1863 CIVIL WAR DIARY - CAMP PARAPET & SIEGE PORT HUDSON AFRICAN AMERICAN TROOPS
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1863 CIVIL WAR DIARY - CAMP PARAPET & SIEGE PORT HUDSON AFRICAN AMERICAN TROOPS:
$275.11
This antique CIVIL WAR DIARY AND RECORD OF CLARK WILLEY is fresh from a New Hampshire estate! The diary starts on October 6, 1862 and runs through May 27, 1863. Also included with the diary is a letter written by Clark Willey from Fort Parapet on March 30, 1863. Clark Willey, a resident of Northwood Center, New Hampshire mustered into Company D of the 15th New Hampshire Volunteers in October of 1862. Willey mustered out at the rank of Corpral on Aug. 13, 1863. The diary is not first hand, as it was copied by Caroline B. Randlett on September 1, 1893. The four-page letter is first-hand and comes with its original envelope with a New Orleans\' postmark dated \"March 31, 1863.\" The diary starts on October 6, 1862 and is the first day of camp life. Most of the diary takes place at Camp Parapet, just outside of New Orleans. Much of the diary is about day-to-day camp life, however, Willey seems to be quite impressed with the freed slaves or \"contraband\" as they were then called. On February 15, 1863 Willey writes \"There in camp one hundred and fifty negros(sic), a few rods from where I am doing guard duty. I went and saw them. They are very neat and intelligent and are quite earnest to assist you.\" On March 8th Willey attended a \"negro meeting\"...\"There were about one hundred contraband present, although they had a very good meeting it was quite amusing for me to see them.\" On March 28th Willey observes, \"There was an order read to the dress parade that a negro regiment was to be raised and they have given the non-commissioned officers in our regiment to go. I have a commission I have some ideas of going.\" Willey writes more about his plan to join the nergro regiment in his diary he also writes about it in his four page letter that is also included. The most interesting part of the diary is at the end when the regiment is ordered to march to Port Hudson. This was the beginning of what came to be called the \"Siege of Port Hudson.\" On May 27,1863 Clark Willey entered into his diary:
\"As soon as it was light on the morning of the 27th we were sent out as skermishers. We had not advanced but a few rods before the balls came. When we could see one raise his head above the breastwork we would fire away at him. We came out at noon and remained a half an hour and were then ordered back, soon after the general engagement commenced. Our folks advanced with eight regiments, in front was a party of negros each with a plank to cross the ditch when the breatswork was reached. They were mowed down like grass. The troops were repulsed three times and the fight lasted until night when the bugle was sounded.The 15th New Hampshire Veterans lost eleven killed, forty-eight wounded and four missing. Company D met with no loss and only one wounded. The balls of the enemy ranged too high or the loss would have been greater.\"
This is where the diary ends. Also included with the diary is a four-page letter written by Clark Willey to his father from Camp Perapet on March 30, 1863. He writes about the camp and his job defending New Orleans and goes into greater detail about his plans to join the Negro Regiment. For whatever reason Willey did not join the Negro Regiment and mustered-out in August of 1863 with an Honorable Discharge. The diary has one page that is detached (but present) otherwise it is in very good condition! The four page letter and envelope are both in very good condition! As with all my items I am starting this sale at $9.99 with !Siege of Port HudsonSiege of Port HudsonPart of theAmerican Civil War
Confederate batteries fire down onto Union gunboats on the Mississippi.DateMay22,1863– July9,1863LocationEast Baton Rouge ParishandEast Feliciana States(Union)Confederate States (Confederacy)Commanders and leadersNathaniel P. BanksFranklin Gardner(POW)Units involvedXIX Corps[1]Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, Port Hudson[1]Strength~30,000 – 40,000~7,500Casualties and losses~5,000 killed and wounded
~5,000 died of disease[1]~750 killed and wounded
250 died of disease
6,500 surrendered[1][show]
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TheSiege of Port Hudson, Louisiana (May 22 – July 9, 1863), was the final engagement in theUnioncampaign to recapture the Mississippi in theAmerican Civil War.
WhileUnion GeneralUlysses Grantwasbesieging Vicksburgupriver, GeneralNathaniel Bankswas ordered to capture the Confederate stronghold ofPort Hudson, in order to go to Grant\'s aid. When his assault failed, Banks settled into a 48-day siege, the longest in US military history. A second attack also failed, and it was only after the fall of Vicksburg that the Confederate commander, GeneralFranklin Gardnersurrendered the port. This left theMississippiopen to Union navigation from its source to theGulf of Mexico.
