1939 Palestine ISRAEL Album 216 CIGARETTE CARDS Collection JUDAICA Jewish PHOTOS
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1939 Palestine ISRAEL Album 216 CIGARETTE CARDS Collection JUDAICA Jewish PHOTOS:
$355.50
DESCRIPTION : For sale is an EXTREMELY RARE ( Especialy in its EXCELLENT CONDITION ) EQUISITE cigarette PHOTO cards ALBUM depicting the current HISTORICAL CHAPTERof the JEWISH PEOPLE in REBUILDING its STATE - HOMELAND , The CIGARETTE CARDS ALBUM was published in 1939 ( DATED ) in ERETZ ISRAEL ( Then also refered to as Palestine ) by \"The PALESTINE CIGARETTE CO. LTD.\" cigarettes and Tobacco manufactor and it consists of 216 photos from the archive of the KKL - JNF ( Keren Kayemet Le\'Israel - Jewish National Fund ) and the NATIONAL ZIONIST ARCHIVE , Photos regarding JEWISH DEFENSE , JEWISH SETTLEMENTS , BUILDING ACTIVITIES and more. Chapters are dedicated to the new TEL AVIV HARBOR and its constraction , Eretz Israel NAVAL activities , Jewish NOTRIM and other DEFENSE FORCES , Jewish ARMY and Jewish soldiers of all kinds and units. The NEW SETTLEMENTS in Eretz Israel , Building of new public buildings in TEL AVIV , JERUSALEM and HAIFA , Synagogues as well as universities ad other institutes, Eretz Israel VILLAGES and CHOMA UMIGDAL ( Tower and Stockade ) , The role of Eretz Israeli WOMAN in rebuilding the country , Tobacco growing in ERETZ ISRAEL , CIGARETTES INDUSTRY in Eretz Israel , Jewish feasts and holidays, Jewish institutions , Technion, University, The Reali school , A Feminist chapter re Palestine Women power , Citrus growing in Eretz Israel , Jaffa Oranges, and MORE such chapters .The album which was published by\"The PALESTINE CIGARETTE CO. LTD.\"consists of a WHOLE COMPLETE COLLECTION of216 photographed CARDS ( ALL 216 ORIGINAL cards are present as issued ) . Each of the 216 cards is accompanied by a short Hebrew explanation. The cards are being offered here for much less than $2.0 each !!! The ALBUM COVER isnicely illustrated. Originalbeautifuly designed illustrated wrappers . Bound with thread. Oblong. 9.0 x13.0 \" .Over 36 extremely weight stock PP ( Not paged ). Original tissue papers prrotect the PHOTOCARDS. 216 CARDS ( ALL 216 ORIGINAL cards are present as issued ). Extremely rare very good condition of the whole album , Wrappers, Album leaves and the 216 ORIGINAL PHOTOCARDS. ( Pls look at scan for general AS IS images ) Album will be sent inside a protective envelope . AUTHENTICITY : This CIGARETTE CARDS ALBUM is guaranteed ORIGINAL from1939 ( Dated ), NOT a reproduction , It holds a life long GUARANTEE for its AUTHENTICITY and ORIGINALITY.PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal.SHIPPMENT : SHIPP worldwide via expedited insured trackable registered airmail $19 .Album will be sent inside a protective envelope . Handling within 3-5 days after payment. Estimated duration 14 days.
MORE DETAILS : PALESTINE PRODUCTS : Dubek Ltd. is Israel\'sleading and longest-established cigarette manufacturer. The company produces,markets and distributes cigarettes, cigars, lighters and smoking accessories.Dubek is Israel\'s sole manufacturer of cigarettes and its brands include Time, Noblesseand Golf. Dubek wasestablished in 1935 by Martin Gehl, a German emigrant with a Zionist vision ofestablishing a manufacturing base in Israel. In 1960, Dubek became one of thefirst companies to be publicly traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.Throughout the years, Martin Gehl together with his son Zorach, expanded thebusiness and took over all other cigarette manufacturers in Israel. LeavingDubek as the only company in the field. In 2003 Dubek became a private company.Today the company is headed by Dr. Roy Gehl, Martin Gehl\'s grandson and itsmain offices are situated in Martin Gehl Street named after its founder. *Noblesse (Hebrew: נובלס) is an Israeli cigarette brand producedby Dubek, Israel\'s oldestcigarette manufacturer. The brand,launched in 1952 in a distinct green,80mm, \'soft-pack\' which has never been dramatically changed, is the oldest inDubek\'s product line. The cigarette also has the highest tar (19mg) andnicotine (1.3mg) amounts available on the Israeli mass-market. Dubek has sincereleased two different versions under the same Noblesse brand; a lowernicotine/tar blend in light-green packaging (Noblesse Blend - it is illegal touse the term \'lite\' on cigarettes in Israe, and an even lower nicotine/tarblend in blue packaging (Noblesse American Blue). Noblesse cigarettes are alsodistributed or sold by the Israel Defense Forces to soldiers in Israeli military prisons. Companyname: DubekLtd. Year of Establishment: 1935 Natureof activity:The company is the only cigarette manufacturer in Israel,manufacturing, marketing and distributing various cigarette, cigar, lighter andsmoking accessory brands in Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Gaza Strip andthe West Bank. In addition, the Company also imports its brands to a number ofcountries overseas. Brands: As the only cigarette manufacturer inIsrael, Dubek has assumed the mission of developing, manufacturing andmarketing an extensive variety of cigarette bran suitablefor the Israeli audience in terms of various blend flavors and strengths.Company brands include Time, Noblesse, no. 9, Mustang, Europe, Nelson, Sheraton, Montana and Broadway. In addition to thebrands manufactured in the Company\'s factory, the Company exclusively import brand manufactured by theDanish company House of Prince: Wall Street, Rockets and Slim Agenda.Dubek employs maximal efforts to provide its clients a large variety ofhigh-quality products, while maintaining constant innovation and offering asolution to the entire Israeli population, for all its sectors. The Company\'sbrands enjoy an international reputation of excellence and have won many goldmedals for quality in the prestigious international competition \"Monde Selection\".Dubek, is a leading manufacturer of cigarettes and Tobaccoproducts, one of the first companies in Israeli industry. In 193 the Company wasestablished by a group of Industrialists, including a mechanical engineer whospecialized in equipment for the Tobacco industry – Mr.Martin Gehl. Since its establishment, the Company has been persistent inmanufacturing high quality cigarette products.In 1960the Company became one of the first public companies traded on the Tel AvivStock Exchange. In 1965 Dubek introduced its Flag cigarette brand:\"Time\" – which has become the favorite and most sold cigarette brandin Israel over the years. In 1971 Dubek purchased twocompeting Tobacco companies and became the only cigarette manufacturer inIsrael! Headed by Mr. Zorach U. Gehl, fourth generation of cigarettemanufacturers, Dubek became a modern and efficient factory in the Israeliindustry. In 1985 Dubek was ranked 11th on the Dun &Bradstreet list of \"The 100 leading companies in IsraeliEntrepreneurship\" In 2003 Dubek became aprivate company. In 2004 Dubek received exclusive representation rightsfrom the Danish \"House of Prince\" Company for its cigarette andTobacco products and began distributing its brands. EuromonitorInternational\'s Tobacco in Israel market report offers a comprehensiveguide to the size and shape of the market at a national level. It provides thelatest retail sales data, allowing you to identify the sectors driving growth.It identifies the leading companies, the leading brands and offers strategicanalysis of key factors influencing the market - be they new productdevelopments, packaging innovations, economic/lifestyle influences,distribution or pricing issues. Forecasts illustrate how the market is set tochange. Buy online to access strategic market analysis and an interactive statistical database of duty paid retailvolume and value sales, illicit trade volume, company and brand shares,pricing, distribution and production data.Carmel Wineryis a vineyard and winery in Israe. Founded in 1882 by Edmond James de Rothschild, its products areexported to over 40 countries Overview CarmelWinery manufactures mainly wine, brandyand grape juice. It is the primeproducer of wine in Israel, as it produces nearly half of the Israeli winemarket, and one of the largest wine producers in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is the first andoldest exporter of wine, brandy and grape juice in the country, and also thelargest producer of kosher wine in the world. Thecompany is owned by the council of the Vine-growers Union (75%) and the Jewish Agency for Israel (25%). Its parentcompany is Societe Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves Richon Le Zion& Zikhron Ya\'akov Ltd. (S.C.V.) The company holds the two largest wineriesin Israel, as well as three new boutique wineries. These wineries includeRishon LeZion Winery, Zikhron Ya\'akov Winery, Yatir Winery (50%) and RamatDalton Winery. In addition, the company owns 1,500 hectares (3,750 acres) ofvineyards in Israel. Carmel\'s production reaches 25-30 million bottles per yearand its profit from export adds up to USD 5 million from 40 countries. History When the settlers of the First Aliyah, Jews who immigratedto Palestine from Eastern Europe in the second half ofthe 19th century, encountered difficulties in cultivating the land due to theirlack of experience and the soil\'s characteristics, they began to seek supportoutside of Palestine for establishing vineyards and wineries. Theirrepresentatives traveled to France, where they met Baron