1855 Four Antique Engravings - CIRCASSIANS - Russian Conquest - Imam Shamil
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1855 Four Antique Engravings - CIRCASSIANS - Russian Conquest - Imam Shamil:
$12.50
Four antique engravings on two pages published in Gleason\'s Pictorial magazine relating to Circassians (see below) entitled as follows:
\"Circassians\" and \"A Circassian Family\"
\"Equestrian Portrait of Schamyl - the Circassian Chief\" (this was Amam Shamil, see below) and \"Assembling of Russian Troops for the Campaign of the Caucasus\"
Unfortunately Gleason\'s did not date each page but only published between 1851 and 1855 - these I suspect are 1854
Good condition - see scans. Unrelated text to the reverse. Page size 16 x 11 inches
This are original engravings and not reproductions
CircassiansFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSee also:Chorni children in traditional costume holding the Circassian FlagTotal population(c. 4–8million)Regions with significant populationsTurkeyEstimated 1,000,000[1]– 2,000,000[2][3]– 3,000,000[4][5]– 5,000,000[2][6]to 7,000,000[7]Russia720,000 (2010 Census)[8]
- Adygea110,229[9]
- Krasnodar Krai24,061[9]
- Stavropol Krai10,574[9]
- Moscow5,374[9]
- North 180,000Syria80,000[10][11][12]– States9,000[10]– 25,000Saudi (1994 Adyghe,Kabardian Adyghe, extinctUbykh Adyghedialects), ChristianandCatholicas well asAbkhazo-Circassian neopaganismRelated ethnic groupsAbazgi (Abkhaz,Abazin)Circassian Flag
TheCircassians(Circassian: Адыгэхэр,Adygekher) are aNorthwest Caucasian ethnic group[20]native toCircassia, many of whom weredisplacedin the course of theRussian conquest of the Caucasusin the 19th century, especially after theRussian–Circassian Warin 1864. In its narrowest sense, the term \"Circassian\" includes the twelveAdyghe(Circassian: Адыгэ,Adyge) tribes (three democratic and nine aristocratic), andZhaney,[21]each one represented by a star on the green-and-gold Circassian Flag. However, due to Soviet administrative divisions, Circassians were also designated as the following:Adygeans(Adyghe in Adygea),Cherkessians(Adyghe in Karachay-Cherkessia),Kabardians(Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria),Shapsugians(Adyghe in Krasnodar Krai) although all the four are essentially the same people residing in different political units.
Most Circassians areSunni Muslim.[22]The Circassians mainly speak theCircassian language, aNorthwest Caucasian languagewith three main dialects and numerous sub-dialects. Many Circassians also speakTurkish,Russian,English,Arabic, andHebrew, having beenexiledbyRussiato lands of theOttoman Empire, where the majority of them today live.[23]About 800,000 Circassians remain in historicalCircassia(modern-day titular Circassian republics well as the southern half ofKrasnodar Kraiand the southwestern part ofStavropol Krai), and others live in the Russian Federation outside these republics and krais. The2010 Russian Censusrecorded 718,727 Circassians, of whom 516,826 are Kabardian, 124,835 are Adyghe proper, 73,184 are Cherkess, and 3,882 Shapsug.[8]
TheUnrepresented Nations and Peoples Organizationestimated in the early 1990s that there are as many as 3.7 million \"ethnic Circassian\" diaspora (in over 50 countries),[24]outside the titular Circassian republics (meaning that only one in seven \"ethnic Circassians\" live in the homeland), and that, of these 3.7 million, more than 2 million live inTurkey,[24]300,000 in theLevant(mostly modern-day Jordan and Syria) andMesopotamia, and 50,000 inWestern Europeand theUnited States.
