"Cross my Heart" Gold Silver Necklace Pendant Catholic Church Crucifix Jesus God

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"Cross my Heart" Gold Silver Necklace Pendant Catholic Church Crucifix Jesus God:
$10.84

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"Cross My Heart"
Love Heart & Cross Necklace
Silver & Gold0.925 Silver and Gold Plated Pendant of a Cross with a HeartThe Heart is detachable from the cross
In Excellent Condition
Starting at itsmonetary value onePenny...With ..If your the only buyer you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!!
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Fine silver (99.9% pure) is generally too soft for producing functional objects; therefore, the silver is usually alloyed with copper to give it strength while preserving the ductility and beauty of the precious metal. Other metals can replace the copper, usually with the intent to improve various properties of the basic sterling alloy such as reducing casting porosity, eliminating firescale, and increasing resistance to tarnish. These replacement metals include germanium, zinc and platinum, as well as a variety of other additives, including silicon and boron. A number of alloys, such as Argentium sterling silver, have appeared in recent years, formulated to lessen firescale or to inhibit tarnish, and this has sparked heavy competition among the various manufacturers, who are rushing to make claims of having the best formulation. However, no one alloy has emerged to replace copper as the industry standard, and alloy development is a very active area.A finger ring is a circular band worn as a type of ornamental jewellery around the finger; it is the most common current meaning of the word ring. Other types of metal bands worn as ornaments are also called rings, such as earrings, arm rings, toe rings and neck rings.
Rings can be of almost any material: metal, plastic, wood, bone, glass, gemstone to name a few. They may be set with a stone of some sort, which is often a precious or semi-precious gemstone such as diamond, ruby, sapphire or emerald, but can also be of almost any material.Jewellery
Forms
Anklet Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Lapel pin Necklace Pendant Ring Tiara Tie clip Toe ring Watch (pocket)
Making
People
Bench jeweler Goldsmith Jewellery designer Lapidary Watchmaker
Processes
Casting (centrifugal, lost-wax, vacuum) Enameling Engraving Filigree Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire wrapping
Tools
Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers
Materials
Precious metals
Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver
Precious metal alloys
Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Platinum sterling Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga
Base metals/alloys
Brass Bronze Copper Mokume-gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium
Mineral gemstones
Aventurine Agate Alexandrite Amethyst Aquamarine Carnelian Citrine Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Peridot Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Yogo sapphire
Organic gemstones
Amber Copal Coral Jet Pearl Abalone Ivory
Terms
Carat (mass) Carat (purity) Finding Millesimal finenessJewelry designer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A jewelry designer or jewellery designer (see American and British English spelling differences) is a person who renders original jewelry creations and usually constructs them as well. By profession this person would be trained in design and metalsmithing.
Historically jewelry designers originated as goldsmiths in the cultural aspects of Etruscan Civilization[citation needed] and became more dominant through ancient Greek and Roman cultures. In Ancient Macedonia[1] from Thessaloniki, the art of milling and rolling 24K Gold rose to the highest form and ignited the origins of what later 18th century jewelers such as the family of Fortunato Pio Castellani[2] used in Italian archaeological jewelry.
Contemporary jewellery designers are often professionals with knowledge of gemology, metalsmithing and rendering in order to cater to buyers. Designs can be initiated in a special jewellers model wax or even in metal (silver) in order to create a mold where an unlimited number of the pieces can be cast in gold, silver or platinum.
There are also modern jewellery-making methods. These are gaining popularity and some of the styles are beading, resin jewellery, lampwork and photo jewellery.List of notable jewellery designersThe active period relates to jewelry design period.
Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848-1933) Tiffany designed stained glass windows and lamps, glass mosaics, blown glass, ceramics, jewellery, enamels and metalwork. Active period:
Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel aka Coco Chanel (1883-1971) Active period:
Suzanne Belperron (1900-1983) French jeweller designer. Active period : 1919-1974
Fulco di Verdura (1898-1978). Active period: 1939-1973
Jean Schlumberger (1907-1987) Jewellery designer at the Tiffany & Co Active period: 1946 till late 1970s
Kurt Aepli (1914-2002) Swiss jewelry designer, silversmith and educator. Active period: 1942 through late 1980s
Frank Gehry (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) Active period:
Elsa Peretti (1940-) Italian jewelry designer. Active period: 1968? still active
Paloma Picasso (1949-) Jewelry designer at Zolotas and at the Tiffany & Co. Active period: 1968- still active
Louise Nippierd (1962-) Oslo-based Anglo-Norwegian jewelry designer specializing in anodized aluminum. Active period: still active
Solange Azagury-Partridge (1961-) British jewellery designer based in London, former artistic director at Boucheron. Active period: still active
Betony Vernon (1968-) lives and works in Milan and in Paris. She is most well known for her jewelry based on eroticism and sexual ceremony. Active period: still active
Sabine Römer (1980-) lives and works in Germany. She is known for her one-of-a-kind pieces. Active period: still activeJewellery
Forms
Anklet Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Lapel pin Necklace Pendant Ring Tiara Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch (pocket)
Making
People
Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Jewellery designer Lapidary Watchmaker
Processes
Casting (centrifugal, lost-wax, vacuum) Enameling Engraving Filigree Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire wrapping
Tools
Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers
Materials
Precious metals
Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver
Precious metal alloys
Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Platinum sterling Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga
Base metals/alloys
Brass Bronze Copper Mokume-gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten
Mineral gemstones
Aventurine Agate Alexandrite Amethyst Aquamarine Carnelian Citrine Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Peridot Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Yogo sapphire
Organic gemstones
Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Ivory Jet Pearl Nacre
Other natural objects
Shell jewelry
Terms
Carat (mass) Carat (purity) Finding Millesimal finenessA crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one) fixed to a cross") is an independent image of Jesus on the cross with a representation of Jesus' body, referred to in English as the corpus (Latin for "body"),[1][2] as distinct from a cross with no body.The crucifix is a principal symbol for many groups of Christians, and one of the most common forms of the Crucifixion in the arts. It is especially important in the Catholic Church, but is also used in Orthodox and Eastern Catholic, as well as Anglican, and Lutheran churches, (though less often in other Protestant churches), and it emphasizes Jesus' sacrifice — his death by crucifixion, which Christians believe brought about the redemption of mankind. Western crucifixes usually have a three-dimensional corpus, but in Eastern Orthodoxy Jesus's body is normally painted on the cross, or in low relief. Strictly speaking, to be a crucifix the cross must be three-dimensional, but this distinction is not always observed. A painting of the Crucifixion of Jesus including a landscape background and other figures is not a crucifix either.Large crucifixes high across the central axis of a church are known by the Old English term rood. By the late Middle Ages these were a near-universal feature of Western churches, but are now very rare. Modern Roman Catholic churches often have a crucifix above the altar on the wall; for the celebration of Mass, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church requires that, "on or close to the altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified"
Christ is the English term for the Greek Χριστός (Khristós) meaning "the anointed one".[3] It is a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Māšîaḥ), usually transliterated into English as Messiah or Mashiach. In popular modern usage—even within secular circles—the term usually refers explicitly to Jesus of Nazareth.The word is used as a title, hence its common reciprocal use Christ Jesus, meaning "The Messiah Jesus". Followers of Jesus became known as Christians (as in Acts 11:26) because they believed Jesus to be the Christ, or Christos, or Christian Messiah, prophesied in the Old Testament - therefore they often call him Jesus Christ, meaning Jesus is the Christos.Since the Apostolic Age, Jesus has never been accepted by most of the Jews as their Messiah.[4] Many Christians, however, await the Second Coming of Christ when they believe he will fulfill the major rest of the Christian Messianic prophecy. The area of Christian theology focusing on the identity, life, teachings and works of Jesus, is known as Christology.
Jesus of Nazareth ( /ˈdʒiːzəs/; 7–2 BC/BCE – 30–36 AD/CE), commonly referred to as Jesus Christ or simply as Jesus or Christ, is the central figure of Christianity. His impact on the course of human history has been significant, affecting Christians, as well as others.[9][10][11][12] Most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated and believe that he rose from the dead after being crucified.[13][14] The principal sources of information regarding Jesus are the four canonical gospels,[15] and most biblical scholars find them useful for reconstructing Jesus' life and teachings.[16][17][18][19] Some scholars believe apocryphal texts such as the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of the Hebrews are also relevant.[20]Most critical historians agree that Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was regarded as a teacher and healer, that he was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, on the charge of sedition against the Roman Empire.[21] Critical Biblical scholars and historians have offered competing descriptions of Jesus as a self-described Messiah, as the leader of an apocalyptic movement, as an itinerant sage, as a charismatic healer, and as the founder of an independent religious movement. Most contemporary scholars of the historical Jesus consider him to have been an independent, charismatic founder of a Jewish restoration movement, anticipating a future apocalypse.[22] Other prominent scholars, however, contend that Jesus' "Kingdom of God" meant radical personal and social transformation instead of a future apocalypse.[22]Christians traditionally believe that Jesus was born of a virgin,[14]:529–32 performed miracles,[14]:358–59 founded the Church, rose from the dead, and ascended into heaven,[14]:616–20 from which he will return.[14]:1091–109 The majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, and "the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity".[23] A few Christian groups, however, reject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly, believing it to be non-scriptural.[23][24] Most Christian scholars today present Jesus as the awaited Messiah promised in the Old Testament and as God,[25] arguing that he fulfilled many Messianic prophecies of the Old Testament.[26]Judaism rejects assertions that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill the Messianic prophecies in the Tanakh.[27] In Islam, Jesus (in Arabic: عيسى‎ in Islamic usage, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets,[28][29] a bringer of scripture, and the product of a virgin birth, but not to have experienced crucifixion.[30] Islam and the Bahá'í Faith use the title "Messiah" for Jesus,[31][32] but do not teach that he was God incarnate.
