1727 ANTIQUE BOOK HISTORY 9 ENGRAVINGS ANCIENT GREECE ROME ENGLISH TEXT LEATHER

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Note: Plutarch (then named, onhis becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius MestriusPlutarchus) c. 46-120 AD, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarilyfor his ParallelLives and Moralia. He was born to aprominent family in Chaeronea, Boeotia, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi. Plutarch\'s best-known work is the Parallel Lives, a series of biographies of famous Greeks and Romans,arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues and vices. The surviving Lives contain23 pairs, each with one Greek Life and one Roman Life, as well as four unpairedsingle Lives. As is explained in the opening paragraph of his Life ofAlexander, Plutarch was not concerned with history so much as the influenceof character, good or bad, on the lives and destinies of men. Whereas sometimeshe barely touched on epoch-making events, he devoted much space to charminganecdote and incidental triviality, reasoning that this often said far more forhis subjects than even their most famous accomplishments. He sought to providerounded portraits, likening his craft to that of a painter; indeed, he went totremendous lengths (often leading to tenuous comparisons) to draw parallels between physical appearance and moral character. In many ways, hemust be counted amongst the earliest moral philosophers. Some of the Lives,such as those of Heracles, Philip II of Macedon and Scipio Africanus, no longer exist;many of the remaining Lives are truncated, contain obvious lacunae or have been tampered with by later writers. Extant Livesinclude those on Solon, Themistocles, Aristides, Pericles, Alcibiades, Nicias, Demosthenes, Pelopidas, Philopoemen, Timoleon, Dion of Syracuse, Alexander the Great, Pyrrhus of Epirus, Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Coriolanus, Theseus, Aemilius Paullus, Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus, Gaius Marius, Sulla, Sertorius, Lucullus, Pompey, Julius Caesar, Cicero, Cato the Younger, Mark Antony, and Marcus Junius Brutus.

*André Dacier (1651-1722) was aFrench classical scholar and editor of texts. He began hiscareer with an edition and commentary of Festus\' De verborum significatione, and was the first to produce a\"readable\" text of the 20-book work. His father, a Protestant lawyer, sent him first to the Academy of Puy Laurens, and afterwards tothe Academy ofSaumur to study under Tanneguy LeFèvre. On Lefebvre\'s death in 1672, Dacier moved to Paris, and was appointed one of the editors of the Delphin series of the classics. In 1683 hemarried Anne Lefèvre, the daughter ofhis old tutor. Better known by her married name of Madame Dacier, she was alsoa learned translator of the classics. In 1695 he was elected to the Academy of Inscriptions, and also to the Académiefrançaise; not long after this, as payment for his share in the medallic historyof the king\'s reign, he was appointed keeper of the library of the Louvre. The most important of his works were hiseditions of PompeiusFestus and VerriusFlaccus, and his translations of Horace (with notes), Aristotle\'s Poetics, the Electraand Oedipus Coloneus of Sophocles; Epictetus, Hippocrates and Plutarch\'s Lives. In editing Festus, Dacierworked from the proposals of Joseph Scaliger, who providednotes and additions. His stated goal was to produce a \"clear andeducationally useful text.\" Addressing his work to the Dauphin (in usumDelphini), at that time Louis, he was more interested in the realia of Roman law, treaties, and thefoundations of power than in the literary quality of the text or its lackthereof.

Timoleon, son ofTimodemus, of Corinth(c. 411–337 BCE) was a Greek statesman and general. As the champion of Greece against Carthagehe is closely connected with the history of Sicily,especially Syracuse.

Lucius Aemilius Paullus(died 216 BC) was a Roman consul twice,in 219 and 216 BC. He served his first consulship with Marcus Livius Salinator. During this year,he defeated Demetrius of Pharos in the Second Illyrian War and forced him to flee tothe court of Philip V of Macedon. On his return to Rome, hewas awarded a triumph. He was subsequently charged, alongwith his colleague, with unfairly dividing the spoils, although he wasacquitted. During the Second Punic War, he was made consul a secondtime and served with Gaius Terentius Varro. He shared thecommand of the army with Varro at the Battle ofCannae. Varro led out the troops against the advice of Paullus andthe battle became a crushing defeat for the Romans. Paullus died in the battle,while Varro managed to escape. He was the father of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicusand his daughter, Aemilia Tertia, married ScipioAfricanus.

Pelopidas (died 364 BC) was an important Thebanstatesman and general in Greece.

Marcus Claudius Marcellus(ca. 268–208 BC), five times elected as consul of the RomanRepublic, was an important Roman military leader during the GallicWar of 225 BC and the Second Punic War. Marcellus gained the mostprestigious award a Roman general could earn, the spolia opima,for killing the Gallic military leader and king Viridomarusin hand-to-hand combat in 222 BC at the battle of Clastidium. Furthermore, he isnoted for having conquered the fortified city of Syracuse in a protractedsiege during which Archimedes, the famous inventor, was killed. Marcus ClaudiusMarcellus died in battle in 208 BC, leaving behind a legacy of militaryconquests and a reinvigorated Roman legend of the spolia opima.