- Strategy and politics on the Mississippi]
From the time theAmerican Civil Warstarted in April 1861, both theNorthandSouthmade controlling the Mississippi River a major part of their strategy. The Confederacy wanted to keep using the river to transport needed supplies; the Union wanted to stop this supply route and drive a wedge that would divide Confederate states and territories. Particularly important to the South was the stretch of the Mississippi that included the mouth of theRed River. The Red was the Confederacy\'s primary route for moving vital supplies between east and west: salt, cattle, and horses traveled downstream from theTrans-MississippiWest; in the opposite direction flowed men and munitions from the east.[3]:2–6[4]:4
In the spring and early summer of 1862, the Union advanced their control of the Mississippi from both the north and the south. From the mouth of the river, a fleet commanded byFlag OfficerDavid G. Farragutfought its way through Confederate fortifications in theBattle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, resulting in thecapture of New Orleans. A second Union fleet commanded byCharles H. DavisoccupiedMemphis, Tennessee, after defeating Confederate riverine forces inBattle of Memphis. To make sure it could continue to use the middle section of the river, the South fortified positions at bothVicksburg, and Port Hudson.[5]
The initial idea of fortifying the heights of Port Hudson came from the south\'s master of fixed defenses, GeneralPierre G.T. Beauregard, Commander, Army of the Mississippi. Writing toMajor GeneralMansfield Lovell, Commander of the lower Mississippi in March 1862, Beauregard recommended, “…the fortification of Port Hudson as a measure of precaution against the fall of our defenses north of Memphis.” In June 1862, Major GeneralEarl Van DornwroteJefferson Davis: “I want Baton Rouge and Port Hudson”. A few days after the fall ofBaton Rougeto the Union, Confederate GeneralJohn C. Breckinridgewith 4,000 men, carried out the wishes of General Van Dorn by occupying Port Hudson, situated between Baton Rouge and Bayou Sara, with troops under the command of GeneralDaniel Ruggles. Soldiers of the 4th Louisiana Infantry arrived at the site on August 15, 1862.[6]
According to historianJohn D. Winters, \"Port Hudson, unlikeBaton Rouge, was one of the strongest points on the river, and batteries placed upon the bluffs could command the entire river front.\" It was a position similar to that ofQuebec Cityin theFrench and Indian War.[7]
The political momentum behind the Union actions against Port Hudson came from theelections of November 1862. The Republican base, centered in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, had been shaken by embarrassing Democratic victories. A dramatic letter from Indiana GovernorOliver P. MortontoLincolnclaimed “The fate of the North-West is trembling in the balance.” His implication was that unless the independent trade of Union states along the Ohio River was restored by Union control of the entire Mississippi, further breakup of the Union was possible. Morton believed the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were in danger of breaking away from the Northeast to join the Confederacy, which was increasingly becoming the more lucrative opportunity.[8]
The threatening political fractures galvanized the Lincoln administration into action. Major General Nathanial Banks was diverted from a possible expedition to Texas and givenBenjamin Butler’s command of the Department of the Gulf. The Union commander of all armies,Henry Wager Halleckstated to Banks that President Lincoln “regards the opening of the Mississippi River as the first and most important of all our military and naval operations, and it is hoped that you will not lose a moment in accomplishing it.” On December 4, 1862, Banks and his expedition put to sea for New Orleans.[9]:21–3
In May 1863, Union land and naval forces began a campaign they hoped would give them control of the full length of the Mississippi River. One army underMaj. Gen.Ulysses S. Grantcommenced operations against the Confederacy\'s fortified position at Vicksburg at the northern end of the stretch of the river still in Southern hands while another army under Maj. Gen.Nathaniel P. Bankssimultaneously attacked Port Hudson, which stood at the southern end.[10]
Foundation of a fortressBarbette position at Port Hudson mounting a 10-inch (254 mm)Columbiad. This type of cannon would use a 102 pounds (46kg) shell, projected from a smooth bore. The cylindrical object on a pole leaning against the breech of the gun is the sponge used to extinguish any remaining embers and clean the bore after every shot. The smaller wooden poles leaning against the parapet and gun carriage are the trailspikes used to train the gun and reposition it forward on the carriage after every shot. The scattered ammunition behind the gun in the communication trench consists of 9.9-inch (250mm) roundshot or shell held with strap iron to a wooden wad or sabot. The image was probably made after the fall of Port Hudson.Port Hudson was sited on an 80 feet (24m) bluff on the east bank above a hairpin turn in the Mississippi River 25 miles (40km) upriver from Baton Rouge. The hills and ridges in the area of the town represented extremely rough terrain, a maze of deep, thickly forested ravines, swamps, and cane brakes giving the effect of a natural fortress. The town was a port for shipping cotton and sugar downriver from the surrounding area. Despite its importance, the city consisted of a few buildings and 200 people by the start of the war. The river had shifted south and the docks had been moved about .5 miles (0.80km) south.
In 1862, a railroad was constructed to the town of Clinton, 19 miles (31km) to the northeast. The entire length of the Port Hudson and Clinton railroad was 21 miles (34km). It did not connect with the New Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern railroad that connected Louisiana with other states and withCamp Moore, the main mustering point for Confederate forces in the department. Also by 1862 the railroad was run down, the track consisting of strips of iron nailed flat to rotten ties. The entire rolling stock consisted of one locomotive, one passenger car, and six box and flat cars. This train could only accommodate a few hundred troops at the most and was inadequate for hauling heavy guns and their ammunition. This lack of transport independent of the river itself would limit the defensibility of Port Hudson.[11]
Initial plans forfortificationswere drawn up with the assistance of Captain James Nocquet, chief engineer for General Breckinridge. Along with loaning his engineering staff, Breckinridge also authorized Ruggles to gather needed supplies and tools using the Clinton and Port Hudson railroad, and whatever labor the area could provide for construction. Three different layouts for earthworks were considered, a central fort mounting cannon supported by angled outworks, a line oflunettesarranged along a four hundred yard line, and a continuous ring ofredoubts, trenches, andparapetssurrounding the entire position.
The first option was rejected because it was thought it would concentrate the positions armament into too small a target, and thus be too vulnerable to bombardment. The third option was rejected because a siege was considered unlikely, and the task of building such extensive works too ambitious since the circumference of the ring would have been eight miles (13km.) and required 35,000 men and 70 pieces of artillery to defend it. This left the line of lunettes as the best plan for the defense of the Port Hudson heights, and construction started on a line of seven of them fronting the river.
General Breckinridge was soon ordered to take most of his troops to Kentucky however, and on August 18 he left, leaving only 1,500 men to work on the fortifications under Ruggles\' command. Ruggles did have aforty-two-poundersmoothbore cannon, which he mounted immediately, manned by the sailors of theCSSArkansaswhich had been destroyed in theBattle of Baton Rouge. Twothirty-two-pounderswere shortly added from the abandoned wreck of theUSSSumter.[12]
Lunettes mounting artillery, as used at Port Hudson.