Edmond de Rothschild,owner of ChâteauLafite.As a Zionist, Rothschild provided financial and moral assistance to thesettlers. His first vineyards were planted near Rishon LeZion, south east of Jaffa. In 1882, French rootstock wasimported, and the Baron sent his own wine specialists to advise the pioneers inthis enterprise. Construction began on a large wine cellar in Rishon LeZion.Later, a second winery was established in Zikhron Ya\'akov, situated on Mount Carmejust south of Haifa. In 1895 Carmel Wine Co. was formed to export wines ofRishon LeZion and Zikhron Ya\'akov, first in Poland, then in Austria, GreatBritain and the United States. In 1902 Carmel Mizrahi was founded in Palestineto market and distribute wines to the cities of the Ottoman Empire. In 1896, the firstCarmel wines were presented at the International Exhibition of Berlin at aspecial pavilion devoted to the industries of the Jewish colony in Palestine.Over a hundred thousand people visited the exhibition, looked at the products,and drank a glass of Rishon LeZion wine. A year later, a world gardeningexhibition was held in Hamburg where the settlers\' wines were well received.Rishon LeZion wines won a gold medal at the Paris World\'s Fair in 1900. In 1906, both the vineyards and the managementof the two wineries were deeded to the winegrowers, forming the \"SocietéCooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, Richon le Zion and Zikhron JacobLtd.\" Interestingly, many of Israel\'s historical figures worked in thevineyards and in the wineries. Perhaps the two most famous were the first PrimeMinister of Israel, David BenGurionand his successor, Levi Eshkol Through the earlydecades of the 20th century the wine business bloomed. Branches of Carmel WineCo., were opened in Damascus, Cairo, Beirut,Berlin, London, Warsaw and Alexandria and sales increased,particularly during the First WorldWar, whenallied troops passed through Palestine. However, the businesses fell sharplywhen the war was over. The industry lost its principal markets in Russia due tothe OctoberRevolution,in the United States because of Prohibition,and in Egypt and the Middle East because of Arab nationalism. Many of thevineyards were uprooted and replanted with citrus trees. However, during the Second World War, the industry beganto grow again and with successive waves of immigrants, drinking habitsgradually changed. In 1957, the estate of the Baron Edmond de-Rothschild deededover the two wineries to the Cooperative of Winegrowers, the SocietéCooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, by then, better known under the tradename Carmel Mizrahi in Israel and Carmel worldwide. For some years after theend of the war, Carmel\'s output was focused on sweet wines used for sacramentalpurposes. However, with the emergence of the new world in wine making, Israeliwine makers sought new varieties of grapes, thus in 1971 Cabarnet Sauvignon andSauvignon Blanc, the first varietal wines from Israel, were presented in theUnited States market. In the early 80\'s, the wine industry in Israel fell uponhard times, but in the second half of the decade, wine became more popular anddemands for quality stimulated tremendous improvements in the varieties ofgrapes being grown, the cultivation of new growing regions and the updating offermentation and production techniques. Over the past few years, new state ofthe art wineries have been built, the existing wineries have been renovated anda new team of young, highly qualified wine makers have been employed. Theconstant search for improvement is now part of the fabric of the cooperative.In 2003 Carmel agreed to sponsor \'Carmel Trophy for Best Eastern MediterraneanProducer\' at I.W.S.C. in London. In 2004 Peter Stern (formerly at Mondavi &Gallo) from California was appointed wine making consultant. The same yearCarmel founded \'Handcrafted Wines of Israel\'. Exporting to over 40 countries,Carmel products are found in wine stores and retail chains around the globe. Wineries Carmel\'s first winery and head office isRishon LeZion Winery, which is located in the city of Rishon LeZion. It was built in 1890by Baron Edmond de Rothschild, making it the oldest industrial building inIsrael still in use. The winery is the largest winery in Israel in terms ofproduction of wines, spirits and grape juice. It was the first establishment inIsrael to install electricity and telephone, and David Ben Gurion, Israel\'s first primeminister, worked there. It underwent renovations in the 1990s. Carmel\'s secondwinery is Zikhron Ya\'akov Winery. Located in Zikhron Ya\'akov, it is used forproduction of wine and blending of olive oil. It was built in 1892, also byBaron Edmond de Rothschild. The winery is the largest winery in Israel in termsof grapes received at harvest. It includes a new boutique winery built in 2003and a pilot micro-winery for research and development. Yatir Winery is a small winerybuilt in 2000 with state of the art equipment, which receives grapes only fromits own vineyards. It is situated in Tel Arad, an archaeological site with3,000 years of history, in the northEastern Negev.The winery was a joint venture between Carmel (50%) and Gadash local winegrowers (50%). YatirWinery isnow solely owned by Carmel Winery. Its vineyards are located in Yatir Forest in the southern Judean Hills. Another newly builtwinery is Ramat Dalton, located in Ramat Dalton, Upper Galilee. It was built in2004 and receives its grapes from vineyards in Upper Galilee and Golan Heights.Vineyards Carmel Winery owns numerous vineyardsacross Israel, from the Galilee and the Golan Heights in the North to the Negev in the South. These vineyards includesome of the finest individual vineyard sites in the country. On average, Carmelharvests about 25,000 tonnes of grapes, which is approximately 50% of Israel’stotal harvest. Exported wines will show the growing region on the label. In theGalilee and Golan, which are generally accepted as Israel’s finest wine growingareas due to their higher altitude and cooler climate, Carmel\'s vineyards focuson growing quality grapes. Carmel has vineyards in the central and northernGolan and it is the leading winery presence in the premium Upper Galilee. Thegrapes from the finest vineyards go to Ramat Dalton Winery. The coastal regionsof Sharon and Central CoastalPlain are Israel’s traditional grape growing areas, where Carmel\'s vines wereoriginally planted. In the northern Sharon Plain, Israel\'s largest wine growingregion, benefiting from MountCarmelRange and from breezes off the Mediterranean Sea, Carmel owns extensive areasof vineyards. The main concentration of vineyards is in the valleys surroundingthe winery towns of Zikhron Ya’akov and Binyamina.This is the largest region for Carmel which surrounds the Zikhron Ya’akovWinery. It was announced in early 2008 that a 150-acre (0.61km2)wine park would be created on the slopes between Zikhron Ya\'akov and Binyaminain order to promote tourism in the area and wine tourism in Israel ingeneral.The Central Coastal Plain (known as Dan) and the rolling hills of the JudeanLowlands make up the second coastal region, in which grapes have beentraditionally grown. This is the second largest area for growing vines inIsrael, as it has a coastal Mediterranean climate: hot, humid summers and warm, mild winters.It is a large region for Carmel and it supplies the Rishon LeZion Winery. Inthe Judean Hills, an area proved to yield grapes of high quality due to itswarm days and cool nighttime temperature, Carmel has premium vineyards in YatirForest, the largest forest in Israel. These vineyards, which are up to 900meters above sea level, supply grapes for the boutique Yatir Winery. Carmel isa pioneer in the Negev, a popular area forvine growing in ancient times, with its high quality Ramat Arad vineyardsituated on the north east Negev plateau, 500 meters above sea level with veryhot days and cold nights. Tnuva, or Tenuvah, (Hebrew: תנובה, fruit or produce)is a cooperative (co-op) in Israel specializing in milk and dairy products. The 620 members ofthe cooperative are made up a large number of kibbutzim (or collective farms) and moshavim (or agriculturalcommunities) in Israel. Tnuva is the largest dairy products manufacturer inIsrael; its sales account for 70% of the country\'s dairy market as well assales of meat, eggs and packaged food. Tnuva Central Cooperative for theMarketing of Agricultural Produce in Israel Ltd. was created in 1926, followinga decision by kibbutz-movement leaders tomake cooperatives to distribute and export several types of food products.Tnuva was created as a result but at first only delivered regular milk fordrinking. It expanded to cover other dairy products in the 1930s. Tnuva waslabeled by the IsraelAntiTru Authorityas a monopoly a status thatessentially places the company under government regulation limiting the way itcan change the price of its products to protect the consumer and smallercompetitors. In 2006, it was reported that the Markstone Capital Partners Fund was interested inpurchasing Tnuva and its assets for about $750 million. The general manager, Arik Reichman,values the company between $800 million to $1 billion. Another obstacle toselling the company or even a large minority share was the need to convert thecooperative to a company requiring a majority of the members approval. InNovember 20, 2006 ApaxPartnersWorldwide LLP, a London-based buyout firm, won a tender to buy control