Contents[hide]- 1Ethnonyms
- 2History
- 2.1Origins
- 2.2Medieval period
- 2.3Russian Invasion of Circassia
- 2.4Post-exile period
- 3Culture
- 3.1Language
- 3.2Religion
- 3.2.1Adyghe Khabze
- 3.3Traditional social system
- 3.4Traditional clothing
- 3.5Traditional cuisine
- 3.6Traditional crafts
- 4Circassian tribes
- 4.1Other Adyghe groups
- 5Circassian diaspora
- 5.1Western Asia
- 5.2Egypt and Libya
- 5.3Europe
- 5.4North America
- 6Sochi Olympics controversy
- 7Gallery
- 8See also
- 9References
- 10Further reading
- 11External links
The Circassiansrefer to themselvesasAdyghe(also transliterated The name is believed to derive fromatté\"height\" to signify a mountaineer or a highlander, andghéi\"sea\", signifying \"a people dwelling and inhabiting a mountainous country near the sea coast\", or \"between two seas\".[25][26]
TheTurkic peoples[29]andRussianscall the AdygheCherkess.[30]Folk etymologyusually explains the nameCherkessas \"warrior cutter\" or \"soldier cutter\", from theTurkishwordsçeri(soldier) andkesmek(to cut).[citation needed]
Despite a common self-designation and a common Russian name,[31]Sovietauthorities applied four designations to Circassians:[citation needed]
- Kabardian, Circassians ofKabardino-Balkaria(Circassians speaking theKabardian language[33]), one of two indigenous peoples of the republic.
- Adyghe, the indigenous population of theKubanincludingAdygeaandKrasnodar Krai.[35]
- Shapsug, the indigenous historical inhabitants of Shapsugia. They live in theTuapse Districtand theLazarevsky City District(formerly theShapsugsky National District) ofSochi, both inKrasnodar Kraiand in bay II(reigned 1516–1517) the last Mamluk sultan of Adyghe origins.
Genetically, the Adyghe have shared ancestry partially with neighboringpeoples of the Caucasus, with some influence from the other regions.[36]TheCircassian language, also known as the Cherkess language, includingWest Adyghe,Kabardian Adyghe, andUbykh, is a member of the ancientNorthwest Caucasian language family.Archaeologicalfindings, mainly ofdolmens in Northwest Caucasus region, indicate amegalithicculture in North West caucauses.[37]Around the beginning of the 4th Millennium BCE, the North West Caucasus region and western Steppes became influenced by theMaykop culture.
An Adyghe kingdom was founded in about 400 BCE.[37]
Medieval period[edit]As a result throughout the Caucasus between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE.[38][39]During that period the Circassians (referred to at the time asKassogs) began to accept Christianity as a national religion, but did not abandon all elements of their indigenous religious beliefs.
From around 400 CE, wave after wave of invaders began to invade the lands of the Adyghe, who were also known as theKasogi(or Kassogs) at the time. They were conqered first by theBulgars(who originated on the Central Asian steppes). Outsiders sometimes confused the Adyghe with the similarly-namedUtigurs(a branch of the Bulgars), and both peoples were sometimes conflated under misnomers such as \"Utige\". The Bulgar state, with its capital atPhanagoria, reached the apex of its geopolitical sway in 632–668, asOld Great Bulgaria(which also occupied present-day southern Ukraine).
Under pressure from theKhazars, Great Bulgaria declined quickly and collapsed, to be succeeded[when?]by theKhazar Khaganate.
The Adyghe, following the dissolution of the Khazar state, were integrated (around the end of the 1st millennium CE) by theKingdom of Alania.
Between the 10th and 13th centuriesGeorgiahad influence on the Adyghe, adoptingChristianity.
In the 17th century, under the influence of theCrimean Tatarsand of theOttoman Empire, some Circassians started to adoptIslam. However, there were instances of Circassians adopting Islam even in the late 15th century, and such groups subsequently becameMamluksand rose through the ranks to become sultans in Egypt during theMamluk dynasty(1250–1517). Although the make-up of the Burji Mamluk dynasty were mostly Adyghe (including Kabardian), there were also Abkhaz, Abaza, and Georgian people who were recruited by the Arab sultans to serve their kingdoms as a military force. However, former Bahri Mamluk dynasty was composed mainly ofCumansandKipchaks.[40]During the 13th century the Mamluks seized power inCairo, and as a result[citation needed]the Mamluk kingdom became the most influential kingdom in the Muslim world. The majority of the leaders of the Mamluk kingdom were of Adyghe origin.[41]Even after theOttoman TurksconqueredEgyptin 1517, the Adyghes continued to rule in Egypt until the 18th century.[citation needed]
With the rise ofMuhammad Ali Pasha(who ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848), most senior Mamluks were killed[by whom?]and the remaining Mamluks fled toSudan.