Photograph of the earthworks and one of the deep, forested ravines that defended Port Hudson, 1863–1864, Library of Congress collection.
Locally improvised structures that provided housing for the Port Hudson garrison, 1863–1864,Library of Congresscollection.
Fortifications and Battery Positions, Port Hudson, Louisiana, Department of the Gulf, 1864[13]
General Ruggles was ordered to turn over command of Port Hudson to Brigadier GeneralWilliam Nelson Rector Beallon August 29, 1862, and take some of his troops to Mississippi. This was also the day the Union Navy began to contest the guns of Port Hudson for control of the Mississippi. The improvised Union gunboat USSAnglo-American, a wooden side-wheel steamboat, passed Port Hudson moving upriver to join with CommanderDavid Dixon Porter’s fleet at Vicksburg. It was struck many times by shot from Port Hudson but was unable to return fire due to wet cartridges and an ammunition shortage. TheAnglo-Americanjoined Porter’s fleet and reported the fortifications at Port Hudson.
The USSEssexburst two of its guns and suffered 14 hits in a short battle with the guns of Port Hudson, September 7, 1862.Porter responded to the new threat by bombarding the Rebel position with theUSSEssexand theAnglo-Americanon September 7. The Union fleet did little damage to Port Hudson, but theEssexreceived significant damage and Porter reported 35 to 40 heavy guns at Port Hudson, a considerable exaggeration. During the lull in action resulting from the formidable reputation of the Port Hudson batteries, Beall slowly expanded the fortifications, delayed by Union possession of the river, and the inadequate rail and road system supporting his position. Confederate PresidentJefferson Davishad by this time realized that linking the Port Hudson and Clinton railway to Jackson Mississippi would be invaluable in allowing reserves to be switched between Vicksburg and Port Hudson, depending upon which was most threatened. A desperate shortage of iron and transport within the Confederacy made this move impossible. Beall had also sent a request to Davis to impose martial law in the region of Port Hudson for the purpose of commandeering more resources for construction, but Davis denied this also.
Beall was able to set up a hospital atCentenary College at Jackson Louisianafor invalided troops from Port Hudson and Clinton, but the space proved inadequate. Confederatebureaucracyhad made it difficult for Garrison Provost Marshal John C. Miller to construct a logistical system of warehouses and transports to supply the garrison with food, medical supplies, barracks, bedding and other material necessary for their health. The use of earthworks for fortification, which required unending labor to maintain and were unhealthful to live in, also contributed to the poor health of the garrison.
Poor supply lines, starvation, and disease were to remain the constant problems of the Port Hudson position, and overwhelm efforts to improve conditions for the soldiers of the garrison. Louisiana Private Robert D. Patrick wrote: “…never since I have been in the army have I fared so badly and in truth I have been almost starved.” At the same time commercial activity between Port Hudson and areas west of the Mississippi increased, because Port Hudson became the sole remaining link with the Trans-Mississippi. This tended to tie up even more of Port Hudson’s limited transport facilities.[14][15]
A change of commands[edit]The New Commanders- Maj. Gen.
Nathaniel P. Banks, USA - Maj. Gen.
Franklin Gardner, CSA
Lincoln\'s new commander of the Gulf,Nathaniel P. Banksarrived in New Orleans on December 14, 1862, with the 31,000 men of his expedition. The former commander,Benjamin Butlerleft for Lowell, Massachusetts on December 24, but his troops remained behind. This effectively more than doubled U.S. troop strength in the gulf, and Banks put them to immediate use to re-occupy Baton Rouge on December 17.[16]
The Confederate command reacted to this increased Union commitment by sending a newly promoted major general to take command of Port Hudson. Major GeneralFranklin Gardnerarrived at his post on December 27, 1862. Gardner was a career Army officer who graduated from West Point 17th in his class in 1843. The nativeNew Yorkercommanded a cavalry brigade atShilohand was 39 years old at the time of his arrival. Upon taking command he reorganized the defenses at Port Hudson, concentrating the fields of fire of the heavy guns and setting up more earthworks using packed earth and sod rather than the traditionalgabionsor sandbags.