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church.[1] Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ,[2] administering the sacraments[3] and exercising charity.[4] The Catholic Church is among the oldest institutions in the world and has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation.[5] It teaches that it is the one true church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles and that the Pope is the successor to Saint Peter.[6][note 1][7] Catholic doctrine maintains that the Church is infallible when it dogmatically teaches a doctrine of faith or morals.[8][9][10][note 2] Catholic worship is centred on the Eucharist in which the Church teaches bread and wine are supernaturally transubstantiated into the body and blood of Christ. The Church holds the Blessed Virgin Mary in special regard. Catholic beliefs concerning Mary include her Immaculate Conception and bodily Assumption at the end of her earthly life.
Catholic ChurchOrganizations, Papacy, Teachings and Liturgical TraditionsHistory Jesus · Twelve Apostles · Early Christianity · History of the Papacy · Ecumenical Councils · Missions · Great Schism of East · Crusades · Great Schism of West · Protestant Reformation · Counter-Reformation · Catholic Church by country
Hierarchy Pope · Cardinals · Patriarchs · Major Archbishops · Primates · Metropolitans · Archbishops · Diocesan BishopsTheology Body and Soul · Divine Grace · Dogma · One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church · Original sin · Salvation · Sermon on the Mount · The Ten Commandments · Trinity · WorshipSacraments Anointing of the Sick · Baptism · Confirmation · Eucharist · Holy Orders · Matrimony · PenanceMariology Roman Catholic Mariology · Assumption · History of Mariology · Immaculate Conception · Mariology of the popes · Mariology of the saints · Mother of God · Perpetual Virginity · VenerationDoctors ofthe Church Albertus Magnus · Ambrose · Anselm of Canterbury · Anthony of Padua · Thomas Aquinas · Athanasius of Alexandria · Augustine of Hippo · Basil of Caesarea · Bede · Robert Bellarmine · Bernard of Clairvaux · Bonaventure · Petrus Canisius · Catherine of Siena · Peter Chrysologus · John Chrysostom · Cyril of Alexandria · Cyril of Jerusalem · Peter Damian · Ephrem the Syrian · Francis de Sales · Gregory of Nazianzus · Gregory the Great · Hilary of Poitiers · Isidore of Seville · Jerome · John of Damascus · John of the Cross · Lawrence of Brindisi · Leo the Great · Alphonsus Maria de Liguori · Teresa of Ávila · Thérèse of LisieuxPope Benedict XVI Conclave · Theology · Works · Dominus Iesus · Sacramentum Caritatis · Deus Caritas Est · Summorum Pontificum · Spe Salvi · Caritas in VeritatePreceding Popes Pope John Paul II · Pope John Paul I · Pope Paul VI · Pope John XXIII · Pope Pius XII · Pope Pius XI · Pope Benedict XV · Pope Pius X · Pope Leo XIII · Pope Pius IXOrders andSocieties Assumptionists · Augustinians · Benedictines · Capuchin Order · Carmelites · Carthusians · Congregations of Holy Cross · Dominican Order · Franciscan orders · Jesuits · Oratory of Saint Philip NeriVatican II Definition of the Church · Dei Verbum · Gaudium et Spes · Lumen Gentium · Nostra Aetate · Sacrosanctum ConciliumParticular Churchessorted byLiturgical Traditions Alexandrian · Coptic · Ethiopic · Antiochian · Maronite · Syriac · Syro-Malankara · Armenian · Armenian · Byzantine · Albanian · Belarusian · Bulgarian · Croatian · Greek · Hungarian · Italo-Albanian · Macedonian · Melkite · Romanian · Russian · Ruthenian · Slovak · Ukrainian · East Syrian · Chaldean · Syro-Malabar · Latin · Roman · Anglican Use · Sarum · Ambrosian · MozarabicCatholicism Portal Pope Portal[hide]v · d · eVatican City topicsGeneral Demographics · Languages · Military (Swiss Guard, Corpo della Gendarmeria) · Economy (Banking) · Transport · Tourism · Internet domain · Newspapers · Radio · TelevisionHistory Papal States · Duchy of Rome · History of the Papacy · Donation of Pepin · Prisoner in the Vatican · Lateran Palace · Quirinal Palace · Savoyard Era · First Vatican Council · Lateran Treaty · Vatican Secret ArchivesGeography Saint Peter's Square · St. Peter's Basilica · Vatican Museums · Gardens · Apostolic PalacePolitics Law · Government · Foreign relations · Elections · Political parties · Law enforcement · LGBT rights · Fundamental Law of Vatican City StateCulture Catholic Church · Coat of arms · Flag · National anthem · Music · Vatican Library · Vatican Film Library · Philatelic and Numismatic OfficeScience Pontifical Academy of Sciences · Vatican Observatory · Vatican Advanced Technology TelescopeSports Vatican City national football teamVatican Portal Catholicism Portal[hide]v · d · ePart of a series on ChristianityJesus Christ Virgin birth · Crucifixion · Resurrection · Easter