As of 2016several thousand Adyghe reside in Egypt; in addition to the descendants of Burji Mamluks of Adyghe origin, there are many who descend from royal Circassian consorts or Ottoman pashas of Circassian origin as well as Circassian muhajirs of the 19th century. Until the rise ofGamal Abdel Nasserin Egypt in the 1950s, the Adyghe formed an élite group in the country. Besides the Adyghe, the EgyptianAbaza family(of Abazin origin) still holds to this day an élite place in Egyptian society, and constitutes Egypt\'s largest family.
Large numbers of Circassians converted toIslamfromChristianityin the 17th century.[42]
InSafavidandQajarPersia, large numbers of Circassians were imported and deported to Persia, where many enjoyed prestige in theharemsand in the élite armies (the so-calledghulams), while many others were settled and deployed as craftsmen, labourers, farmers and regular soldiers. Many members of the Safavid nobility and élite had Circassian ancestry and Circassian dignitaries, such as the kingsAbbas IIandSuleiman I. While traces of Circassian settlements in Iran have lasted into the 20th century, many of the once large Circassian minority became assimilated into the local population.[43]However, significant communities of Circassians continue to live in particular cities in Iran,[44]like Tabriz and Tehran, and in the northern provinces ofGilanandMazandaran.[45][46]
It has been estimated[by whom?]that some 200,000slaves—mainly Circassians—were imported into theOttoman Empirebetween 1800 and 1909.[47]TheCircassian beautieswere desirable asconcubines.[48]
Russian Invasion of Circassia[edit]Main article:Ethnic cleansing of CircassiansSee also:Circassian nationalismMap of the expulsion of Circassians to the Ottoman EmpireCircassiawas a small independent nation on the northEastern shore of theBlack Sea. For no reason other than ethnic hatred, over the course of hundreds of raids theRussiansdrove the Circassians from their homeland and deported them to theOttoman Empire. At least 600,000 people lost their lives to massacre, starvation, and the elements while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homeland. By 1864, three-fourths of the population was annihilated, and the Circassians had become one of the first stateless peoples in modern history.
— Walter Richmond, The Circassian Genocide[49]Between the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries, the Adyghe people lost their independence as they were slowly invaded byRussiain a series of wars and campaigns. During this period, the Adyghe plight achieved a certain celebrity status in the West; but pledges of assistance were never fulfilled. After theCrimean War, Russia turned its attention to the Caucasus in earnest. Following major territorial losses forPersiain theCaucasusin the aftermath of theRusso-Persian War (1804–1813)and theRusso-Persian War (1826–1828), forcing them to cede what comprises nowGeorgia,Dagestan,Armenia, andAzerbaijanto Imperial Russia,[50]the latter found itself now able to focus most of its army on subdueing the rebelling natives of the North Caucasus, starting with the peoples ofChechnyaandDagestan. In 1859, the Russians had finished defeatingImam Shamilin the Eastern Caucasus, and turned their attention westward. Eventually, the long lasting Russian–Circassian War ended with the defeat of the Adyghe forces. Some Adyghe leaders signed loyalty oaths on 2 June 1864 (21 May,O.S.).
The Conquest of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire in the 19th century during theRussian-Circassian War, led to the destruction and killing of many Adyghe—towards the end of the conflict, the Russian General Yevdokimov was tasked with driving the remaining Circassian inhabitants out of the region, primarily into theOttoman Empire. This policy was enforced by mobile columns of Russian riflemen and Cossack cavalry.[51][52][53]\"In a series of sweeping military campaigns lasting from 1860 to 1864... the northwest Caucasus and the Black Sea coast were virtually emptied of Muslim villagers. Columns of the displaced were marched either to the Kuban [River] plains or toward the coast for transport to the Ottoman Empire... One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse\"[53]This expulsion, along with the actions of the Russian military in acquiring Circassian land,[54]has given rise to a movement among descendants of the expelled ethnicities for international recognition that genocide was perpetrated.[55]In 1840,Karl Friedrich Neumannestimated the Circassian casualties to be around one and a half million.[56]Some sources state that hundreds of thousands of others died during the exodus.[57]Several historians use the phrase \"Circassian massacres\"[58]for the consequences of Russian actions in the region.[59]
On 20 May 2011, theGeorgianparliament voted in a 95 to 0 declaration that Russia had committedgenocidewhen it engaged in massacres against Circassians in the 19th century.[60]
Like other ethnic minorities under Russian rule, the Adyghe who remained in the Russian Empire borders were subjected to policies of mass resettlement.