Lacking an adequate engineering staff, he expanded his planners by promoting Private Henry Glinder, who had formerly been a member of theCoast Survey, to first lieutenant of engineers. He also increased the efficiency of the supply and storage operations, along with building protected roads within the defense system to speed the movement of troops to threatened positions. His energy in making improvements and promoting those worthy of command made him popular with his troops, and improved garrison morale. Despite the changes, Colonel Charles M. Fauntleroy, inspector-general for the department, criticized the fortifications for containing excessive numbers of civilians, badly placed magazines, poor transport and storage of grain, and no system for paying the troops on time.[17]
As Gardner strengthened his command, and gathered reinforcements fromPembertonsent by steamboat from Vicksburg, Banks dithered in New Orleans. He had little faith in the system of organization and military government left by Butler’s command and spent much time re-organizing the Union administration and establishing a more relaxed civil government to placate former Confederate backers in the city. Banks was a \"political general\" and felt more comfortable with political organizing and social affairs than leading armies into the field against reputedly formidable fortifications. This lack of military zeal was noted by his officers. Colonel Sidney A. Bean recorded in his diary that under Butler, “much was accomplished with small means. Now nothing is accomplished with great means.” The Union leader most offended by this apparent inertia was Rear AdmiralDavid G. Farragutof the U.S. Navy. Although Banks reluctantly agreed to move against Port Hudson, his slow progress and increased Rebel activity on the Mississippi in the area of Port Hudson caused Farragut’s patience to run out. In March 1863 Farragut prepared to confront Port Hudson without Army support.[18]
Farragut’s fleet defies Port HudsonMap showing Farragut’s passage of Port Hudson, March 14, 1863, 11:20pm.[19]Farragut had gathered his attack force by March 13, 1863. This fleet consisted of four principal warships and threegunboats. The principal warships were andUSSMonongahelaand thesteampaddle frigateUSSMississippi. The gunboats wereUSSAlbatross,USSGenesee, andUSSKineo. Farragut commanded this fleet from hisFlagship,Hartford. The first six vessels were lashed together in an attack column of pairs, withMississippibringing up the rear by herself.[20][21]
Farragut had made fairly elaborate preparations of the vessels themselves for a night attack resembling the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Phillip, clearing the ships for action, whitewashing the gun decks to improve visibility for night action, and bringing up mortar boats for support. He also had the anchor chains of the attacking ships lashed to the sides of the attack ships as improvised armor. He did not however, make the systematic survey of defenses and sustained bombardment that supported the battle for the passage of the forts guarding New Orleans.[20][21]
The Confederate fortress was ready for the attack, having noticed increased naval activity downriver, and the ranging shots of the six mortar schooners which covered the advance of the Union fleet near Prophet\'s Island, three miles (4.3km) downriver from Port Hudson. At this time the Confederates had over 20 cannon covering the river arranged in eleven batteries of artillery, including nine batteries of heavycoastal artillery. Lieutenant Colonel Marshall J. Smith commanded these heavy guns, and had instructed the gun crews of his plans before the battle.[22]
Battery number seven was aheated shotposition, using ammunition particularly effective against wooden warships. Other preparations included preparing piles of pine wood to be ignited to illuminate the river for night action, and observation posts near the river to fire rockets to warn of the approach of enemy vessels. The first of these rockets was fired at 11:20pm on March 14, 1863 at the approach of Farragut’s fleet. Instantly an eight-inch (203-mm) smoothbore shell from battery 9 was fired atAlbatross, beginning the battle. The Union fleet advanced steadily upriver, beginning a general fire of broadsides as soon as their guns bore on the lower Confederate batteries on the Port Hudson slopes. The heavier Confederate guns, mounted over the walls of the sevenlunetteson the crest of the bluffs, had difficulty aiming at the ships, which were hugging the shorelines of the bluffs in order to avoid shoals on the western shore near the curve of the river north of Port Hudson.[22]
Coarse black powder was the artillery propellant of the period, and produced dense clouds of white smoke when fired from cannon. Combined with the smoke of the pine wood illumination fires, and the darkness of the night attack, the river valley was rapidly obscured. Blinded by the dense smoke,HartfordandAlbatrossran aground on the Eastern shore beneath the Rebel batteries. Despite remaining aground for ten minutes, the two lashed-together lead ships had passed the last Confederate gun position by 12:15am and were out of range of Port Hudson by 12:45am.[22]
The rest of the fleet was not so lucky.GeneseeandRichmondwere next in the column. A trick of the wind cleared the smoke momentarily between the batteries and the ships, andRichmondwas hammered by Rebel shot and shell. Just asRichmondmade the turn in the river north of Port Hudson, a 6.4-inch (163mm) solid conical shot tore through the starboard side, smashing both port and starboard boiler safety valves. This cut power to the engines and filled the ship with clouds of escaping steam.Geneseealone did not have enough power to stem the current, and both ships drifted back downriver.[22]
MonongahelaandKineowere next in the column, and, also blinded by smoke, ran aground on the western shore. The impact separated the two ships. The stress of backing off the shore disabledMonongahela\'s engine, and a thirty-two-pounder (14.5kg) round shot splitKineo\'s rudder post, disabling her steering. Both ships drifted downriver.[22]
Mississippiwas last in line and also ran aground on the western shore. The large steam paddle frigate was an irresistible target, and was riddled with shot, shell, and hot shot. The vessel being afire in many places, with flames endangering the magazine, Captain Smith ordered her abandoned. The garrison of Port Hudson cheered loudly as the ship went up in flames and drifted loose from the shore and back downriver at about 3am, panicking the remainder of the Union fleet downriver at the threat of her magazine exploding. At 5:05amMississippidisappeared in a terrific explosion, seen in New Orleans nearly 80 miles (129km.) downriver.[22]
Rear Admiral David G. Farragut
Contemporary Newspaper view of the Union fleet passing Port Hudson published by ‘’Harper’s WeeklyNewspaper’’ April 18, 1863.
The USSMississippiwas completely destroyed by the guns of Port Hudson. LieutenantGeorge Dewey, later to become an admiral, survived the wreck.
After the naval attack, Banks retreated the 17,000 troops he had intended as a diversion to support Farragut back to Baton Rouge. The lack of an attack against Port Hudson, and a powerful rainstorm endured on the retreat lowered morale in the Union force. Other than sporadic naval bombardments against Port Hudson, Banks, under pressure from Washington to show progress, launcheda campaignagainst Major GeneralTaylor’s Confederate forces in western Louisiana and gained control ofAlexandriaand a foothold on theRed River. What finally brought him to leading an attack directly against Port Hudson was the prospect of reinforcements from Grant’s army arrayed against Vicksburg, and word that a significant part of the Port Hudson garrison had been sent to Pemberton in Vicksburg.