ofTnuva. The offer values the privately held food and dairy group at $1.025billion, larger than Strauss-Elite Ltd. and Osem Investments Ltd. the twolargest publicly held Israeli food companies. The Tnuva Story Fornearly 80 years, Tnuva has provided consumers in the Holy Land with a widevariety of premium dairy and cheese products that are made with the freshestingredients. Today, Tnuva is a billion dollar food conglomerate that is playingan integral role in the global food economy by offering a wide variety ofquality products to millions of consumers in the Middle East, Europe and theUSA. Tnuva\'s Mediterranean-style cheese and dairy products areproduced in cutting-edge dairy production facilities located amidstpastoral Galilean hills and valleys. Tnuva\'s popular line of cheeses known as Emek, is derived from theHebrew word for \'valley.The distinctive blue, red, green and white company logohas become a magnet for consumers in Israel and the USA who demand quality andquantity. In order to cultivate the changing dietary demands of sophisticatedconsumers on both sides of the ocean, Tnuva prides itself on producing a largenumber of innovative low-calorie and low-fat products that taste great and areeasy on the waist. Tnuva relishes the challenge of offering consumers a uniqueshopping experience, as well as providingunique culinary tips to amateurand professional chefs. Tnuva Food Industries supplies the milk in the land ofmilk and honey, and, as one of Israel\'s largest food companies, it has notrouble keeping its dairy and meat divisions separate. Tnuva\'s dairy divisionsupplies fluid and cultured milk products, butter, soy-based drinks, andcheeses throughout Israel. It markets the Yoplait brand in that country aswell. The company\'s other food divisions are major processors and suppliers ofchicken, eggs, fish, meats, frozen pizza, and deli items. Tnuva\'s subsidiary,Sunfrost, makes frozen vegetables. London-based investment firm, Apax Partners,owns 55% of the company; Israeli investment firm, Mivtach Shamir Holdings, owns20About Shemen Industries Ltd The Idea The idea of innovating and founding an industry in Israel was firstraised in the beginning of the previous century by a group of Hovevei Zion fromMinsk, Russia. In 1903, Nahum Wilboshvitz (later known as Wilbosh), whoheaded the group, came to Israel in order to check the possibilities ofindustrial development in the country: searching for energy sources, examiningways of improving and developing the traditional industries, mainly of oil andsoap. Wilbosh proposed to establish a company, which will engage insecondary production of olive oil made of rape once the oil is extracted. Atthe time, the process was performed using wood-pressers. Wilbosh suggestedusing chemical resources such as gasoline. The Foundation On a crowdedland with olive plantations and oil-pressers that sell rape, a place was found.100 dunam were bought from the land of Haditha village (located north-east ofLod). Wilbosh traveled to Europe in the purpose of learning the processof chemical extraction and ordering the required equipment. \"Hadid\"factory, later known as \"Ben-Shemen\", was established in 1905 withthe financial assistance of Jews from Tzritzin who accepted Wilbosh\'senterprise. The factory began working by the end of January 1906, when all theequipment arrived. The first season was not particularly blessed – out of 260tons of rape, only 10% of oil was produced, and by the end of the season, theamount of oil reduced to merely 5-6%. The factory was used by Petach-Tikva andRehovot\'s farmers. \"Atid\"Factory In 1906 Wilbosh married Shoshana Fineberg.Along with Shmuel and Eliyahu Berlin, he founded \"Atid\" company: afactory for oil and soapwort (i.e. extracting rape oil and soap). \"Achadha\'Am\" named the factory and \"Hadid\" factory joined the company.After purchasing a property on the seashore in Haifa, the factory was builtfrom hewn stone (later it became a museum of oil industry). Nahum Armanmanaged the soapery, and the number of \"Atid\" workers amounted to 100families within two years. Once the iron-pressers started working in thetraditional industry, the percentage of rape oil decreased meaningfully, andthus, rape oil gradually became less profitable. Due to economicdifficulties, the factory was shut down in 1910 and the factories were leased.Nahum Arman continued with a limited soap manufacturing until 1922. Establishing \"Shemen\" Despite the difficulties, Nahum Wilbosh did not give up, and in 1919he founded \"Shemen\" company in London together with his brothersMoshe and Gedaliah Wilboshvitz and Eliyahu Panison. Since they needed a dutyfree port in order to export, they planned on building one near Caesarea.Houses were leased and schemes were written, but the British governmentobjected, in spite of Zeev Jabotinsky\'s lobbyism. In 1922 Nahum andGedaliah Wilboshvitz began establishing \"Shemen\" factory near\"Atid\" factory and started assembling the machines. In the newfactory, advanced methods of manufacturing and machinery were integrated –hydraulic pressers and diesel engines as well as a modern refinery and soapery.The factory\'s engines were inaugurated in December 1924 by the British HighCommissioner, Sir Herbert Samuel. \"Shemen\" factory put mucheffort in prompting and marketing the consumption of Israeli products, and wasamong the first factories which took a major part in building thecountry. The Modern Oil Industry At later times it was found that extracting oil from olives rapedamages the oil quality, and therefore, this method of oil production wasstopped at the late 70\'s. The oil industry moved to producing oils from grainsof different plants such as: soybean, safflower, sunflower and corn whereas theolive oil industry returned only to a mechanical method of manufacturing byolive crushing, extracting the mash and separating the oil juice from the oil.Today \"Atid\" factory is located on the grounds of the\"Shemen\" factory in Haifa, and it has a museum which displays the oilindustry in Israel, since ancient times to the beginning of manufacture untilnowadays The Jaffa orange, also known as the Shamouti orange, is a verysweet, almost seedless orange exported from Israel. Ittakes its name from the city of Jaffa.Characteristics Jaffaoranges are very similar to Valencia oranges,though they are much sweeter. They are characterized by their oval shape, sweetflavor, and strong aroma. The peel is light orange in color, and is normallyvery easy to remove from the fruit. These oranges are very cold-tolerant,allowing them to grow outside of the subtropicalregions normally associated with growing oranges. Jaffa oranges ripen in thespring-to-summer months, making it a midseason fruit. Jaffa oranges aresusceptible to Alternaria, a type of fungus, andare prone to alternate bearing. History Accordingto Daniel Rogov, the variety \"originated in China and Cochinchina\".**** TheNotrim(Hebrew:נוטרים, lit.Guards; singular:Noter) were a Jewish Police Force set up by the British in theMandatory Palestinein 1936 to help defend Jewish lives and property during the1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine.[1]The force was divided intoSupernumerary Policeand highly mobileSettlement Police.[1]Members were recruited almost entirely from theHaganah.[1]Asnotrimthousands of young men had their first experience of military training, whichMoshe ShertokandEliyahu Golombcited as one of the fruits of theHaganah\'s policy ofhavlagah(restraint).[2]The British authorities maintained, financed and armed theNotrimuntil the end of the Mandate, even though they knew that although the force was nominally answerable to thePalestine Police Forceit was in fact controlled by the Haganah.[3]AfterWorld War II, theNotrimbecame the core of theIsraeli Military Police.[1]Contents[hide]1 History in World War II2 References3 Bibliography4 See alsoHistory in World War II[edit]On 6 August 1940Anthony Eden, the BritishSecretary of War, informedParliamentthat theCabinethad decided to recruit Arab and Jewish units as battalions of theRoyal East Kent Regiment(the \"Buffs\").[4]At a luncheon withChaim Weizmannon 3 September,Winston Churchillapproved the large-scale recruitment of Jewish forces in Palestine and the training of their officers.[4]A further 10,000 men (no more than 3,000 from Palestine) were to be recruited to Jewish units in the British Army for training in theUnited Kingdom.[4]Faced withField Marshal Rommel\'sadvance in Egypt, the British government decided on 15 April 1941 that the 10,000 Jews dispersed in the single defense companies of the Buffs should be prepared for war service at the battalion level and that another 10,000 should also be mobilized along with 6,000Supernumerary Policeand 40,000 to 50,000 home guard.[4]The plans were approved by Field MarshalJohn Dill.[4]TheSpecial Operations ExecutiveinCairoapproved a Haganah proposal for guerilla activities in northern Palestine led by thePalmach, as part of whichYitzhak Sadehdevised \"Plan North\" for an armed enclave in theCarmelrange from which theYishuvcould defend the region and attack Nazi communications and supply lines, if necessary.[4]British intelligence also trained a small radio network underMoshe Dayanto act as spy cells in the event of a German invasion.