Foundations Church · Kingdom of God · New Covenant · Paul · Peter · Twelve Apostles · TimelineBible Books · Canon · Old Testament · New Testament · Gospels · ApocryphaTheology Apologetics · Baptism · Christology · God · Father · Son · Holy Spirit · History of theology · Mary · Salvation · TrinityHistory andtradition Church Fathers · Early Christianity · Constantine · Ecumenical councils · Creeds ·Missions · East–West Schism · Crusades · Protestant Reformation · ProtestantismDenominations(List) andMovements Western: Adventist · Anabaptist · Anglican · Baptist · Calvinism · Evangelical · Holiness ·Independent Catholic · Lutheran · Methodist · Old Catholic · Pentecostal · Quaker · Roman CatholicEastern: Eastern Orthodox · Eastern Catholic · Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) · AssyrianNontrinitarian: Christadelphian · Jehovah's Witness · Latter Day Saint · Oneness Pentecostal · UnitarianTopics Art · Criticism · Ecumenism · Liturgical year · Liturgy · Music · Other religions · Prayer · Sermons · Symbolism
Catholic prayers and sacramentals for protection against evilPrayers Holy Name of Jesus · Chaplet of St. Michael · Prayer to St. Michael · Vade retro satana
Sacramentals Crucifix · Holy water · Little Sachet · Scapular of St. Michael · St. Benedict Medal
AAcheiropoietaAdoration of the MagiAncient of DaysAndachtsbilderÁngel arcabuceroAnimals in Christian artAscension of Jesus in Christian artAsterius of AmasiaAureolaBBosom of Abraham TrinityCCephalophoreChrismonChrist treading on the beastsChristian symbolismChristianized myths and imageryCrossCrucifixCrux gemmataDDante's SatanDenial of PeterDepiction of JesusDescent from the CrossDivine countenanceDogmatic SarcophagusDonor portraitDoom paintingsEEarly Christian art and architectureEpiscopa TheodoraEpitaphios (liturgical)Evangelist portraitFFeather tightsFinding in the TempleFlight into EgyptFountain of LifeFour EvangelistsGGates of hellGlobus crucigerGod the Father in Western artGolden LegendHHalo (religious iconography)Hand of God (art)Harrowing of HellHeavenly hostHell iconHellmouthHetoimasiaHoly KinshipHoly Spirit in Christian artHoly Trinity IconIIconIcon caseJJacob Wrestling with the AngelJudith Beheading HolofernesLLabarumLamb of GodLamentation of ChristLast Supper (Cranach)Last Supper in Christian artLife of ChristLife of the VirginMMaestà (Duccio)Marriage of the VirginMass of Saint GregoryMassacre of the InnocentsMérode AltarpieceMonza ampullaeMystic marriage of Saint CatherineNNativity of Jesus in artNativity of Jesus in later cultureNine WorthiesODioscorus of AphroditoOliver Brothers Fine Art RestorationOransOrantPParable of the Ten VirginsPassion (Christianity)Poor Man's BibleProskynetarionPseudo-KuficRThe Rest on the Flight into Egypt (Mola)RetabloReverse perspectiveRizaRoad to Emmaus appearanceSSaint George and the DragonSaint James the Moor-slayerSaint Luke painting the VirginSaint symbolismSarcophagus of Junius BassusSt Augustine GospelsSt. Joseph's dreamStations of the CrossStations of the ResurrectionTTarotTetramorphThe Werl TriptychThirty pieces of silverThrone of MercyTree of JesseTrinityTypology (theology)VVeil of VeronicaWWilgefortis
Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday[5][6][7] generally observed on December 25 (with alternative days of January 6, 7 and 19[2]) to commemorate the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity.[8][9] The exact birthday of Jesus is not known, and historians place his year of birth some time between 7 BC and 2 BC. Narratives of his birth are included in two of the Canonical gospels in the New Testament of the Bible.
