso 7.3General references· 8External linksBackground[edit]In 1952, first Israeli Prime MinisterDavid Ben-Gurionargued that the reparation demand was based on recovering as much Jewish property as possible \"so that the murderers do not become the heirs as well\". His other argument was that the reparations were needed to finance the absorption and rehabilitation of the Holocaust survivors in Israel.[4]The Claims Conference[edit]According to the website of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, orClaims Conference, \"In response to calls from Jewish organizations and the State of Israel, in September 1951 ChancellorKonrad Adenauerof West Germany addressed his Parliament: \"… unspeakable crimes have been committed in the name of the German people, calling for moral and material indemnity … The Federal Government are prepared, jointly with representatives of Jewry and the State of Israel … to bring about a solution of the material indemnity problem, thus easing the way to the spiritual settlement of infinite suffering.\"One month after Adenauer\'s speech,Nahum Goldmann, co-chairman of theJewish Agency for Israeland president of theWorld Jewish Congress, convened a meeting in New York City of 23 major Jewish national and international organizations. The participants made clear that these talks were to be limited to discussion of material claims, and thus the organization that emerged from the meeting was called the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany—the Claims Conference. The Board of Directors of the new Conference consisted of groups that took part in its formation, with each member agency designating two members to the Board.\"The Claims Conference had the task of negotiating with the German government a program of indemnification for the material damages to Jewish individuals and to the Jewish people caused by Germany through the Holocaust.\"Israel\'s dilemma[edit]Menachem Beginprotesting against the Agreement in March 1952. The sign reads: \"Our honor shall not be sold for money; Our blood shall not be atoned by goods. We shall wipe out the disgrace!\".Followingthe Holocaust, Israel\'s relations with Germany were very tense. Israel was intent on taking in what remained of EuropeanJewry. Israel was also recovering from the1948 Arab-Israeli War, and was facing a deep economic crisis which led to apolicy of austerity. Unemployment was very high (especially in thema\'abarotcamps) and foreign currency reserves were scarce.[5]David Ben-Gurionand hisMapaiparty took a practical approach and argued that accepting the agreement was the only way to sustain the nation\'s economy.[5]\"There are two approaches\", he told the Mapai central committee. \"One is the ghetto Jew\'s approach and the other is of an independent people. I don\'t want to run after a German and spit in his face. I don\'t want to run after anybody. I want to sit here and build here. I\'m not going to go to America to take part in a vigil against Adenauer.\"[6]Negotiations[edit]The Negotiations were held betweenIsraeli Foreign MinisterMoshe SharettandWest German ChancellorKonrad Adenauer.In 1951, Israeli authorities made a claim to the four powers occupying post-war Germany regarding compensation and reimbursement, based on the fact that Israel had absorbed and resettled 500,000 Holocaust survivors. They calculated that since absorption had cost 3,000 dollars per person ($27,350 in today dollars), they were owed 1.5 billion dollars ($13,700,000,000 in today dollars) by Germany. They also figured that six billion dollars worth of Jewish property had been pillaged by the Nazis, but stressed that the Germans could never make up for what they did with any type of material recompense. Negotiations leading to the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany began in March 1952, and were conducted between representatives of the government of the Federal Republic, the government of the State of Israel, and representatives of the World Jewish Congress, headed by Dr. Goldmann. These discussions led to a bitter controversy in Israel, as the coalition government, headed byDavid Ben-Gurion, claimed that reparations were necessary to restore what was stolen from the victims of the Holocaust.The agreement was signed by Adenauer and Moshe Sharett on September 10, 1952 inLuxembourg City Hall. The German Parliament (Bundestag) passed the agreement March 18, 1953 by a large majority, 239 for and 35 against, though only 106 of the ruling CDU/CSU\'s 214 MPs supported the motion, which relied on the unanimous support of the opposition Social Democrats to get through. The Arab League strongly opposed the motion and threateneda boycottof the Federal Republic of Germany after it passed the restitution agreement, but the plan was abandoned due to economic considerations, namely that the Arab League would suffer far more from losing trade with West Germany than West Germany would from the Arab League.