[4]***Uniform (and History) of Jewish Palestine Police \"Noter\"Though this isn\'t the most significant individual article I\'ve had the pride of presenting in the online gallery (so far) this is probably the most interesting one: a near-complete uniform of a Jewish \'Noter\' (guard) in Eretz-Israel/Palestine from the period 1936-48.This is something seen widely here in period photographs but very rarely encountered in \'real life\', and because of its Zionist-social-military historicaland iconicsignificance, for the benefit of my visitors from abroad, I\'ll combine the showcase with a historical summary of the Jewish \'Notrim\' all here on this page.To shed light on the scope of the subject, the history of the \'Notrim\' relates directly to the \"Palestine Police\", the concept of Jewish self-Defence in Palestine and the eventual establishment of the Israeli Army; the \"tower and stockade\" settlement movement; and the \"kofer ha\'yishuv\" initiative. I\'ll cover all the subjects here.The key word for this overall subject is \"Noter\", which is best translated into English as \"Guard\". In Israeli social history, the movement which spawned and supported the creation of these \"guards\" - though donations, social norms, songs and prose - is called by the noun/pro-noun, the \"Notrut\", and those who served in the \"Notrut\" were called \"Notrim\" (in plural).I. THE HISTORY OF THE \"NOTRIM\"To understand the meaning of the uniform on display here I have to backtrack and explain first the origins of those who wore such a uniform:The \"Notrim\" were legally armed, uniformed Jews, organized into forces for the purpose of defense against Arab marauders, in 1936. They were created under the auspices of the British \"Palestine Police\".Establishment of the Palestine PoliceThe Palestine Police Force was created on 1 July 1920, numbering 1,217 officers and men (both British and local Arabs and Jews) with the formation of a civil government in Palestine. This force assumed police responsibilities from the British Army (i.e. Military Police): the Army, which conquered Palestine from the Turks in 1917-1918, had until then fulfilled police duties in the area under the auspices of the Enemy Occupied Territory Administration (South).Between 1920 and 1926 the police forces in Palestine consisted of the \"Palestine Police Force\", the \"Palestine Gendermerie\", the \"British Gendermerie\", and various military units.In 1926, the two gendarmeries were disbanded, with some joining the British and Palestinian (Arab and Jewish) sections of the Palestine Police, while most transferred to a new formation called the \"Transjordan Frontier Force\" (TJFF). In that same year the Palestine Police established a supplementary police branch of volunteer assistants.Bechor Shitreet: judge, future first Israeli Minister of Police and signatory on the Declaration of Independence (1948) as a Mandate-period officer in the Palestine Police Force. In its early years the uniform of the Palestine Police Force was not homogenous and developed on a case-by-case basis depending on the locale: tunics and breeches varied from Army drill khaki to Police black, with variations in the patterns for officers or for staff, and sometimes a mixture of black tunics with khaki breeches. As a compromise for the religious needs (kneeling for prayer) of Moslem members and in order to avoid offending any of the nationalities by using a style associated too much with one over another, the Police generally wore a black woolen fez/tarboosh-styled hat called a \"kolpak\" hat, though here too headwear varied depending on the locale: in Tel Aviv the police wore specially designed visored hats with a white crown and blue band, in Zichron Yaakov and further north they wore Army caps, elsewhere they wore the kolpak.About the only standard accoutrements found everywhere were the leather jackboots, sam browne belts and cross-strap; in many instances, also a black or brown leather bandolier (though not in Tel Aviv). In time the Palestine Police would be clothed in a homogeneous manner: black pants, tunic and black kolpak hat or visored hats.The first officers of the Mandatory police in the Upper Galilee, 1918. Bechor Shitreet on far right, next to a Moslem, a Jewish and a Christian (far left) policeman. Seated on the left is the British district commander (Mackenzie).Jewish Self-DefenceAlthough the police contained Arab and Jewish members, on the ground there were constant tensions between the two nationalities. Jewish residents back in the 1870\'s had already experienced attacks by Arab marauders and begun to protect themselves from further attacks; at the turn of the 20th Century they also employed the services of Circassians (Caucasian Moslems) to protect them, and then in 1907 a small group of settlers established the first organized self-defense organization, called \"Bar Giora\". In 1909 this grew into a larger region-wide entity called \"HaShomer\" (\'The Watchman\' or \'The Guardsman\').After the First World War, Arab nationalism gained momentum in Palestine resulting in violent attacks on Jews and Jewish property. Reacting to what appeared to be a lack of will on the part of the Palestine Police to afford adequate protection, in 1921 the \"Ha\'Shomer\" movement transformed itself into a more organized and established body called the \"Hagana\" (\"Defense\"), now finally under the unified leadership of the Jewish community\'s governing body, the \"Histadrut\" (the Jewish worker\'s union) of the umbrella \"Jewish Agency for Palestine\".Nevertheless, the \"Hagana\" was what the British Mandatory Authorities considered to be an illegal armed force: though large in time, it was poorly equipped and unable to accumulate adequate experience in the open.Formation of the \"Notrut\"The watershed event which led to an expansion of legal Jewish self-defense in Palestine was the \"Great Arab Revolt\" (or \"Arab Troubles\") of 1936-39. The Arab leadership of Palestine instigated the revolt, which began in the form of a general strike, as a protest against Jewish immigration and sale of land to Jews; the strike was aimed at wrecking the Jewish economy which had been dependent until then on Arab labor. However the revolt also targeted Mandatory institutions and so drew the direct reaction of the British against it.In the year the Revolt erupted, the Palestine Police expanded its auxiliary branches with the recruitment of two full-time kinds of reinforcements: \"Ghaffirs\" and \"Supernumerary Police\":Every police commander was permitted to recruit \"Additional Police\" (i.e. \"Supernumerary Police\") for the hour of need. These forces were equipped with military rifles, Police uniforms (with the \"Supernumerary\" emblem see below on this page) and paid for by the Police from a special budget.The \"Ghaffirs\" (meaning \"watchman\" in Arabic) were a carry-over from Ottoman days and found throughout the Arabian world - a sort of private armed guard; in Palestine\'s case, armed and clothed in uniforms similar to those of the Police. They were armed with hunting rifles, subjected to less direct scrutiny than the \"Supernumeraries\", and permitted to enter the open spaces between Jewish settlements. Their salaries were paid by their employer - meaning, by the Jewish settlements and institutions themselves. Future IDF Chief of Staff, Moshe Dayan, as a \'Noter\' and wearing a metal emblem of the \'Ghaffir\' on his kolpak hat.The Police also recruited \"Special Constables\" (or \"Special Police\" - SP; in Hebrew \"Mushbayim\", meaning \"Seconded\") - civilian volunteers, working for free or recruited suddenly at times of emergency, who were employed in neighborhood defense, and equipped with weapons and uniforms (or just wore a police brassard on civilian clothes).The \"Hagana\" saw an opportunity in the enlistment of the Jewish population into these auxiliary forces to promote the creation of a legal Jewish self-defense force - really, the first ever legal armed force of Jews for Jews. The Jewish Agency supported the enlistment of Hagana members into these branches as a way of acquiring know-how and experience and in time succeeded in staffing these forces with Hagana members. In the meantime the general movement to recruit Jews into the Ghaffirs and Supernumerary Police lead to the coining of the name for these types of formations, the \"Notrim\". Notrim now became the word being used as a generic pronoun for all types of armed auxiliaries.In June 1936, the Agency proposed to the Mandatory Government that it recruit 2,550 guards, of whom 1,800 would be paid for by the Jewish settlements. Although the Government didn\'t accept the idea in total it did decide to allow individual settlements to request defense assistance on a case-by-case basis. Initially 600 men were sworn in - about a third being paid for by the Government - and these forces were restricted to operate only within the boundaries of the settlements. These forces were officially called \"Temporary Additional Constables\" (TAC).