On May 11, 1863 the 3rd Louisiana Native Guards, one of Butler’s black regiments, began building bridges to support the movement of Banks’ forces against Port Hudson. Leading the advance was the cavalry brigade of ColonelBenjamin Henry Grierson, which had joined Banks’ forces on May second after their famous raid through the Rebel lines. The entire advance involved a pincer movement with three army divisions advancing from the northwest from Bayou Sara meeting two divisions advancing from the south from Baton Rouge. The meeting of the two groups would surround Port Hudson.
One of Banks\' lead divisions from Baton Rouge encountered Confederates on May 21 at theBattle of Plains Store. The Confederates were driven back, and by May 22, Banks\' forces, which increased in strength from 30,000 to 40,000 men as the operation progressed, had completed aninvestmentof the Port Hudson defenses. Banks hoped to overrun the entrenchments quickly, then take his army northward to assist Grant at Vicksburg.[24]
Opposing forcesThe fighting and siegeThe first infantry assault[edit]Sieges and the assault of fortified positions are probably the most complex and demanding of military operations. The foremost authority on these matters in the civil war was considered to be the French engineer, the Marquis deVauban, who designed many European fortification systems, and organized many successful sieges of the seventeenth century. The Confederate earthworks of Port Hudson, and their use of artillery lunettes show his influence, and corresponding attacks on such systems would have benefited from his theories. Rather than considering this store of information, Major General Banks chose to simply rush the fortifications with his infantry. He did not do so immediately however.
General Gardner chose to reinforce the picket lines shielding the Confederate grain mill and support shops of the areas near Little Sandy Creek because he did not consider a siege probable, and had not fortified that perimeter. Other Confederate troops remained outside the fortifications, consisting of 1200 troops under the command of Colonel John L. Logan. These represented all of Gardner’s cavalry, the 9th Louisiana Battalion, Partisan Rangers, and two artillery pieces of Robert’s battery. These troops slowed the encirclement of Banks troops, and prevented them from discovering the weaknesses in the defenses. Due to these delays, the infantry assault was scheduled for May 27, 1863, five days after the encirclement and time enough for Gardner to complete the ring of defenses around Port Hudson. He also had sufficient time to move artillery from the river side of the fort to the east side fronting the Federal forces.[25]
Weitzel’s morning attacksSketch map of the northern area of the Port Hudson fortifications and Weitzel’s morning attack, May 27, 1863.Banks had set up his headquarters at Riley’s plantation and planned the attacks with his staff and division commanders. Many were opposed to the idea of trying to overwhelm the fort with a simple assault, but Banks wanted to end the siege as quickly as possible in order to support Grant, and felt that the 30,000 troops available to him would easily force the surrender of the 7,500 troops under Gardner, a four to one advantage. Four different assault groups were organized, under the commands of generalsGodfrey Weitzel,Cuvier Grover,Christopher C. Augur, andThomas W. Sherman(often mistakenly identified as a relative of GeneralWilliam Tecumseh Sherman). Banks did not choose a specific time for his intended simultaneous assault however, ordering his commanders to “…commence at the earliest hour practicable.”
The effect of this was to break up the attack, with generals Weitzel and Grover attacking on the north and northeast sides of the fort at dawn, and generals Augur and Sherman attacking on the east and southeast sides at noon. The naval bombardment began the night before the attack, the 13” (330mm) mortars firing most of the evening, and the upper and lower fleets beginning firing for an hour after 7am. The army land batteries also fired an hour bombardment after 5:30am. Weitzel’s two divisions began the attack at 6am on the north, advancing through the densely forested ravines bordering the valley of Little Sandy Creek. This valley led the assault into asalientformed by a fortified ridge known as the “bull pen” where the defenders slaughtered cattle, and a lunette on a ridge nicknamed “Fort Desperate” which had been hastily improvised to protect the fort\'s grain mill.
A Fierce Assault on Port Hudson, Newspaper illustration of the attacks on the fortifications of Port Hudson. National ArchiveSoldiers of the Native Guard Regiments at Port Hudson. This squad is in the \"Parade Rest\" position.At the end of this ravine between the two was a hill described as “commissary hill” with an artillery battery mounted on it. The union troops were caught in a crossfire from these three positions, and held in place by dense vegetation and obstacles placed by rebel troops that halted their advance. The combination of rugged terrain, a crossfire from three sides, and rebel sharpshooters inflicted many casualties. The Union troops advancing west of the bull pen were made up of Fearing’s brigade. These soldiers were caught between the bull pen, which had been reinforced with the14th,18th, and23rd Arkansasregiments from the east side of Port Hudson, and a more western fortified ridge manned by Lieutenant Colonel M. B. Locke’s Alabama troops. Once again the combination of steep sided ravines, dense vegetation, and a rebel crossfire from ridge top trenches halted the Union advance. Premature shell bursts from the supporting artillery of the 1st Maine Battery also caused Union casualties.
Seeing that his advance had been stopped, Brigadier General William Dwight ordered the1stand3rd Louisiana Native Guardforward into the attack. These troops were not intended to take part in the attack due to the general prejudice against African-American troops on the part of the Union high command. Dwight was determined to break though the Confederate fortifications however, and committed them to the attack at 10am. Since they had been deployed as pioneers, working on the pontoon bridge over Big Sandy Creek near its junction with the Mississippi, these troops were in the worst possible position for an attack of all the units in Weitzel’s northern assault group.