The Ottoman Empire, which ruled large parts of the area south of Russia, considered the Adyghe warriors to be courageous and well-experienced. It encouraged them to settle in various near-border settlements of the Ottoman Empire in order to strengthen the empire\'s borders.
An Adyghe strike on a Russian Military Fort built over aShapsugianvillage that aimed to free theCircassian Coastfrom the occupiers during theRussian-Circassian War, 22 March 1840
Kazbech Tuguzhoko, Circassian resistance leader
The mountaineers leave theaul,P. N. Gruzinsky, 1872
The Adyghes who were settled by the Ottomans in various near-border settlements across the empire, ended up living across many territories in the Middle East. At the time these belonged to the Ottoman Empire and are now located in the following countries:
- Turkey, which has the largest Adyghe population in the world. The Adyghe settled in three main regions in Turkey:Samsun, along the shores of theBlack Sea; the region near the city ofAnkara, the region near the city ofKayseri, and in the western part of the country near the region ofIstanbul. This latter region experienced asevere earthquake in 1999. Many Adyghe played key roles in the Ottoman army and also participated in theTurkish War of Independence.
- Syria. Most of the Adyghe who immigrated to Syria settled in theGolan Heights. Prior to theSix-Day War, the Adyghe people were the majority group in the Golan Heights region—their number at that time is estimated at 30,000. The most prominent settlement in the Golan was the town ofQuneitra. The total number of Circassians in Syria is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.[61]In 2013, the Syrian Circassians said they were exploring returning to Circassia, as tensions between theBaath governmentand the opposition forces escalates. Circassians from different parts of Syria, such asDamascus, have moved back to the Golan Heights, believed to be safer. Some refugees have been reportedly killed by shelling. Circassians have been lobbying the Russian and Israeli governments to help evacuate refugees from Syria. Some visas were issued by Russia.[62]
- Israel. The Adyghe initially settled in three places—inKfar Kama,Rehaniya, and in the region ofHadera. Due to amalariaepidemic, the Adyghe settlement near Hadera was eventually abandoned. Though Sunni Muslim, Adyghe are seen as a loyal minority withinIsrael, who serve in thearmed forces.[63][64][65]
- Jordan. The Adyghe had a major role in the history of the Kingdom of Jordan.[66][67]They make up around 1% to 2% of the total population. Over the years, various Adyghe have served in distinguished roles in the kingdom of Jordan. An Adyghe has served as a prime minister (Sa\'id al-Mufti), ministers (commonly at least one minister should represent the Circassians in each cabinet), high rank officers, etc., and due to their important role in the history of Jordan, Adyghe form theHashemiteshonour guardat the royal palaces. They represented Jordan in theRoyal Edinburgh Military Tattooin 2010, joining other honour guards such as the Airborne Ceremonial Unit.[68][69]Jordanian Circassians have several clusterings, most notablySweilehinAmman.
- Iraq. The Adyghe came toIraqin two waves: directly fromCircassia, and later from theBalkans. They settled in all parts of Iraq—from north to south—but most of all in Iraq\'s capitalBaghdad. A reported 30,000 Adyghe families live in Baghdad. Many Adyghe also settled inKerkuk,Diyala,Fallujah, and other places. Circassians played a major role in different periods throughout Iraq\'s history, and made great contributions to political and military institutions in the country, to theIraqi Armyin particular. Several Iraqi prime ministers have been of Circassian descent.