The date of Christmas may have initially been chosen to correspond with either the day exactly nine months after Christians believe Jesus to have been conceived,[10] the date of the Roman winter solstice,[11] or one of various ancient winter festivals.[10][12] Christmas is central to the Christmas and holiday season, and in Christianity marks the beginning of the larger season of Christmastide, which lasts twelve days.[13]
Although nominally a Christian holiday, Christmas is celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians worldwide,[1][14][15] and many of its popular celebratory customs have pre-Christian or secular themes and origins. Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift-giving, music, an exchange of Christmas cards, church celebrations, a special meal, and the display of various decorations; including Christmas trees, lights, garlands, mistletoe, nativity scenes, and holly. In addition, several figures, known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, and Santa Claus, among other names, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season.[16]
Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas is a factor that has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world.
A Christmas stocking is an empty sock or sock-shaped bag that children hang on Christmas Eve so that Santa Claus (or Father Christmas) can fill it with small toys, candy, fruit, coins or other small gifts when he arrives. These small items are often referred to as stocking stuffers or stocking fillers. In some Christmas stories, the contents of the Christmas stocking are the only toys the child receives at Christmas from Santa Claus; in other stories (and in tradition), some presents are also wrapped up in wrapping paper and placed under the Christmas tree. Tradition in Western culture dictates that a child who behaves badly during the year will receive only a piece of coal. However, coal is rarely if ever left in a stocking, as it is considered cruel.
Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values.[1] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature.
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system, but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviors, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural), and/or scriptures. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture.
The development of religion has taken different forms in different cultures. Some religions place an emphasis on belief, while others emphasize practice. Some religions focus on the subjective experience of the religious individual, while others consider the activities of the religious community to be most important. Some religions claim to be universal, believing their laws and cosmology to be binding for everyone, while others are intended to be practiced only by a closely defined or localized group. In many places religion has been associated with public institutions such as education, hospitals, the family, government, and political hierarchies.
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[2] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[3] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
Religious movements
Main article: Major religious groups
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the academic practice of comparative religion divided religious belief into philosophically defined categories called "world religions." However, some recent scholarship has argued that not all types of religion are necessarily separated by mutually exclusive philosophies, and furthermore that the utility of ascribing a practice to a certain philosophy, or even calling a given practice religious, rather than cultural, political, or social in nature, is limited.[17][18][19] The current state of psychological study about the nature of religiousness suggests that it is better to refer to religion as a largely invariant phenomenon that should be distinguished from cultural norms (i.e. "religions").[20] The list of religious movements given here is therefore an attempt to summarize the most important regional and philosophical influences on local communities, but it is by no means a complete description of every religious community, nor does it explain the most important elements of individual religiousness.
The four largest religious groups by population, estimated to account for between 5 and 7 billion people, are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism (with the relative numbers for Buddhism and Hinduism dependent on the extent of syncretism).
Four largest religions Adherents % of world population Article[circular reference]
World population 6.96 billion[21] Figures taken from individual articles:
Christianity 2.1 billion – 2.2 billion 33% – 34% Christianity by country
Islam 1.5 billion – 1.6 billion[22] 22% – 23% Islam by country
Buddhism 500 million – 1.9 billion[23] 7% – 29%[23] Buddhism by country
Hinduism 1.0 billion – 1.1 billion 15.2% – 16.2% Hinduism by country
Total 5.1 billion – 6.8 billion[23] 77% – 99%[23]
The patriarch Abraham (by József Molnár)
Abrahamic religions are monotheistic religions which believe they descend from Abraham.
Judaism is the oldest Abrahamic religion, originating in the people of ancient Israel and Judea. Judaism is based primarily on the Torah, a text which some Jews believe was handed down to the people of Israel through the prophet Moses in 1,400 BCE. This along with the rest of the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud are the central texts of Judaism. The Jewish people were scattered after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE. Today there are about 13 million Jews, about 40 per cent living in Israel and 40 per cent in the United States.[24]
Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (1st century) as presented in the New Testament. The Christian faith is essentially faith in Jesus as the Christ, the Son of God, and as Savior and Lord. Almost all Christians believe in the Trinity, which teaches the unity of Father, Son (Jesus Christ), and Holy Spirit as three persons in one Godhead. Most Christians can describe their faith with the Nicene Creed. As the religion of Byzantine Empire in the first millennium and of Western Europe during the time of colonization, Christianity has been propagated throughout the world. The main divisions of Christianity are, according to the number of adherents:
Catholic Church, headed by the Pope in Rome, is a communion of the Western church and 22 Eastern Catholic churches.