[7]Opposition[edit]Public debate was among the fiercest in Israeli history. Opposition to the agreement came from both the right (Herutand theGeneral Zionists) and the left (Mapam) of the political spectrum; both sides argued that accepting reparation payments was the equivalent of forgiving the Nazis for their crimes.On 5 November 1951,Yaakov Hazanof Mapam said in the Knesset: \"Nazismis rearing its ugly head again in Germany, and our so-called Western \'friends\' are nurturing that Nazism; they are resurrecting Nazi Germany.... Our army, theIsrael Defense Forces, will be in the same camp as the Nazi army, and the Nazis will begin infiltrating here not as our most terrible enemies, but rather as our allies...\"[8]At a session of theForeign Affairs and Defense Committeein September 1952,Yitzhak Ben-Aharon, then a Mapam MK, stated, \"I am not assuming that there are people who believe that Germany will pay a total of three billion marks, over a period of 12 years, and that this is no empty promise.... The Israeli government will obtain nothing but a piece of paper referring to three billion marks. And all this is only intended to mislead the public and claim the government has attained....\".[8]The rally[edit]Anticipating the debate in theKnesseton 7 January 1952, all adjacent roads were blocked. Roadblocks and wire fences were set up around the building and theIDFwas alert to suppress a mutiny. The rally, gathered by the agreement\'s opponents drew 15,000 people and the riots that ensued would be the most significant attempt in Israeli history to overturn a democratically made Knesset decision. The decision was ultimately accepted by 61-50 margin, but not before the advancing riots interrupted the plenum debate for the first time in the Knesset history.[5]Following a passionate and dramatic speech,Menachem Beginled the protesters towards the Knesset. Begin referred to theAltalena Affairin 1948, when the IDF shelled a ship carrying arms for the Irgun by order of Ben Gurion, saying, \"When you fired at me with cannon, I gave the order: \'Don\'t [return fire]!\' Today I will give the order, \'Do!\'\" The demonstration turned violent as protesters began throwing stones at the building\'s windows while the police used force to disperse them. After five hours of rioting, the police took control of the situation using hoses andtear gas. Hundreds were arrested; about 200 protesters and 140 policemen were injured.[5]Further protests[edit]The decision did not end the protests. In October 1952Dov Shilanskywas arrested near theForeign Ministrybuilding, carrying a pack ofdynamite. In his trial he was accused of being a member of an underground organization against the Reparations Agreement and was sentenced to 21 months in prison.[5]Severalparcel bombswere sent to Adenauer and others targets, one of which killed a policeman who handled it.[9][10]Implementation[edit]Despite the protests, the agreement was signed in September 1952, and West Germany paid Israel a sum of 3 billionmarksover the next fourteen years; 450 million marks were paid to the World Jewish Congress. The payments were made to the State of Israel as the heir to those victims who had no surviving family. The money was invested in the country\'s infrastructure, and played an important role in establishing theeconomy of the new state. Israel at the time faced a deep economic crisis and was heavily dependent on donations by foreign Jews, and the reparations, along with these donations, would help turn Israel into an economically viable country.The reparations were paid directly to the headquarters of the Israeli purchase delegation inCologne, which received the money from the German government in annual installments. The delegation then bought goods and shipped them to Israel, receiving its orders from aTel Aviv-based company that had been set up to decide what to purchase and for whom. A great part of the reparations money went into purchasing equipment and raw materials for companies that were owned by the government, theJewish Agency, and theHistadrutlabor union. Notably, much of that money went into purchasing equipment for about 1,300 industrial plants; two-thirds of this money was given to 36 factories, most of them owned by the Histadrut. At the same time, hundreds of other plants, mostly privately owned ones, received minimal assistance with reparations money. From 1953 to 1963, the reparations money funded around one-third of investment in Israel\'s electrical system, helping it to triple its capacity, and nearly half the total investment inIsrael Railways, which obtained German-made rolling stock, tracks, and signaling equipment with reparations money. The reparations were also used to purchase German-made machinery for developing the water supply, oil drilling, mining equipment for use in extracting copper from theTimna Valleymines, and heavy equipment for agriculture and construction such as combines, tractors, and trucks. About 30% of the reparations money went into buying fuel, while 17% was used to purchase ships for the Israeli merchant fleet; some fifty ships including two passenger liners were purchased, and by 1961, these vessels constituted two-thirds of the Israeli merchant marine. Funds from the reparations were also used forportdevelopment; thePort of Haifawas able to obtain new cranes, including afloating cranethat was namedBar Kokhba. TheBank of Israelcredited the reparations for about 15% of Israel\'sGNPgrowth and the creation of 45,000 jobs during the period they were in effect.