- Imam ShamilFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaImam ShamilImam of the DagestanReign1834 - by theRussian EmpireBorn26 June 1797
Gimry,Dagestan,Avar KhanateDied4 February 1871(aged73)
Medina,Hejaz,Ottoman EmpireBurialJannatul Baqi,Medina,Hejaz,Ottoman Empire(in modern-daySaudi Arabia)FatherDengauReligionSunniIslamImam Shamil(Avar:Шейх Шамил;Turkish:Şeyh Şamil;Russian:Имам Шамиль;Arabic:الشيخ شامل) (pronounced \"Shaamil\") also June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was anAvarpolitical and religious leader of theMuslimtribes of theNorthern Caucasus. He was a leader of anti-Russianresistance in theCaucasian Warand was the thirdImamof theCaucasian Imamate(1840–1859).[1]
Contents[hide]- 1Family and early life
- 2War against Russia
- 3Last years
- 4See also
- 5References
- 6Further reading
- 7External links
- 7.1Sister projects
Imam Shamil was born in 1797, in the small village (aul) ofGimry, which is in current-dayDagestan,Russia. He was originally named Ali, but following local tradition, his name was changed when he became ill. His father, Dengau, was a free landlord, and this position allowed Shamil and his close friendGhazi Mollahto study many subjects includingArabicandlogic. Shamil established himself as a well-respected and educated man of Quran and Sunnah among other Muslims of theCaucasus.
Shamil was born at a time when theRussian Empirewas expanding into the territories of theOttoman EmpireandPersia(seeRusso-Persian War (1804-1813)andRusso-Turkish War (1806–1812)). Following the Russian invasion, many Caucasian nations united in resistance to harsh Tsarist rule in what became known as theCaucasian War. Some of the earlier leaders ofCaucasianresistance wereSheikh Mansurand Ghazi Mollah. Shamil was actually childhood friends with the Mollah, and would become his disciple and counsellor.
Shamil\'s favorite wife, Anna Ivanovna Ulykhanova (1828-1877), was an ethnicArmenianChristian fromMozdokwho had been abducted as a teenager by Muslim rebels in the early 1840s.[2][3]During her captivity, she converted toIslamand adopted the name \"Shuanet,\" remaining loyal to Shamil even after his capture and exile to Russia.[2]After Shamil\'s death in 1871, she moved to theOttoman Empirewhere she was assigned a pension from the sultan.[2]
War against Russia[edit]Main article:Murid WarCapture of Shamil, byTheodor HorscheltKarte des Kaukasischen Isthmus. Entworfen und gezeichnet von J. Grassl, 1856.Imam Shamil\"Shamil\'s family\". Left to right: Gazi Muhammad\'s confident, murid Hajio; Shamil\'s son Muhammad-Shafi; Shamil\'s sons-in-law: Abdurrahim and Abdurrahman\" photo, Kaluga, 1860[hide]- v
- t
- e
- Battle of Khunzakh (1830)
- Battle of Gimry (1832)
- Siege of Akhoulgo (1839)
- Battle of the Valerik River (1840)
- Battle of Dargo (1842)
- Battle of Dargo (1845)
- Battle of Ghunib (1859)
In 1832, Ghazi Mollah died at the battle of Gimry, and Shamil was one of only twoMuridsto escape, but he sustained severe wounds. During this fight he was stabbed with a bayonet. After jumping from an elevated stoop \"clean over the heads of the very line of soldiers about to fire on him. Landing behind them, whirling his sword in his left hand he cut down three of them, but was bayoneted by the fourth, the steel plunging deep in his chest. He seized the bayonet, pulled it out of his own flesh, cut down the man, and with another superhuman leap, cleared the wall and vanished in the darkness\".[4]He went into hiding and both Russia and Murids assumed him dead. Once recovered, he emerged from hiding and rejoined the Murids, led by the secondImam,Gamzat-bek. He would wage unremitting warfare on the Russians for the next quarter century and become of the legendary guerrilla commanders of the century. When Gamzat-bek was murdered byHadji Muradin 1834, Shamil took his place as the prime leader of the Caucasian resistance and the third Imam of theCaucasian Imamate. In 1839 (June–August), Shamil and his followers, numbering about 4000 men, women and children, found themselves under siege in their mountainstrongholdofAkhoulgo, nestled in the bend of theAndi Koysu, about ten miles east of Gimry. This epic siege lasted eighty days, finally resulting in a Russian victory. The Russians suffered about 3000 casualties taking the stronghold, while the rebels were slaughtered in extremely bitter fighting (which was typical of the war, with no quarter asked for nor given). Shamil and a small party of his closest followers, including some family, managed to escape down the cliffs and through the Russian siege lines during the final days at Akhoulgo. Following his escape he once again set about regaining his following and resisting the Russian occupation. Shamil was effective at uniting the many, quarrelesome Caucasian tribes to fight against the Russians, by the force of his charisma, piety and fairness in applying Sharia law. One Russian source commented on him as \"a man of great tact and a subtle politician.\" He believed the Russian introduction of alcohol in the area corrupted traditional values. He made effective use ofguerrilla warfaretactics and theresistancecontinued under his leadership until 1859. His fortunes as a military leader rose after he was joined by Hadji Murad, who defected from the Russians in 1841 and tripled by his fighting the area under Shamil\'s control within a short time. Hadji Murad, who was to become the subject ofa famous novellaby Leo Tolstoy (1904), turned against Shamil a decade later, apparently disappointed by his failure to be anointed Shamil\'s successor as imam. Shamil\'s elder son was given that nomination, and in a secret council, Shamil had his lieutenant accused of treason and sentenced to death, on which Hadji Murad, on learning of the judgement, redefected to the Russians.[5][6]On August 25, 1859, Shamil and his family, by agreement with the Russian Czar, were guests for some days.