Protestantism, separated from the Catholic Church in the 16th-century Reformation and split in many denominations,
Eastern Christianity which include Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Church of the East.
There are other smaller groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and the Latter Day Saint movement, whose inclusion in Christianity is sometimes disputed.
Muslims praying around Kaaba, the most sacred site in Islam
Islam refers to the religion taught by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a major political and religious figure of the 7th century CE. Islam is the dominant religion of northern Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. As with Christianity, there is no single orthodoxy in Islam but a multitude of traditions which are generally categorized as Sunni and Shia, although there are other minor groups as well. Wahhabi is the dominant Muslim schools of thought in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. There are also several Islamic republics, including Iran, which is run by a Shia Supreme Leader.
The Bahá'í Faith was founded in the 19th century in Iran and since then has spread worldwide. It teaches unity of all religious philosophies and accepts all of the prophets of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as additional prophets including its founder Bahá'u'lláh.
Smaller regional Abrahamic groups, including Samaritanism (primarily in Israel and the West Bank), the Rastafari movement (primarily in Jamaica), and Druze (primarily in Syria and Lebanon).
Hindu statue of Rama in Kalaram Temple (India)
Indian religions are practiced or were founded in the Indian subcontinent. Concepts most of them share in common include dharma, karma, reincarnation, mantras, yantras, and darśana.
Hinduism is a synecdoche describing the similar philosophies of Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and related groups practiced or founded in the Indian subcontinent. Concepts most of them share in common include karma, caste, reincarnation, mantras, yantras, and darśana.[25] Hinduism is not a monolithic religion in the Romanic sense but a religious category containing dozens of separate philosophies amalgamated as Sanātana Dharma.
Jainism, taught primarily by Parsva (9th century BCE) and Mahavira (6th century BCE), is an ancient Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence for all forms of living beings in this world. Jains are found mostly in India.
Buddhism was founded by Siddhattha Gotama in the 6th century BCE. Buddhists generally agree that Gotama aimed to help sentient beings end their suffering (dukkha) by understanding the true nature of phenomena, thereby escaping the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra), that is, achieving Nirvana.
Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced mainly in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia alongside folk religion, shares some characteristics of Indian religions. It is based in a large collection of texts called the Pali Canon.
Under the heading of Mahayana (the "Great Vehicle") fall a multitude of doctrines which began their development in China and are still relevant in Vietnam, in Korea, in Japan, and to a lesser extent in Europe and the United States. Mahayana Buddhism includes such disparate teachings as Zen, Pure Land, and Soka Gakkai.
Vajrayana Buddhism, sometimes considered a form of Mahayana, was developed in Tibet and is still most prominent there and in surrounding regions.
Two notable new Buddhist sects are Hòa Hảo and the Dalit Buddhist movement, which were developed separately in the 20th century.
Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak and ten successive Sikh Gurus in 15th century Punjab. Sikhs are found mostly in India.
There are dozens of new religious movements within Indian religions and Hindu reform movements, such as Ayyavazhi and Swaminarayan Faith.
Zoroastrian Fire Temple
Iranian religions are ancient religions which roots predate the Islamization of the Greater Iran. Nowadays these religions are practiced only by minorities.
Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of prophet Zoroaster in the 6th century BC. The Zoroastrians worship the Creator Ahura Mazda. In Zoroastrianism good and evil have distinct sources, with evil trying to destroy the creation of Mazda, and good trying to sustain it.
Mandaeism is a monotheistic religion with a strongly dualistic worldview. Mandaeans are sometime labeled as the "Last Gnostics".
Kurdish religions include the traditional beliefs of the Yazidi, Alevi, and Ahl-e Haqq. Sometimes these are labeled Yazdânism.
Incense burner in China
Folk religion is a term applied loosely and vaguely to less-organized local practices. It is also called paganism, shamanism, animism, ancestor worship, matriarchal religion, or totemism, although not all of these elements are necessarily present in local belief systems. The category of "folk religion" can generally include anything that is not part of an organization. Modern neopagan movement draws on folk religion for inspiration to varying degrees.
African traditional religion is a category including any type of religion practiced in Africa before the arrival of Islam and Christianity, such as Yoruba religion or San religion. There are many varieties of religions developed by Africans in the Americas derived from African beliefs, including Santería, Candomblé, Umbanda, Vodou, and Oyotunji.