------The first Notrim appeared spring 1936 in a variety of appearances: some in old work clothes wearing the brassard of \"Temporary Additional Police\", and others in wrinkled, ill-fitting yellow-khaki uniforms and wearing the \'keffiyeh\' scarf or the kolpak with a badge stamped \"Ghaffir\". In time there was a formal distinction between the uniforms worn, with black kolpaks being worn by the Police and brown-khaki ones being worn by \"Notrim\", however in practice there was no such distinction and throughout their existence (1936-1948) Notrim could be found wearing both Police black and Noter khaki uniforms and accessories. Some of these distinctions were determined by the locale of the Noter force in question: in Tel Aviv, for instance, with its strong Hebrew culture, Notrim regularly wore the white and blue visored hats of the municipal police.Among the first groups of Notrim in 1936, wearing Arab \'Keffiyeh\' on their heads. Another early group of Notrim in training wearing a variety of hats, accoutrements and uniforms.The security situation worsened over the course of the months and by September the Government had recruited more than 2,800 \"Notrim\". These later recruits received matching uniforms and were granted permission to operate beyond the boundaries of the settlements - and the Government paid half of their salary (the settlements bearing the rest). Among the Notrim posted specifically to settlement defence, the officers were British while NCO\'s and privates were all Jewish.Notrim in the expanses outside settlement boundaries. In October of that year the Arab strike came to an end and the Mandatory Government awaited the arrival and recommendations of the Parliamentary \"Peel Commission\". During this period of relative calm the Government offered the Jewish Agency a deal whereby of it would disband the \"Hagana\", the Government would enlist expand the \"Notrim\" by several thousand. However the Agency declined the offer, and a combination of continuing Arab disturbances plus pressure by the British Army to cut expenditures led the Government to release many Notrim from regular duty. These would now be formed into a standby-reserve force of 4460 men.The Police appointed \"Notrim\" Officers in its national Command plus in four other districts, and so turned the force into a national force, now called the \"Auxiliary Police Force\" (in English). The Jewish Agency simultaneously appointed \"Noter\" liaison offers of its own to each of the district commands, and these kept in touch with the Hagana, for recruitment and coordination purposes. As the Peel Commission would eventually call the Jewish community in Palestine (called the \"Yishuv\" in Hebrew - a pronoun for the community) a \"state within a state\", so too the \"Notrut\" was rapidly becoming the army-in-the-making of the said state.From spring 1937 the Government permitted the Notrim to operate even beyond the surrounding areas of the settlements in times of pursuit of marauders; they were also authorized now to provide security and escort to workers, and so also assistance in the establishment of \"tower and stockade\" settlements (see below). By the summer the Mandatory authorities even began to regard the Notrim stationed on the settlements as a homogenous force, and called it the \"Jewish Settlement Defence\" (JSD).That same year the Jewish Agency and the Hagana organized three short legal training courses: 90 Notrim were trained, among them corporals and squad commanders. Under guidance by British sergeants, three more courses were run for corporals, and 150 men participated. The army firing grounds were opened before the Notrim and the Hagana initiated the publication of training booklets translated from the English, under the series title \"For the Noter\" (\"La Noter\"). In this way a legal framework was established for the distribution of training materials to members of the Hagana.These developments dovetailed with a general change in military doctrine within the Yishuv: until 1936 the Jewish leadership in Palestine had advocated a policy of \"restraint\" (\"havlaga\", in Hebrew) towards Arab attacks, with an emphasis on passive defense. The eruption of the Revolt spurred greater acceptance of a doctrine promoted by a prominent commander of the Haganah, Yitzhak Sadeh, who encouraged the Jews to \"come out from behind the fences\" and attack their enemies on their own soil.Notrim (the \"Jewish Settlement Police\" in this case - note the triangular emblem on the sleeve; more about the JSP below) receive mortar training. Testaments to the expansion of the \"Notrut\": membership documents of various auxiliary Noter formations. A Hebrew translation of the British Army training manual \"Small Arms Training\", 1937. Published by \"La Noter\" (\"For the Noter\").As the \"Notrut\" movement started to crystallize into a coherent and organized vehicle, supporting both legal and illegal expressions of Jewish self-defense, operating inside and beyond the settlements, identified with the city as well as the agricultural countryside, it also started to express itself as the embodiment of the \"new Hebrew man\": assertive (\"coming out from behind the fences\"), independent and proud, entrusted with his own weapon, trained in defense (soon also attack).The image of the \"new Hebrew man\" protecting but also building also gained strength from the involvement of the Notrut in a non-military but equally Zionist activity: the establishment of new settlements.The new \"Hebrew Man\": the Noter Tzvi Ben-Gershon on duty, 1938. The Noter as cultural image, 1939. Notrim building the northern fence take a break to play music, 1938.A military-pioneering, but not militarist, bearing. A Noter enlistment (\"meguyas\", in Hebrew) pin symbolically associating the force with the tower and stockade settlement movementThe Tower and Stockade SettlementsThe Zionist leadership\'s response to the Arab revolt took the expression of an idea put forward by Shlomo Gur, to build quickly erected wood and metal entrenched-settlements all over Palestine in order to create \"facts on the ground\" in time for the findings of the Peel Commission.Notrim guard a newly constructed \"tower and stockade\" settlement.From left to right, the entire political spectrum of the Jewish leadership in Palestine supported the initiative (called \"Khoma u\'Migdal\" in Hebrew). To erect such settlements the raw materials were prepared ahead of time; in a certain place at a certain time groups of pioneers would set out with Noter accompaniment to erect the tower around which would then be built the stockade. The underground Haganah helped plan and carry out the program, and as many Hagana members were also formally members of the Notrim forces, the Notrim played both a covert and visible part in the logistics and erection of settlements as well as in the defense of contructed and completed settlements.Notrim protect the erection of the watch tower for kibbutz Betelem (now Ein Gev), 1937. Notrim help found kibbutz Hanita, 1938. Built near the Lebanon border in an area without road transport, requiring manual transport of materials and much armed protection, this was considered the crowning achievement of the tower and stockade movement, and an opera was written in its honor.The \"tower and stockade\" initiative was at once both a practical and an ideological movement, and the close association of the \"Notrut\" with its promulgation made that Jewish defense force almost synonymous with the Zionist \"tower and stockade\" movement. The movement\'s daring achievements stirred emotions throughout Jewish Palestine: books, pamphlets and even full length operas were written in its honor. In the course of the next 3 years, from December 1936 to October 1939, about 53 such settlements were built - and these would have a decisive effect on the separation lines of the future, 1947 United Nations partition plan for Palestine.Original film showing the establishment of kibbutz \"Negba\" with Hebrew commentary (and sadly, some modern background music which kills the nostalgic atmosphere).Another, silent, original film ishere-----When the Arab Revolt resumed in force in autumn 1937, the Jewish Agency authorized the corporal-level Notrim on the settlements to recruit their own reserve forces, and organized short training courses for the new recruits.In 1938 a machine-gun training course took place and in general training was expanded to include field training. At the start of the year about half of the salaried Notrim were raised in rank to Corporals and Sergeants - the Corporals for the settlements and the Sergeants for settlement blocs. The Sergeants underwent month-long training courses run by British Army trainers and overseen by members of the Hagana. Sergeants were also appointed to \"Senior Sergeants\" or \"Group-Sergeants\".The Jewish Agency continued to press for the expansion of the number of Notrim and their weapons, and in the summer a British Army and a British Police representative evaluated the defense needs of the settlements. They proposed the creation of the \"Jewish Settlement Police\" (JSP; in Hebrew it\'s called the \"Hebrew Settlement Police\"), and this was approved at the start of 1939.In the meantime about 60 \"Mobile Guards\" (\"Mishmarot Nayim\" - also called \"Manim\" from the initials of the Hebrew words) numbering 400 men were established, and these traveled in armored \'tenders\' - some provided by the Government and others from the Jewish Agency. Of all the Noter formations, the \"Manim\" were frequently seen wearing steel helmets - ironically, German steel helmets.The feeling of public security fostered by the mere existence of mobileJewishself-defence at any hour of the day turned the word \"Tender\" into a cultural icon of its own: whenever mentioned - even to this day - it always implied Jewish armed self-defence. Such a central cultural idiom was it that the lyricistMoshe Vilenskywrote a song called \"The Tender Drives Forth\", sung