Last years[edit]After his capture, Shamil was sent toSaint Petersburgto meet theEmperor Alexander II. Afterwards he was exiled toKaluga, then a small town nearMoscow. After several years in Kaluga he complained to the authorities about the climate and in December, 1868 Shamil received permission to move toKiev, a commercial center of the Empire\'s southwest. In Kiev he was afforded a mansion inAleksandrovskaya Street. The Imperial authorities ordered the Kiev superintendent to keep Shamil under \"strict but not overly burdensome surveillance\" and allotted the city a significant sum for the needs of the exile. Shamil seemed to have liked his luxurious detainment, as well as the city; this is confirmed by the letters he sent from Kiev.[7]
In 1859 Shamil wrote to one of his sons: \"By the will of the Almighty, the Absolute Governor, I have fallen into the hands of unbelievers ... the Great Emperor ... has settled me here ... in a tall spacious house with carpets and all the necessities\".[8]Shamil while in Russian captivity apparently adopted the line of the Tsar and said that his \"compatriots\" (many of whom never were loyal to him in the first place, especially the Chechens) should stop fighting as it was pointless. The fight continued, however, as Chechens and Avars dismissed his advice and continued to fight for a couple of more years. Shamil\'s memory now varies from group to group. Among some of the groups that he had considered part of his Imamate (whether they wanted to be part of it or not), like the Chechens, he is regarded as a man who merely went for power, good because he fought the Russians well, but good for nothing else[citation needed]. Many still admire him, the Chechen mujahidShamil Basayevwas named after him.
In 1869 he was given permission to perform theHajjto the holy city ofMecca. He traveled first from Kiev toOdessaand then sailed toIstanbul, where he was greeted byOttomanSultan Abdulaziz. He became a guest at the ImperialTopkapı Palacefor a short while and left Istanbul on a ship reserved for him by the Sultan. In Mecca, during the pilgrimage, he met and conversed withAbdelkader El Djezairi. After completing his pilgrimage to Mecca, he died inMedinain 1871 while visiting the city, and was buried in theJannatul Baqi, a historical graveyard in Medina where many prominent personalities from Islamic history are interred. Two elder sons, (Cemaleddin[disambiguation needed]andMuhammed Şefi), whom he had to leave in Russia in order to get permission to visit Mecca, became officers in the Russian army, while two younger sons, (Muhammed GaziandMuhammed Kamil), served in theTurkisharmy whilst their daughterPeet\'mat Shamilwent on to marrySheikh Mansur Fedorov, an Imamwho later absconded from the Russian Empire out of fear for he and his children\'s life. He fathered 11 children, one beingJohn Fedorovwho changed his name toJohn Federoffafter migrating to Childers in Queensland, Australia[9]where he established a sugar cane farming empire. He is also the inventor of the first prototype of the sugar cane harvester.
Said Shamil, a grandson of Imam Shamil, became one of the founders of theMountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, which survived between 1917 and 1920 and later, in 1924, he established the \"Committee of Independence of the Caucasus\" inGermany.
1855 Four Antique Engravings - CIRCASSIANS - Russian Conquest - Imam Shamil:
$12.50