[11]Yad Vashemnoted that \"in the 1990s, Jews began making claims for property stolen in Eastern Europe. Various groups also began investigating what happened to money deposited in Swiss banks by Jews outside of Switzerland who were later murdered in the Holocaust, and what happened to money deposited by various Nazis in Swiss banks. In addition, individual companies (many of them based in Germany) began to be pressured by survivor groups to compensate former forced laborers. Among them areDeutsche Bank AG,Siemens AG,Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW),Volkswagen AG, andAdam Opel AG. In response, early in 1999, the German government proclaimed the establishment of a fund with monies from these companies to help needy Holocaust survivors. A similar fund was set up by the Swiss, as was a Hungarian fund for compensation of Holocaust victims and their heirs. At the close of the 1990s, discussions of compensation were held by insurance companies that had before the war insured Jews who were later murdered by the Nazis. These companies includeAllianz,AXA,Assicurazioni Generali,Zürich Financial Services Group, Winterthur, andBaloise Insurance Group. With the help of information about Holocaust victims made available by Yad Vashem, an international commission under former US Secretary of State, Lawrence Eagleburger, has been trying to uncover the names of those who had been insured and died in the Holocaust. The World Jewish Restitution Organization was created to organize these efforts. On behalf of US citizens, the US Foreign Claims Settlement Commission reached agreements with the German government in 1998 and 1999 to compensate Holocaust victims who immigrated to the US after the war.\"Reopened claims[edit]In 2007, Israeli MKRafi Eitanmade suggestions that were interpreted as a claim to reopen the agreement, although he insisted that he merely intended to \"establish a German-Israeli work team that would examine how Germany could help the financially struggling survivors\".[12]Initially,German Finance MinisterPeer Steinbrückrejected any possibility of expanding the agreement,[13]but subsequently German government spokesman Thomas Steg said that Germany was willing to discuss the possibility of making extra pension payments to Holocaust survivors if the Israeli government makes an official request.[14]Further claims in 2009[edit]In 2009, Israeli Finance MinisterYuval Steinitzannounced that he will demand a further €450 million to €1 billion in reparations from Germany on behalf of some 30,000 Israeli forced labor survivors.[15]As of 2013 no agreement has been reached.[citation needed]Israel has also sought large discounts on the purchase of two German-builtMEKOwarships.[16]Israel has also received twoDolphin-class submarinefor free from Germany, along with substantial discounts on two others, and has two more on order for a total of six as of December 2012.[citation needed]See also[edit]· Claims Conference· International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims· Foundation \"Remembrance, Responsibility and Future\"· sources· \"No. 2137: ISRAEL and FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Agreement (with schedule, annexes, exchanges of letters and protocols). Signed at Luxembourg, on 10 September 1952\"(PDF).Treaties and international agreements filed and recorded from 20 March 1953 to 31 March 1953(PDF). United Nations Treaty Series (in English and French)162. pp.205–311.line feed character in|title=at position 38 (help)· \"No. 4961: ISRAEL and FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Agreement. Signed at Luxembourg, on 10 September 1952.