The Guard first had to advance over the pontoon bridge, along Telegraph Road with a fortified ridge to their left manned by William B. Shelby’s 39th Mississippi troops supported by a light artillery battery, the Confederate heavy artillery batteries to their front, and the Mississippi river to their immediate left. Despite the heavy crossfire from rifles, field artillery, and heavy coast guns, the Louisiana Native Guards advanced with determination and courage, led by CaptainAndre Cailloux, a free black citizen of New Orleans. Giving orders in English and French, Cailloux led the Guard regiments forward until killed by artillery fire. Taking heavy losses, the attackers were forced to retreat to avoid annihilation. This fearless advance did much to dissipate the belief that black troops were unreliable under fire.[26]
In an attempt to support Weitzel’s unsuccessful assault, Brigadier Grover, commanding the northeast attack on the fortress, sent two of his regiments along the road leading northeast from Commissary Hill to assault Fort Desperate. This group had no more success than Weitzel’s troops, so Grover sent three more regiments to attack the stubborn15th Arkansastroops defending the fort. These piecemeal and sporadic efforts were also futile, and the fighting ended on the northern edge of the fortress by noon.[27]
Thomas Sherman’s afternoon attacks[edit]Capt. Edmund C. Bainbridge\'s Battery A, 1st U.S. Artillery, at the siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana, 1863.Sketch map of the Eastern Port Hudson Fortifications and Sherman’s afternoon attack, May 27, 1863.While the infantry attacks raged against the northern section of the fortress, Brigadier General Sherman lined up 30 cannon opposite the Eastern side of the fortress and conducted a steady bombardment of the rebel works and battery positions, supported by sharpshooters aiming for Confederate artillery crews. This effort had some success, but General Banks, upon hearing no rifle fire from the Union center, visited Sherman’s headquarters and threatened to relieve him of command unless he advanced his troops. Sherman then began the attack on the Eastern edge of the Port Hudson works at about 2pm.
These attacks included the troops of Augur as well as his own, and had less in the way of natural terrain obstacles to contend with, but in this area the Confederates had more time to construct fortifications, and had put more effort and firepower into them. One feature of the earthworks in this region was a drymoatand moreabatisor cut down trees in front of the parapet. The Union attackers therefore carried axes, poles, planks, cotton bags andfascinesto fill in the ditch. Another feature of the rebel defense was a battery containing two24-pounder smoothbore(5.82-inch, 148mm bore) as canister throwers.
In this case the canister was composed of broken chains, segments of railroad rails, and other scrap iron. Confederate Colonel William R. Miles, commanding the infantry in the sector, had also removed all the rifles from the hospital that had been left by the sick and wounded. He was thus able to equip each of his soldiers with three weapons, greatly increasing their firepower. When the Union infantry closed within 200 yards they were met by a hail of rifle and canister fire, and few made it within 70 yards of the Confederate lines. Union commanders Sherman and Dow were wounded in these attacks, and Lieutenant Colonel James O\'Brien, commanding thepioneer group, was killed. At 5pm the commander of the 159th New York raised a white Flag to signal a truce to remove the wounded and dead from the field. This ended the fighting for the day. None of the Union attacks had even made it to the Confederate parapets.[28]
The last infantry attack on the Port Hudson fortificationsSketch map of the Port Hudson Fortifications and Grover’s night attack, June 14, 1863, 3:30pmThe successful defense of their lines brought a renewed confidence to Gardner and his garrison. They felt though a combination of well planned defensive earthworks and the skillful and deliberate reinforcement of threatened areas, the superior numbers of attackers had been repulsed. Learning from his experience, Gardner organized a more methodical system of defense. This involved dividing the fortifications into a network of defense zones, with an engineering officer in charge of strengthening the defense in each area. For the most part this involved once again charting the best cross fire for artillery positions, improving firepower concentrations, and digging protective pits to house artillery when not in use, to protect them from enemy bombardment.
Spent bullets and scrap metal were sewed into shirtsleeves to make up canister casings for the artillery, and the heavy coast guns facing the river that had center pivot mounts were cleared for firing on Union positions on the Eastern side of the fortress. Three of these guns were equipped for this, and one 10-inch (250mm)columbiad in Battery Four was so effective in this that Union troops referred to it as the “Demoralizer.\" Its fearful reputation spawned the myth that it was mounted on a railroad car, and could fire from any position in the fortifications. Captain L.J. Girard was placed in charge of the function of the artillery, and despite material shortages, achieved miracles in keeping the artillery functional. Rifles captured from the enemy or taken from hospitalized soldiers were stacked for use by troops in the trench lines.
Positions in front of the lines wereland minedwith unexploded 13-inch (330mm)mortar shells, known as “torpedoes” at the time.Sniperpositions were also prepared at high points in the trench works for sharpshooters. These methods improved the defense, but could not make up for the fact that the garrison was short of everything except gunpowder. The food shortage was a drag on morale, and resulted in a significant level of desertion to the enemy. This drain on manpower was recorded by Colonel Steedman who wrote, “Our most serious and annoying difficulty is the unreliable character of a portion of our Louisiana troops. Many have deserted to the enemy, giving him information of our real condition; yet in the same regiments we have some of our ablest officers and men.” Miles Louisiana Legion was considered the greatest offender.[29]
On the Union side, astonishment and chagrin were near universal in reaction to the decisive defeat of the infantry assaults. Banks was determined to continue the siege in view of the fact that his political as well as military career would be destroyed by a withdrawal to Baton Rouge. The resources of his entire command were called into play, and men and material poured into the Union encirclement. Nine additional regiments appeared in the lines by June 1. 89 field guns were brought into action, and naval guns from the USS Richmond were added to the siege guns bearing on the fortress. These six naval guns were 9-inch (229mm)Dahlgrensmoothbores. The guns were originally intended for a battery at theHead of Passesin the Mississippi Delta. The fact that four were finally emplaced in Battery Number 10, just east of “Fort Desperate” and two in Number 24, gives some idea of the reach and progress of the Union Navy. Each of the Dahlgren guns weighed 9020 pounds and was 9 feet long, capable of firing a 73.5 pound (33.3kg) exploding shell.[30][31]:204
The second assault began with a sustained shelling of the Confederate works beginning at 11:15am on June 13, 1863, and lasting an hour. Banks then sent a message to Gardner demanding the surrender of his position. Gardner’s reply was, “My duty requires me to defend this position, and therefore I decline to surrender”. Banks continued the bombardment for the night, but only gave the order for what was to be a simultaneous three prong infantry attack on 1am of June 14. The attack finally began at 3:30am, but the lack of any agreed upon plan, and a heavy fog disordered the attack as it began. Grover\'s column struck the Confederate line at “Fort Desperate” before the others, and the same formidable terrain combined with the enhanced Confederate defense stopped the attacks outside the rebel works. Auger\'s demonstration at the center arrived after the main attack had failed, and the attack on the southern end of the line was made after daylight, and stood little chance as a result. The infantry attack had only resulted in even more dead and wounded soldiers, 1,792 casualties against 47 rebel, including division commander Brig. Gen.Halbert E. Paine. He led the main attack and fell wounded, losing a leg. After this, the actions against Port Hudson were reduced to bombardment and siege.[32][33]
Six of these mortar schooners armed with the 13- inch (330mm) seacoast mortar supported the Union attack withindirect firefrom an anchorage near Prophet\'s Island, downriver from Port Hudson. (U.S. Army Military History Institute.)