byShoshana Damariin 1939 (can be heardhere).With the establishment of the Jewish Settlement Police, the \"Manim\" were absorbed into its battalions and they formed the JSP\'s mobile alert force. The size of the JSP, particularly the \"Manim\", already reached 14,400 men in November 1938 (i.e. even before the official establishment of the JSP) - and of these 1,300 were fully salaried. Noter \"Manim\" in an armored carAn armored mobile force of Noter \"Manim\", with Moshe Dayan in foreground (right). A Noter \"Manim\" force at Kibbutz Dan in 1939.The \"Kofer Ha\'Yishuv\"Between the years 1938 and 1948 the Jewish community in Eretz Israel / Palestine (called in Hebrew, the \"Yishuv\") instituted a mechanism by which to raise funds for self-defense, and this initiative operated between 1938-1939 under the name \"Kofer Ha\'Yishuv\" (sometimes translated too directly as the \"People\'s Ransom Fund\" and so perhaps it\'s more accurate to refer to it as the \"Community Levy\").Unlike other forms of fundraising by the Yishuv, the \"Kofer\" was not a voluntary charity but an actual levy imposed on the Jewish residents of Palestine: although the British Mandatory government did impose compulsory taxes, these were relatively light and insufficient for the provision of various services to the Mandate\'s residents. Until the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939, the Jewish community had raised supplemental funds for areas like education through the issuance of vouchers called \"Shekels\" - donors who gave money received a \"Shekel\" token which entitled them to participate in elections to the Yishuv\'s various bodies.The Zionist land purchasing authority, the Jewish National Fund (JNF), had long issued labels used as semi-official stamps: here one design connects the Notrut with the Tower and Stockade settlement movement - the chief beneficiaries of the \"Kofer Ha\'Yishuv\". A \"Kofer HaYishuv\" womens\' wedding band given as a token in exchange for the donation of a real precious-metal wedding ring. A \"Kofer HaYishuv\" donation pin given as a token for the donation of jewelry, 1938-39.However the sheer intensity of the Arab Revolt required additional funds to support both the \"Tower and Stockade\" settlement enterprise and the general protection required both for that movement and for civilian life in general.With funds for these settlements and armed branches lacking, the Yishuv instituted the \"Kofer ha\'Yishuv\". In this framework taxes were levied on imports, entertainment events, on drinks at coffee shops - and even as imposed contributions during key Jewish holidays.Evaders faced \"honor courts\" and the movement as a whole generated a culture of its own with slogans, jingles and informative booklets. In this context, residents were encouraged to donate items of precious metals, under the framework of an initiative called \"Matat Takhshitim\" (\"giving of jewelry\"), in exchange for which they would receive a \'token\' in return - a ring, a pin, a document. In this regard there were men and women who even donated their wedding rings and so in exchange the Kofer fund gave male and female token rings in return, with the words \"Kofer ha\'Yishuv\" stamped on them.The Jewish Settlement PoliceWith the approach of the Second World War, in March 1939, the Commander of the British Army in Palestine launched a committee on the defense of the settlements, including members of the Army, the Police and the Jewish Agency. The committee dealt with organizational changes in light of the establishment of new Jewish settlements.As a result the Jewish Settlement Police (JSP) became a legal armed militia charged with defending the settlements and the open spaces between them. Beyond the legal duties of the Notrim, these forces also enabled greater training of Hagana members and even provided cover for the armed activities of the Hagana. The JSP received weapons training and soldiery/field training. Horseback Jewish Settlement PoliceThe JSP was organized into 10 companies, each one commanded by a British junior-officer and assisted by a Jewish liaison office selected by the Jewish Agency. Although called \"companies\" the JSP units were known as \"battalions\" (\"gdudim\", in Hebrew) among the Jews, as they also took into account the reserve forces and \"special\" forces, as well as the broad physical distribution of the forces which in most cases matched the zones of the Hagana\'s disposition. Each battalion was given a Hebrew name and denoted by a colored triangular emblem:1. Jerusalem - dark blue2. South - white3. Sharon (Samaria) - orange4. Emek Kheffer (Kheffer Valley) - red5. The Carmel - green6. Zvulun - yellow7. Yizrael (Jezreel) - purple8. Gilboa - black9. Yarden (Jordan) - light blue10. Galil Elyon (Upper Galilee) - brown Jewish Settlement Police uniform kit with slouch hat.Around this time the Settlement Police also enjoyed an improvement of sorts in its work conditions and received organized uniforms plus their trademarked broad visored Australian slouch hat in place of the hot kolpak. The national command of the JSP also worked to improve the quality of training and preparation: physical fitness received emphasis and the Jewish Agency brought in a specialist to do training; the British command also supported this initiative and launched a series of conventions and competitions in participation with its own officers.By the end of July 1939 the Jewish Settlement Police numbered 15,872 Notrim, of whom 1,275 were regulars on full pay, with 4,788 rifles and 48 machine guns at their disposal. 438 of the full-time Notrim served in 67 \"Manim\" units, who accounted for 33 open tenders, 20 armored vehicles; other Notrim rode on horses or went by foot.Mounted cavalry \"Manim\"Jewish Settlement Police \"Mobile Reserve\" (Manim) members from Even Yehuda. Development of Notrim Forces from 1938From the summer of 1938 the recruitment of Notrim was expanded to include general security details. The Palestine Police recruited Notrim for policing, liaison and investigative duties, as assistance to British policemen, and by the summer of 1939 there were more than 1600 \"general\" Notrim in the Palestine Police.Though the full story of this force is presently outside the scope of this brief history, among the forces of a more military nature, the Notrim also staffed the \"Special Night Squads\" (1938-39) of Orde Charles Wingate; Wingate\'s methods inspired the formation of additional locally-based \'attack\' forces such as Noter \"flying columns\" (\"Meofefot\", in Hebrew), \"ambush\" units and other \"special forces\". Likewise some 240 Notrim were seconded to the British Army as \"Jewish Attached Police\" (JAP), serving in assistant-management and operational roles. Another 550 served in \'private\' plant defense units of the Electric Company, the Ashlag company and others; 300 more helped set up the northern border fence, and another 400 served in the railway guard forces. Still more Notrim served provided airfield and port protection.A section of the Special Night Squads from Kfar Yona assigned to protect power lines. Men of the Special Night Squads with a British officer, in Emek Yizrael (Jezreel Valley).By summer 1939 there were around 22,000 Notrim, regular and mobile, in the various units and frameworks of the service, and at their disposal more than 7,850 rifles, machine guns grenades and other weapons. And by May of that year the Arab Revolt was finally put down - however the British then implemented the severe immigration restrictions of the 1939 White Book (effectively pursuing the policy which the Arab Revolt aimed at achieving).The Jewish Agency, through the Hagana, encouraged voluntary enlistment into the Notrut, organized and guided the recruits according to the security needs of the hour, and helped further widen and deepen the breadth of the legalized training, from thousands of members to tens of thousands; to grow the units from squads into platoons, to companies and battalions on a nation-wide scale.When the Second World War broke out the Mandatory authorities found in the Notrim a permanent solution to the defense needs of the Jewish community.At the outbreak of the war there were 4,275 full time Notrim including 1,275 \"Manim\"; another 14,600 men were available on partial basis, plus some 2,200\"specials\".The needs of the war effort took its toll and with fund lacking some 1,300 men were released by spring 1940, among them members of the plant guards and the Army\'s \"Jewish Attached Police\"; the tenders of the \"Manim\" were also put out of service, the quantity of weaponry available was cut and the number of fully salaried Notrim was cut to under 1,100. Nevertheless receruitment continued during the war.With the threat of invasion by Rommel looming on Palestine, in the summer of 1942 the national organizational plan of the Jewish Settlement Police was cancelled and its battalions submerged under the command of the district Palestine Police commanders - but their number increased from 10 to 12 (as did their designations):1. Jerusalem - dark blue2. Negev - blue3. South - white4. Sharon (Samaria) - orange5. Emek Kheffer (Kheffer Valley) - red6. Carmel - green7. Zvulun - yellow8. North (to Western Galilee) - gray9. Yizrael (Jezreel) - purple10. Gilboa - black11. Yarden (Jordan) - light blue12. Galil Elyon (Upper Galilee) - brown Wartime Notrut recruitment poster: \"For the Defense of the Nation and the Homeland Enlist in the Notrim Corps!