Folk religions of the Americas include Aztec religion, Inca religion, Maya religion, and modern Catholic beliefs such as the Virgin of Guadalupe. Native American religion is practiced across the continent of North America.
Australian Aboriginal culture contains a mythology and sacred practices characteristic of folk religion.
Chinese folk religion, practiced by Chinese people around the world, is a primarily social practice including popular elements of Confucianism and Taoism, with some remnants of Mahayana Buddhism. Most Chinese do not identify as religious due to the strong Maoist influence on the country in recent history, but adherence to religious ceremonies remains common. New religious movements include Falun Gong and I-Kuan Tao.
Traditional Korean religion is a syncretic mixture of Mahayana Buddhism and Korean shamanism. Unlike Japanese Shinto, Korean shamanism was never codified and Buddhism was never made a social necessity. In some areas these traditions remain prevalent, but Korean-influenced Christianity is also influential in society and politics in South Korea.
Traditional Japanese religion is a mixture of Mahayana Buddhism and ancient indigenous practices which were codified as Shinto in the 19th century. Japanese people retain nominal attachment to both Buddhism and Shinto through social ceremonies, but irreligion is common.
A modern style Unitarian sanctuary
A variety of new religious movements still practiced today have been founded in many other countries besides Japan and the United States, including:
Shinshūkyō is a general category for a wide variety of religious movements founded in Japan since the 19th century. These movements share almost nothing in common except the place of their founding. The largest religious movements centered in Japan include Soka Gakkai, Tenrikyo, and Seicho-No-Ie among hundreds of smaller groups.
Cao Đài is a syncretistic, monotheistic religion, established in Vietnam in 1926.
Unitarian Universalism is a religion characterized by support for a "free and responsible search for truth and meaning."
Scientology teaches that people are immortal beings who have forgotten their true nature. Its method of spiritual rehabilitation is a type of counseling known as auditing, in which practitioners aim to consciously re-experience painful or traumatic events in their past in order to free themselves of their limiting effects.
Eckankar is a religion with the purpose of making God an everyday reality in one's life.
Sociological classifications of religious movements suggest that within any given religious group, a community can resemble various types of structures, including "churches", "denominations", "sects", "cults", and "institutions".
Religion topics
Major groups
Abrahamic
Bahá'í Faith · Christianity (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestanism) · Druze · Islam (Sunni, Shia, Sufi) · Judaism (Conservative, Karaite, Orthodox, Reform) · Mandaeism
Indian
Ayyavazhi · Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana) · Hinduism (Shaktism, Shaivism, Smartism, Vaishnavism) · Jainism · Sikhism
Iranian
Ahl-e Haqq · Bahá'í Faith · Manichaeism · Mazdak · Mithraism · Yazidi · Zoroastrianism (Zurvanism)
East Asian
Confucianism · Shinto · Taoism · Zen
Yoruba
Aladura · Candomblé · Santería · Umbanda
Recent
Cao Dai · Cheondoism · Discordianism · Eckankar · I-Kuan Tao · Neopaganism · New Age · Rastafari · Scientology · Seicho-no-Ie · Tenrikyo · Thelema · New Thought · Unification Church · Unitarian Universalism
Indigenous
African · Afro-American · Indigenous Australian · Chinese · Finnish-Estonian · Gurung · Javanese · Malagasy · Native American · Odinani · Philippine · Tibetan (Bön) · Polynesian · Vodou
Ancient religions
Prehistoric
Paleolithic
Near East
Egyptian · Mesopotamian · Semitic
Indo-European
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Apostasy / Disaffiliation · Beliefs · Clergy · Conversion · Deities · Denomination · Faith · Fire‎ · God · Meditation · Monasticism (monk · nun) · Mysticism · Mythology · Nature‎ · Ordination · Orthodoxy · Orthopraxy · Ritual (liturgy · sacrifice) · Spirituality · Supernatural · Symbols · Truth · Water
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Religion and
society
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Secularism
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Philosophers
of religion
Albrecht Ritschl · Alvin Plantinga · Anselm of Canterbury · Antony Flew · Anthony Kenny · Augustine of Hippo · Averroes · Baron d'Holbach · Baruch Spinoza · Blaise Pascal · Bertrand Russell · Boethius · D. Z. Phillips · David Hume · Desiderius Erasmus · Emil Brunner · Ernst Cassirer · Ernst Haeckel · Ernst Troeltsch · Friedrich Schleiermacher · Friedrich Nietzsche · Gaunilo of Marmoutiers · Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel · George Santayana · Harald Høffding · Heraclitus · Jean-Luc Marion · Lev Shestov · Loyal Rue · Martin Buber · Martin Lings · Mircea Eliade · Immanuel Kant · J. L. Mackie · Johann Gottfried Herder · Karl Barth · Ludwig Feuerbach · Maimonides · Paul Tillich · Pavel Florensky · Peter Geach · Pico della Mirandola · Reinhold Niebuhr · René Descartes · Rene Guenon · Richard Swinburne · Robert Merrihew Adams · Rudolf Otto · Søren Kierkegaard · Sergei Bulgakov · Thomas Aquinas · Thomas Chubb · Vladimir Solovyov · Walter Kaufmann · William Alston · William James · William Lane Craig · W.K. Clifford · William L. Rowe · William Whewell · William Wollaston · more...