A Confederate 10-inch (254mm) columbiad on a center pivot mount, similar to the “Demoralizer” in Battery Four at Port Hudson
The Yankee answer: A four-gun battery of Dahlgren 9-inch (229mm) navy smoothbores fromUSS Richmondset up just east of \"Fort Desperate\" in battery ten (see Fortifications and Batteries map) (National Archives).
A nine-inch (229mm) Union navy Dahlgren gun set up on land for siege work as they were at battery ten at Port Hudson. The gun is whitewashed so it can be more easily worked at night. The projections at the breech are for the navy double vent percussion firing system. The crewman at the far right is wearing the Union navy uniform.
A Union sapper or combat engineer group digs a trench in the direction of an enemy fortification. A gabion provides cover from enemy fire. At Port Hudson a sugar hogshead stuffed with cotton or a cotton bale would serve the same purpose.
The day after the last infantry assault, General Banks assembled some of his troops at the corps headquarters and thanked them for their previous efforts and sacrifices. He also asked for volunteers for a special attack group to be trained intensively to breach the Confederate trench line. His speech generated little enthusiasm, but a unit of 1036 men was formed and removed to a training camp in the rear to prepare for the attack. There they assembled siege ladders and organized into two battalions, commanded by Lieutenant ColonelJohn B. Van Pettenand Lieutenant Colonel A. S. Bickmore. ColonelHenry Warner Birgeof the13th Connecticut Infantryvolunteered to lead the special assault regiment.[34]:94–5
Regular siege operations were also reorganized under the command of a new chief engineer, Captain John C. Palfrey. He concentrated the efforts of the siege on three areas of the fortifications, Fort Desperate, the Priest Cap (Confederate batteries 14 & 15), and the Citadel, the southernmost bastion of the fortifications, nicknamed by Union forces as “the Devil’s Elbow”. These efforts did not involve infantry rushing the trenches, but a siege technique calledsapping, or constructing a series of zigzag trenches, fortified batteries, and sharpshooter positions intended to isolate and suppress individual defensive bastions. The sharpshooter or sniper positions were described at the time as ‘’trench cavaliers’’ and were raised mounds of earth, reinforced with timbers or other materials to allow riflemen to overlook the enemy trenches and fire down into them.
The Citadel was to be reduced by a powerful siege battery constructed on a hill just to the south, Union battery number 24, intended to suppress the Confederate position by superior firepower. Union batteries were also constructed on the west bank of the Mississippi opposite Port Hudson, completely surrounding it with Union artillery batteries. Union forces also made raids on opposing trenches and batteries, to enhance their own trench lines or disable enemy batteries. Some of the 6th Michigan troops opposite the Citadel were armed with the .54 caliber (14mm) breech-loadingMerrill carbine, which gave them a rapid fire edge in trench raids. On June 26, a general bombardment from Union batteries and guns of the Union fleet began, disabling or suppressing what remained of the Confederate artillery. Along with the trenching operations, the Federals also constructed threeminesunderneath the opposing works, two of them directed against the Priest Cap, and one under the Citadel. After the mines were finished, chambers at the end of the mines would be loaded with powder, and exploded under the Confederate works, destroying them, and blowing gaps in the trench lines. At this point an infantry assault would be launched, hopefully overrunning the entire fortification.[35]
The Confederates responded to the siege techniques with increased efforts of their own. The grist mill at Fort Desperate had been destroyed by shelling. It was replaced by using the locomotive from the defunct railroad to power millstones, providing a steady supply of cornmeal for the garrison. Expended rifle and artillery shells were salvaged for reuse by the defense, small arms shot being recast for making new cartridges, artillery rounds refused and distributed to confederate artillery of the same caliber, or reused as mines and grenades. Additional trench lines, obstacles, mines, and bunkers were added to the threatened bastions, making them more difficult to bombard, infiltrate, or overrun. The Priest Cap bastion had a particularly elaborate defense system, including the use of telegraph wire staked up to a height of 18 inches (460mm), in order to trip attacking infantry. Additional field artillery and infantry were added to the defense of Fort Desperate, making sapping in that area more costly.