\"The nature of the JSP\'s work also changed: the mobile component increased such that half of the regular (full-time) Notrim were formed into reinforced \"Manim\" units. Training was also directed at protection against aerial assault and coordinated defense of settlements in time of invasion with the Army.The JSP also underwent special training geared at military preparation: additional training courses - in British Army camps and under Hagana personnel training - took place for Sergeants\' in a variety of weapons, anti-tank weapons and explosives; the quantity of weaponry for the JSP also increased, and by end of 1942 it received 2,000 rifles, over 100 Bren machine guns and 12 mortars (one per battalion).That same summer of 1942 there was another recruitment drive and some 500 men were formed into the \"Coastal Guard\".However as the tide of the war turned, from 1943, the Notrut movement began to suffer from a lack of weaponry by the British Army and also from low interest: Jewish volunteers preferred to join the Army itself or the Hagana\'s special \"Palmach\" strike companies. And as the threat of German invasion waned so too did the morale of the Notrim: war needs caused the formation to be striped of many war-related weapons, turning many branches of the Notrut into less combat oriented forces; many members also quit. And to bolster waning numbers in the Notrut bodies (other than the \"Jewish Settlement Police\"), the Mandatory authorities drafted in more Arabs.To combat the decline in stature and morale, the Notrut formed public support bodies for the movement as well as a national secretariat in 1943, to serve the needs of its members and their families. There was an increase in the movement\'s numbers and this yielded the creation of district training camps. By the end of the war, there were 4,200 full-time Notrim in various formations: about 2,475 in the Jewish Settlement Police (plus 16,000 part-time servicemen), more than 900 in \"general\" duties in the Palestine Police, 250 attached to the British Army, about 300 attached to the Royal Air Force, about 200 guarding the Haifa Port and POW camps, and some 50 in private plant security units.Even though the Hebrew Revolt of 1944-47 shook relations between the Jewish community in Palestine and the Mandatory Government, the Notrut was not cancelled by the authorities, and continued to serve until 1948. Jewish youths were encouraged to undertake 1 year of \"national service\" in the formations of the movement. Nevertheless the presence of Jewish Notrim in various formations waned as the British enlisted more Arabs; the Jewish Agency in turn dedicated more attention to staffing specifically the \"Jewish Settlement Police\". By the end of 1947 there were only 1,300 Jewish Notrim in the other bodies as compared to 5,850 Arabs already in March 1946. The Jewish Settlement Police continued to function on a basis of 12 battalions, with 1,650 full-time regulars and 12,800 reservists in 1945, and even a rise to 1,860 regulars in 1947.With the departure of the British from Palestine and the outbreak of the Israeli War of Independence, in the initial stages of the war, the Jewish Settlement Police of 1,800 men together with the 2,100 in the \"Palmach\" formed the main prepared armed force at the disposal of the Jewish leadership. At this stage of the war the major target was control of the transportation arteries, and the JSP with its \"Manim\" forces protected both settlements and the arteries while the Palmach and other forces were organized into strike and offensive movements. Both were subsequently absorbed into the new Israel Defence Forces (IDF).FORMATION NAMES:Historiography records the names of the Palestine Police and Noter units under various names, depending on whether the source is in Hebrew or English. The proper names of the following units are given in both languages:Hebrew Name English NameShotrim Musafim Zmaniyim Temporary Additional ConstablesGafirim GhaffirsShotrim Musafim (\"supplemental police\") Supernumerary PoliceShotrim Meyukhadim Special Police / Special ConstablesKheyl-Ezer La Mishtara (\"assistant corps for the police\") Auxiliary Police ForceKheyl Le Haganat Ha\'Yishuvim Ha\'Yehudim (\"Corps for the Protection of the Jewish Settlements\") Jewish Settlement Defense (JSD)Mishteret Ha\'Yishuvim Ha\'Ivriyim Jewish Settlement Police (JSP)Mishmarot Nayim (\"Manim\") Mobile Guards / Mobile ReservePlugot Ha\'Layla Ha\'MeyukhadotAlso sometimes called \"Plugot Ha\'Esh Ha\'Meyukhadot\"* \"Pluga\" in Hebrew means \"company\" but is often erroneously translated as \"platoon\". Special Night SquadsAlso sometimes known in Hebrew as \"Special Fire [dispensing] Squads\"Mishmar Ha\'Khof Coastal GuardKheyl Ha\'Safar Ha\'Ever Ha\'Yardeni Transjordan Frontier ForceII. MILITARIA & EMBLEMS of the PALESTINE POLICE and NOTRIMPalestine Gendarmerie hat badge (version 1):with date (1921), seen worn on black kolpak hats. Palestine Gendarmerie hat badge (version 2):without date, seen worn on black kolpak hats. Transjordan Frontier Force (TJFF) copper-nickel hat badge (version 1):with winged horse; usually found with double-pronged back. Another variant of this version exists without the Crown. The other TJFF emblem (i.e. version 2) is much larger, of a different design (to be shown here soon), akin to the Palestine Gendarmerie, worn on black kolpak hats. Transjordan Frontier Force (TJFF) copper-nickel miniature collar badge (version 1) Palestine Police blackened tombak hat/kolpak emblem badge.Some have flat metal sliders on the reverse and others have a two-pronged back instead. Palestine Police blackened tombak miniature collar emblem badge.Worn on each collar. Palestine Police silver colored copper-nickel hat/kolpak emblem badge.Some have flat metal sliders on the reverse and others have a two-pronged back instead. Palestine Police filled-in/uncut silver colored copper-nickel hat/kolpak emblem badge.Frequently seen in period photographs of the 1920\'s-30\'s but rarely encountered. Some have flat metal sliders on the reverse and others have a two-pronged back instead. Palestine Police filled-in/uncut silver colored miniature collar emblem badge. Palestine Police sergeants arm sleeve badge:bears the \"PP\" design without text legend around the circular frame. Palestine Police \"Special Police\" hat badge:bears \"SP\" emblem on a filled-back/uncut badge. Of interest is the odd pointed tip of the slider and the filled-in Crown. Large Palestine Police emblem:worn as a ceremonial device on a cross belt worn on dress uniforms, seen both with white and black tunics. A Jewish officer, Pinkus, in the Palestine Police:in kolpak hat, probably with the filled-in \"PP\" emblem, and wearing the collar miniatures along with the ceremonial belt large \"Palestine Police\" emblem and metal shoulder strap device (see below).Large Palestine Police pith helmet emblem device:worn on the front of round-crowned khaki pith helmets, circa. 1920\'s. Palestine Police \"Ghaffir\" hat badge in darkened tombak:seen worn on brown and black kolpak hats. The \"Ghaffir\" insignia:it should be pointed out that this emblem was not unique to Palestine. This badge existed at least 30 years earlier and was used by similar guard forces in the British empire fulfilling ghaffir duties. There is an erronious tendency to associate this emblem only with Palestine or with the Jewish guard services which also happened to wear it. Palestine Police \"Supernumerary Police\" hat badge in copper-nickel:worn on kolpak hats. Note that the Crown is filled in.Undocumented \"Noter\" badge:unique in design for a number of reasons - legend in English and Hebrew, bears the Royal Crown but makes no reference to the Palestine Police; in darkened tombak with double-pronged back; not maker-marked.Note the odd exaggerated shape of the Crown top. The letters \"TASC\" are sometimes referred to as \"Tel Aviv Security Company\" in collector literature (which could justify the Hebrew-only accompanying legend, which reads \"Guarding and Protection\" / \"Shmira u\'Bitakhon\") but in all probability this is not Tel Aviv related and is rather for the \"Temporary Additional Security Constables\" recruited formally as \"Temporary Additional Constables\".I saw this type of badge on the visored white-and-blue hats worn by Tel Aviv security bodies and other uniformed Mandatory arms (like customs and excise), however still, as Tel Aviv was the chief \"Hebrew\" city and its police forces bore the municipal emblem, for this TASC emblem to have a unique Tel Aviv connection, I\'d expect to see the municipal emblem on it. Palestine Police metal shoulder strap tag in English. Palestine Police metal shoulder strap tag in Arabic. Noter \"Port Guard\" unit tag device in English and Hebrew (\"Mishmar Ha\'Namal\"):may be a shoulder strap tag, sleeve or hat badge; has two-pronged back.Badge of the Jewish Settlement Police.Bears the initials of \"Hebrew Settlement Police\" (M.Y.A.), the word \"Battalion\" and the standard triangular emblem of a battalion unit. Hat badge of the British Middle East Commando forces in World War II.Seen in a photo of an Irgun member in the Special Night Squads, worn on the front of his slouch hat; if the badge dates at least from 1939 then it may also have been an SNS emblem too. To be researched... Palestine Police cloth shoulder patch Shoulder strap tag bearing the word \"Noter\" in