Existence of God
For
Beauty · Christological · Consciousness · Cosmological · Degree · Desire · Experience · Love · Miracles · Morality · Ontological · Pascal's Wager · Proper basis · Reason · Teleological (Natural law) · Transcendental · Witness
Against
747 Gambit · Atheist's Wager · Evil · Free will · Hell · Inconsistent revelations · Nonbelief · Noncognitivism · Occam's razor · Omnipotence · Poor design · Russell's teapot · Fate of the unlearned
Related topics
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Positions
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Schools of
thought
By historical era
Ancient (Axial Age) · Western (Medieval · Renaissance · Modern) · Eastern · Contemporary (Analytic · Continental)
Ancient
Chinese (Agriculturalism · Confucianism · Legalism · Logicians · Mohism · Chinese naturalism · Neotaoism · Taoism · Zen) · Greek & Greco-Roman (Aristotelianism · Cynicism · Epicureanism · Neoplatonism · Peripatetic · Platonism · Presocratic · Pythagoreanism · Sophism · Stoicism) · Indian (Buddhist · Cārvāka · Hindu · Jain) · Persian (Mazdakism · Zoroastrianism · Zurvanism)
9th–16th centuries
Christian Europe (Scholasticism · Renaissance humanism · Thomism) · East Asian (Korean Confucianism · Rigaku · Neo-Confucianism) · Islamic (Averroism · Avicennism · Persian Illuminationism · Sufi) · Jewish (Judeo-Islamic)
17th–21st centuries
Absolute idealism · Australian realism · Behaviorism · Cartesianism · Classical liberalism · Deconstruction · Dialectical materialism · Epiphenomenalism · Egoism · Existentialism · Feminist · Functionalism · Hegelianism · Kantianism · Kyoto school · Legal positivism · Logical positivism · Marxism · Mitogaku · Modernism · Neo-Kantianism · New Confucianism · New Philosophers · Objectivism · Ordinary language · Particularism · Phenomenology · Postmodernism · Post-structuralism · Pragmatism · Reformed epistemology · Structuralism · Transcendentalism · Transmodernism · Utilitarianism · more...
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By region
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Christmas
Core topics
History Christmas Eve Christmas Day Boxing Day Decorations Economics Gift giving
In Christianity
Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel The Annunciation Annunciation to the Shepherds Bethlehem Biblical Magi Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents Nativity of Jesus Nativity of Jesus in art Nativity of Jesus in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night
In folklore, true stories,
and literature
Badalisc Belsnickel Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Joulupukki Jack Frost Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus La Befana Le Père Fouettard Mrs. Claus North Pole Olentzero Père Noël Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Santa Claus Santa Claus's reindeer Santa's workshop Sinterklaas Vertep Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Mikulás Old Man Winter
Traditions
Advent calendar Boar's Head Feast Cards Christmas hamper Crackers Events and celebrations Films Flying Santa Food Holiday parades Las Posadas Lights Markets Meals and feasts NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers Ornaments Plants Santa Claus parade Secret Santa Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days of Christmas Wassailing Yule Goat Yule log
By country
Germany Hungary Ireland Philippines Poland Serbia Ukraine
Music
Albums Carols Hit singles Hit singles UK Songs
Other media
Fiction Films Onstage Television: (episodes, specials)
In society
Advent Conspiracy Christmas and holiday season Christmas club Christmas controversy Christmas creep Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 Christmas in July Christmas in August Christmas in Puritan New England Christmas in the American Civil War Christmas in the post-War United States Christmas-linked holidays Christmas Mountains NFL Christmas games NBA Christmas Games Christmas nomenclature and language Christmas truce Running of the Santas SantaCon Super Saturday White Christmas Winter festivals "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus"
Foods
Christmas pudding Gingerbread Christmas cake Christmas cookies Eggnog

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