Aristides (530 BC – 468BC) was an ancient Athenian statesman. Nicknamed \"theJust\", he flourished in the early quarter of Athens\' Classical period andis remembered for his generalship in the Persian War. The ancient historian Herodotuscited him as \"the best and most honourable man in Athens”, and he receivedsimilarly reverent treatment in the writing of the philosopher Plato.

Marcus Porcius Cato (234BC – 149 BC) was a Roman statesman, commonly referred to as CatoCensorius (the Censor), Cato Sapiens (the Wise), CatoPriscus (the Ancient), Cato Major, or Cato the Elder(to distinguish him from his great-grandson, Cato theYounger); known for his conservatismand opposition to Hellenization. He came of an ancient Plebeian family who allwere noted for some military service but not for the discharge of the highercivil offices. He was bred, after the manner of his Latin forefathers, to agriculture,to which he devoted himself when not engaged in military service. But, havingattracted the notice of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought toRome, and successivelyheld the offices of CursusHonorum: Military tribune (214 BC), Quaestor(204 BC), Aedile(199 BC), Praetor(198 BC), in which capacity he expelled the usurers from Sardinia,Consul(195 BC) together with his old patron, and finally Censor (184 BC). In the latter office hetried to preserve the mos majorum (“ancestral custom”) and combat \"degenerate\"Hellenistic influences.

Titus Quinctius Flamininus(c. 229 BC – c. 174 BC) was a Romanpolitician and general instrumental in the Roman conquest of Greece. Amember of the patrician gensQuinctia,and brother to Lucius Quinctius Flamininus, he served asa military tribunein the Second Punic war and in 205 BC he was appointedpropraetorin Tarentum.He was a curule aedilein Romein 203 BC and a quaestorin 199 BC. He became consul in 198 BC, despite being only about thirty years old,younger than the constitutional age required to serve in that position. As Livyrecords, two tribunes, Marcus Fulvius and Manius Curius publiclyopposed his candidacy for consulship, as he was just a quaestor, but the Senateoverrode the opposition and he was elected along with Sextus Aelius Paulus.After his election to the consulship he was chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galbawho was consul with Gaius Aurelius in 200 BC, according to Livy, as generalduring the Second Macedonian War. He chased Philip V of Macedon out of most of Greece, exceptfor a few fortresses, defeating him at the Battle of the Aous, but as his term asconsul was coming to an end he attempted to establish a peace with theMacedonian king. During the negotiations, Flamininus was made proconsul,giving him the authority to continue the war rather than finishing the negotiations.In 197 BC he defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly,the Roman legions making the Macedonian phalanx obsolete in the process.Philip was forced to surrender, give up all the Greek cities he had conquered,and pay Rome 1,000 talents, but his kingdom was left intact toserve as a buffer state between Greece and Illyria. This displeased the AchaeanLeague, Rome\'s allies in Greece, who wanted Macedon to be dismantledcompletely. In 198 BC he occupied Anticyrain Phokisand made it his naval yard and his main provisioning port. During the periodfrom 197 to 194 BC, from his seat in Elateia, Flamininus directed the politicalaffairs of the Greek states. In 196 BC Flamininus appeared at the IsthmianGames in Corinth and proclaimed the freedom of the Greekstates. He was fluent in Greek and was a great admirer of Greek culture,and the Greeks hailed him as their liberator; they minted coins with hisportrait, and in some cities he was deified. According to Livy, this was the act ofan unselfish Hellenophile, although it seems more likely that Flamininusunderstood freedom as liberty for the aristocracy of Greece, who would thenbecome clients of Rome, as opposed to being subjected to Macedonian hegemony. With his Greek allies, Flamininus plundered Sparta, beforereturning to Rome in triumph along with thousands of freed slaves, 1200 ofwhich were freed from Achaea, who had been taken captive and sold in Greece duringthe Second Punic War. Meanwhile, Eumenes IIof Pergamumappealed to Rome for help against the Seleucidking Antiochus III.Flamininus was sent to negotiate with him in 192 BC, and warned him not tointerfere with the Greek states. Antiochus did not believe Flamininus had theauthority to speak for the Greeks, and promised to leave Greece alone only ifthe Romans did the same. These negotiations came to nothing and Rome was soonat war with Antiochus. Flamininus was present at the Battle of Thermopylae in191 BC, in which Antiochus was defeated. In 189 BC he was elected censoralong with Marcus Claudius Marcellus,defeating among others Cato the Elder. In 183 BC he was sent tonegotiate with Prusias I of Bithyniain an attempt to capture Hannibal, who had been exiled there from Carthage,but Hannibal committed suicide to avoid being taken prisoner. Although nothingis known of him after this, Flamininus seems to have died around 174.