Hebrew. Cloth patch for the \"Temporary Additional Police\"round, metal Palestine Police uniform button;came in large (this one) and small sizesflat, metal Palestine Police uniform button;came in large (this one) and small sizes bakelite Ghaffir button;came in large (this one) and small sizesround, metal Palestine Prison Service uniform button round, metal button for Palestine Railways uniform Palestine Police metal belt buckle with emblembelt buckle for Palestine Plant Protection Serviceattached to the \"Government of Palestine\"III. PRESENTATION OF THE UNIFORM ON DISPLAYOur presentation aims to be as detailed as possible both for the interests of the collector as well as the reenactor. Being a rarely seen object we\'re taking the liberty of showing numerous angles of the same objects; our obsession with details also reflects our pride in the object.We have at our disposal several sets of trousers belonging to the Palestine Police and we will display these as well as alternate variations of the Police / Noter uniform.For the purpose of introducing the article, we will begin with a survey of the uniform on display at the start of this page. We will display first the combination of the uniform\'s accessories and then salient parts of each accessory individually. *** Tel Aviv Port(Namal Tel Aviv) is a commercial and entertainment district in northwestTel Aviv,Israelalong theMediterranean Sea.Contents[hide]1 History2 Awards3 References4 External linksHistory[edit]The site of the future port with theLevant Fairand Cafe Galina (ca. 1934)One of the effects of the general strike of the Arabs ofMandatory Palestineat the outbreak of their1936–39 revolt, was that the Arab port ofJaffaneeded to be replaced, which led to the swift creation of an alternative port in the neighbouring Jewish town of Tel Aviv.[1]Tel Aviv port, founded by Otzar Mif\'alei Yam, could already be opened on a small scale in 1936,[2][1]and was finally completed and inaugurated at its current size on February 23, 1938.[3]However, it only stayed fully operational for less than two years, the outbreak ofthe Second World Warputting an end to its civilian use,[1]as the British Navy took over the facilities.[3]After the end of the war in Europe, an attempt to reactivate the port remained unsuccessful due to the lack of shipping at the time.[1]During thecivil war between Jews and Arabsfrom November 1947 and untilIsrael\'s declaration of independencein May 1948, as well as in the ensuinginternational warin 1948, the Jewish, then Israeli forces imported a substantial amount of equipment and weapons via the Tel Aviv port.[1][3]After the War of Independence, the port operated only on a partial basis and was finally closed down on October 25, 1965 when its operations moved to the newly-builtAshdod Port.[1]After that followed a period of decay, and by the end of the century the area was used by day as a low-key shopping place for tiles and plumbing supplies, while at night it attracted prostitutes and drug addicts.[1]The change came with the appointment of architectOrna Angelat the helm of the Marine Trust Company that owns the port area.[1]After completely overhauling the infrastructure by 2002, the administration attracted shop owners to move to the upgraded area by charging token rents.[1]An open competition for the landscaping of the space around the buildings was organised in 2003, and by 2008 the new boardwalk in wavy shapes evocative of the sand dunes that once stood at this place, was opened to the public.[4][5]As a result of the transformation, the Tel Aviv Port, known in short as the Namal, has become the most popular attraction in Tel Aviv with 4.3 million visitors annually.[citation needed]In 2011, it was announced that the site would be developed to become a major tourist site with recreational and cultural venues similar toTimes SquareinNew York.[6]Awards[edit]In 2010 the public space development project by Mayslits Kassif Architects, who transformed the space around the restored port buildings, was awarded theRosa Barba European Landscape Prize, seen as the most prestigious European award for landscape architecture.[7]The project was the winner of a 2003 public competition, at which it was presented by Mayslits Kassif Architects in collaboration with Galila Yavin.[5]*** Tower and Stockade(Hebrew:חוֹמָה וּמִגְדָּל,translit.Homa u\'migdal, lit. \"wall and tower\"), was a settlement method used byZionistsettlers inMandatory Palestineduring the1936–39 Arab Revolt. The establishment of newJewishsettlements was legally restricted by the Mandatory authorities, but the British generally gave their tacit accord to the Tower and Stockade actions as a means of countering the Arab revolt. During the course of the Tower and Stockade campaign, some 57 Jewish settlements including 52kibbutzimand severalmoshavimwere established throughout the country. The legal base was a Turkish Ottoman law that was in effect during the Mandate period, which stated that no illegal building may be demolished if the roof has been completed.Contents[hide]1 Background2 Settlements3 See also4 References5 External linksBackground[edit]During the Arab Revolt, these settlements provided safe havens onland that had been officially purchased by theKKL-JNF,[1]protected Jewish populations, particularly in remote areas, on these Jewish-owned land and maintained \"facts on the ground.\" These settlements would eventually be transformed into fortified agricultural settlements, and served for security purposes (as defences againstArabraiders) as well as creating contiguous Jewish-populated regions, which would later help determine the borders of theUnited Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.All of the major settlement groups (mostly kibbutzim andmoshavim) took part in the campaign, which consisted of assembling a guard tower with a fence around it. While many of these settlements were not officially approved by the British Mandate authorities, existing settlements were not dismantled according to the Turkish Ottoman law still valid at the time. Due to the threat of immediate attack, at least as much as to any need of complying to the clauses of this law, the construction of the Tower and Stockade settlements had to be finished very quickly, usually in the course of a single day.[2]What is less well known is the fact that the British authorities were rather lax at implementing restrictions against such Jewish activities at a time when their main security concern was the Arab revolt, thus wall and tower settlements were always created by day, not by night - against some still prevailing myths. In the very different political and security climate of the final months of the Mandate, a similar act of creating facts on the ground happened in April 1948 atBror Hayil, when much of the work was indeed done during the night (more details atBror Hayilpage).[3]The invention of theWall and tower systemis attributed toShlomo Gur, founding member of Kibbutz Tel Amal (nowNir David), and was developed and encouraged by the architectYohanan Ratner(see Russian-language article here[1]). The system was based on the fast construction of pre-fabricated wooden moulds, which would be filled with gravel and enclosed withbarbed wirefencing. In average, the enclosed space formed a yard of 35 x 35 metres (1dunam). Within this protected yard, the pre-fabricated wooden observation tower and the four sheds sheltering the initial 40 settlers were erected. The constructions were located within eyesight of neighbouring settlements and with accessibility for motor vehicles.[1]57 were constructed between the last days of 1936 and October 1939.[4]A model of a Homa u\'migdal was constructed for the Land of Israel Pavilion at the 1937World Expositionin Paris.[5]Settlements[edit]Tower and Stockade settlements by date of establishment:Kfar Hittim, 7 December 1936Tel Amal (nowNir David), 10 December 1936Sde Nahum, 5 January 1937Sha\'ar HaGolan, 31 January 1937Masada, 31 January 1937Ginosar, 25 February 1937Beit Yosef, 9 April 1937Mishmar HaShlosha, 13 April 1937Tirat Tzvi, 30 June 1937Moledet(called \"Bnei Brit\" and \"Moledet-Bnei Brit\" between 1944-1957), 4 July 1937Ein HaShofet, 5 July 1937Ein Gev, 6 July 1937Maoz Haim, 6 July 1937Kfar Menachem, 27 July 1937Sha\'ar HaNegev (renamedKfar Szoldbefore it moved altogether to the Galilee in 1942; site resettled in 1944 asHafetz Haim), 15 August 1937Tzur Moshe, 13 September 1937Usha, 7 November 1937Hanita, 21 March 1938Shavei Tzion, 13 April 1938Sde Warburg, 17 May 1938Ramat Hadar, 26 May 1938Alonim, 26 June 1938Ma\'ale HaHamisha, 17 July 1938Tel Yitzhak, 25 July 1938Beit Yehoshua, 17 August 1938Ein HaMifratz, 25 August 1938Ma\'ayan Tzvi, 30 August 1938Sharona, 16 November 1938Geulim, 17 November 1938Eilon, 24 November 1938Neve Eitan, 25 November 1938Kfar Ruppin, 25 November 1938Kfar Masaryk, 29 November 1938Mesilot, 22 December 1938Dalia, 2 May 1939Dafna, 3 May 1939Dan, 4 May 1939Sde Eliyahu, 8 May 1939Mahanayim, 23 May 1939Shadmot Dvora, 23 May 1939Shorashim, 23 May 1939Hazore\'im, 23 May 1939Tel Tzur(now Moshav Nahalat Jabotinsky inBinyamina), 23 May 1939[6][7]Kfar Glikson, 23 May 1939Ma\'apilim, 23 May 1939Mishmar HaYam(nowAfek), 28 May 1939Hamadiyah, 23 June 1939Kfar Netter, 26 June 1939Negba, 12 July 1939Gesher, 13 August 1939Beit Oren, 1 October 1939Amir, 29 October 1939 3807
1939 Palestine ISRAEL Album 216 CIGARETTE CARDS Collection JUDAICA Jewish PHOTOS:
$355.50