\"(PDF).Treaties and international agreements registered from 7 November 1959 to 9 December 1959(PDF). United Nations Treaty Series (in English and French)345. pp.91–97.Reparations and Restitutions Financial compensation for Jewish suffering during the Holocaust and reimbursement for Jewish property that was stolen by the Nazis. From 1953 to 1965, West Germany paid the State of Israel, Jewish survivors, and German refugees hundreds of millions of dollars in a symbolic attempt to make up for the crimes committed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. While World War II was still raging, Jews around the world began making plans to demand financial indemnification for Holocaust victims. Just months after the war ended, the Jewish Agency made its first formal claim for reparations and property reimbursement to the four Allied powers that controlled Germany: the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. The agency proposed that a certain amount of Germany\'s money be allotted for the settlement of Jewish claims for reparations and the resettlement of Holocaust survivors in Palestine. After the State of Israel was established in mid-1948, it became clear that the Jewish country should be authorized to represent the Jewish people in submitting restitution claims. In 1951 the Israeli authorities made a claim to the four occupying powers regarding compensation and reimbursement, based on the fact that Israel had absorbed and resettled 500,000 Holocaust survivors. They calculated that since absorption had cost 3,000 dollars a person, they were owed 1.5 billion dollars by Germany. They also figured that six billion dollars worth of Jewish property had been pillaged by the Nazis, but stressed that the Germans could never make up for what they did with any type of material recompense. The West German government was quite willing to pay reparations to the Jewish people. Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and other politicians admitted Germany\'s guilt and wanted to take this chance to atone for it. In addition, they realized that paying reparations would help accelerate West Germany\'s acceptance by the Western powers. Also in 1951, 22 Jewish organizations met in New York to set up the Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany. The purpose of the _____________________ 2/3 Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies conference was to support Israel\'s claims and represent the claims of Holocaust victims living outside Israel. Within Israel, the reparations issue provoked heated debate. Many survivors strenuously opposed accepting any money from Germany, claiming that nothing could ever even begin to atone for the suffering imposed on them by the Nazis. There were many Israelis, however, who supported the talks, among them Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. He claimed that huge amounts of money were needed to properly rehabilitate the survivors who had immigrated to Israel, and that it was only natural and fair that German money be accepted in order to further that goal. The negotiations began in March 1952. A year later, the German parliament approved the agreements made between Israel and Germany. These included Germany\'s commitment to pay Israel 845 million dollars in the form of goods. Of that sum, 110 million dollars would be passed on to the Claims Conference. West Germany carried out its commitment in full. The money given to the Claims Conference helped Jewish communities and institutions in 39 countries reestablish themselves. Since 1956, the original Reparations Agreement has been greatly expanded, and over the years, Germany has paid billions of dollars to the victims of the Holocaust. In the 1990s, Jews began making claims for property stolen in Eastern Europe. Various groups also began investigating what happened to money deposited in Swiss banks by Jews outside of Switzerland who were later murdered in the Holocaust, and what happened to money deposited by various Nazis in Swiss banks. In addition, individual companies (many of them based in Germany) began to be pressured by survivor groups to compensate former forced laborers (see also Forced Labor). Among them are Deutsche Bank, Siemens, BMW, Volkswagen, Ford, and Opel. In response, early in 1999, the German government proclaimed the establishment of a fund with monies from these companies to help needy Holocaust survivors. A similar fund was set up by the Swiss, as was a Hungarian fund for compensation of Holocaust victims and their heirs. At the close of the 1990s, discussions of compensation by insurance companies that had insured Jews before the war and who were later murdered by the Nazis were held. These companies include Alliance, Axa, Generali, Zurich Financial Services Group, Winterhur, _____________________ 3/3 Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies and Baloise Insurance Group. With the help of information about Holocaust victims made available by Yad Vashem, an international commission under former US Secretary of State, Lawrence Eagleburger, has been trying to uncover the names of those who had been insured and died in the Holocaust. The World Jewish Restitution Organization was created to organize these efforts. On behalf of US citizens, the US Foreign Claims Settlement Commission reached agreements with the German government in 1998 and 1999 to compensate Holocaust victims who immigrated to the US after the war.