Various raids against Union saps were also conducted. On June 26, the Confederates launched a trench raid by the 16th Arkansas Infantry against the Priest Cap sap, taking seven prisoners, and capturing weapons and supplies. Rebel trench raiders and defenders were adept at constructing and using improvised hand grenades. Raids by Logan’s cavalry were also made against Union positions outside the siege lines. On June 3 an advance by Grierson’s Union cavalry against Logan’s position at Clinton was repulsed. The 14th New York Cavalry was hit on June 15 near Newport, two miles from Port Hudson. Other raids struck Union foraging parties returning from Jackson, Louisiana, and captured the Union GeneralNeal Dow, who was convalescing at Heath plantation. The biggest raid set fire to the Union supply center at Springfield Landing on July 2. These raids were annoying to Banks, but could not break the siege. On July 3, a countermine was exploded near one of the Federal mines under the Priests Cap. This collapsed the mine, but surprisingly did not cause any Union casualties. The defenders could not compensate for the constant losses of personnel resulting from starvation, disease, particularly scurvy, dysentery, and malaria, sniping, shell fragments, sunstroke and desertion. The use of mule meat and rats as rations could not maintain the health of the soldiers left standing, and was a further drain on morale.[36]
The siege created hardships and deprivations for both the North and South, but by early July the Confederates were in much worse shape. They had exhausted practically all of their food supplies and ammunition, and fighting and disease had greatly reduced the number of men able to defend the trenches. When Maj. Gen. Gardner learned that Vicksburg had surrendered on July 4, 1863, he realized that his situation was hopeless and that nothing could be gained by continuing. The terms of surrender were negotiated, and on July 9, 1863, the Confederates laid down their weapons, ending 48 days of continuous fighting. It had been the longest siege in US military history.[37][38][39][40][41][42]
CaptainThornton A. Jenkinsaccepted the Confederate surrender, asAdmiralDavid Farragutwas in New Orleans.
Aftermath[edit]The surrender gave the Union complete control of the Mississippi River and its major tributaries, severing communications and trade between the Eastern and western states of the Confederacy.[43]
Both sides had suffered heavy casualties: between 4,700 and 5,200 Union men were casualties, and an additional 4,000 fell prey to disease or sunstroke; Gardner\'s forces suffered around 900 casualties, from battle losses and disease. Banks granted lenient terms to the Port Hudson garrison. The enlisted men were paroled to their homes, with transport for the sick and lightly wounded. Seriously sick or wounded were placed under Union medical care. 5,935 men and civilian employees of the Confederate Army were officially paroled. 405 officers were not paroled and were sent as prisoners to Memphis and New Orleans, half eventually winding up inJohnson\'s Islandprison camp in Ohio. Since the terms of the parole were not in agreement with parole conditions acceptable to the Union and Confederate armies then current, the Confederate Army furloughed the returned troops until September 15, 1863, then returned them to duty. This outraged some leaders of the Union army, but General Halleck, in charge of US armies, admitted the paroles were in error.[44]
The reputation of black soldiers in Union service was enhanced by the siege. The advance of the Louisiana Guard on May 27 had gained much coverage in northern newspapers. The attack was repulsed, due to its hasty implementation, but was bravely carried out in spite of the hopeless magnitude of opposing conditions. This performance was noted by the army leadership. In a letter home, Captain Robert F. Wilkinson wrote, “One thing I am glad to say, that is that the black troops at P. Hudson fought & acted superbly. The theory of negro inefficiency is, I am very thankful at last thoroughly exploded by facts. We shall shortly have a splendid army of thousands of them.” General Banks also noted their performance in his official report, stating, “The severe test to which they were subjected, and the determined manner in which they encountered the enemy, leaves upon my mind no doubt of their ultimate success.” These reports had an impact far from Louisiana, or the Union army. On June 11, 1863, an editorial from the influential and widely readNew York Timesstated, “They were comparatively raw troops, and were yet subjected to the most awful ordeal… The men, white or black, who will not flinch from that, will flinch from nothing. It is no longer possible to doubt the bravery and steadiness of the colored race, when rightly led.” These observations did much to supportabolitionistefforts in the northeast to recruit free blacks for the Union armed services. By the end of the war nearly 200,000 blacks had served in the Union forces.[45]
A significant result of the siege was the blow it gave Banks’s political ambitions. If Banks had overrun the position in May, he could then have taken command of Grant’s siege of Vicksburg as the ranking officer and appeared a hero.[46]This would have redeemed his military reputation, and bolstered his political hopes for a presidential candidacy. Since Vicksburg fell before Port Hudson, Grant reaped the promotions and reputation for victory in the west, and eventually attained the White House, Banks’s cherished ambition. As it was, Banks had to settle for setting up cotton deals for his northeast constituency, and arrange political alliances for a new state government aligned with Union and Republican interests in mind. He was quite experienced in this kind of scheming, and in the absence of military opportunities, economic advantages beckoned. Banks’s armies had gathered $3 million worth of livestock and supplies while engaged in operations in western Louisiana in the spring of 1863. This bounty impressed Banks, and it was also estimated that vast stores of cotton and many Union sympathizers were waiting on the Red River in Eastern Texas. In response to these observations, Banks produced his one third holding plan, the idea of re-opening trade with Europe, and diverting one third of the proceeds for the Federal Treasury. This economic bonanza would once again revive his political prospects, and justify the beginning of theRed River Campaign, a military expedition into Eastern Texas, the next step in military operations in Louisiana.[47][48]
After the war, a small number of former soldiers were awarded theMedal of Honorfor their actions at Port Hudson, includingGeorge Mason Loveringof the 4th Massachusetts.
1863 CIVIL WAR DIARY - CAMP PARAPET & SIEGE PORT HUDSON AFRICAN AMERICAN TROOPS:
$275.11