1940 Palestine FIRST MONOPOLY EDITION Board Game RIKUZ-CONCERN Israel HEBREW

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1940 Palestine FIRST MONOPOLY EDITION Board Game RIKUZ-CONCERN Israel HEBREW:
$145.00

DESCRIPTION : Here for sale is an EXTREMELY RARE illustrated genuine \"BARLEVI\" item. It\'s the FIRST EDITION of the legendary ERETZ ISRAELI - PALESTINE MONOPOLY which was named RIKUZ - CONCERN. ( The SALE is only for the LITHOGRAPHIC BOARD , Not the box and other components. A bonus to the buyer : 5 original bills - money from the original game - See pictures ) . It was designed by the artist M.Auerbach . This is not only an Eretz Israeli Real Estate game - This surviving COLORFUL STONE LITHOGRAPH being an ILLUSTRATEDIMAGE of ERETZ ISRAEL ( Then also refered to as PALESTINE ) , Being an illustrated mirror to that era in the history of Eretz Israel and the annals of its people.The BOARD GAME was made by \"BARLEVI\" in 1940 ( Pls see reference ) , In times of the BRITISH MANDATE , Around 8 years before the STATE of ISRAEL was established and its 1948 WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. Except for being an illustrated BEAUTY , With the MOST VIVID COLORS which the STONE LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING can provide , TheIMAGE is very interesting since it provides several IKONIC Eretz Israel ( PALESTINE ) symbols : The TEL CHAI roaring lion STATUTE , A CHOMA UMIGDAL (Tower and stockade ) settlement , A convoy of CAMELS , A NOTER ( Jewish Policeman ) on his horse , Not to mention the typical views of the old city of JERUSALEM , Rachel Tomb in BETH LECHEM , TEL AVIV and JAFFA, A typical KIBBUTZ, The SEA of GALILEE ( Kinneret ) . Beer Sheba and Gaza are considered as NEGEV , Etc.The Zionist MONOPOLY BOARD GAME is named \"RIKUZ - CONCERN\" which is written in Hebrew and English . Artist M.Auerbach. The DESIGNER - CREATOR of this BOARD GAME was the legendary ARIEH BARLEVI , The main manufactor of GAMES : Board games and CARD GAMES in Eretz Israel - Palestine and later on in Israel state . Barlevi\'s FIRST Eretz Israeli MONOPOLY BOARD GAME . The PRINTER of the STONE LITHOGRAPH isunknown , Propablyin Tel Aviv. Acolorful STONE LITHOGRAPHIC Printing. TheBOARD size isaround 15.8\"x15.8\" ( Around 40 cm x 40 cm ) . Printed on quite thick cardboard . The condition is good : Definitely used. Folded once as issued. IDEAL FOR FRAMING. Somewhat worn but will CERTAINLY look great under a FRAMING GLASS .( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ) .Will be sent in a special protective rigid sealedpackage .REFERENCE : Kindly look at scan. 1999 Exhibition catalogue \"A TRIP ACROSS The COUNTRY - GAMES From Mr. BARLEVI STORE\" - Games from the GAME COLLECTION of DAVID TARTAKOVER .AUTHENTICITY :This ILLUSTRATED LITHOGRAPHICBOARD of the BOARD GAMEis fullyguaranteed ORIGINAL fromthe 1940 Barlevi\'s BOARD GAME , It is NOT a reproduction or a recently made reprint or an immitation ,Itholds alife long GUARANTEE for itsAUTHENTICITY and ORIGINALITY.

PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal .

SHIPPING : Shipp worldwide via registeredairmail is $ 18 .ITEM will be sent in a special protective rigid sealedpackage . Handling within 3-5 days after payment. Estimated Int\'l duration around 14 days.

Monopolyis aboard gamethat originated in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one in which monopolists work under few constraints[1]and to promote the economic theories ofHenry Georgeand in particular his ideas about taxation.[3]The current version was first published byParker Brothersin 1935. Subtitled \"The Fast-Dealing Property Trading Game\", the game is named after the economic concept ofmonopoly—the domination of a market by a single entity. It is now produced by the United States game and toy companyHasbro. Players move around the game-board buying or trading properties, developing their properties with houses and hotels, and collecting rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them all intobankruptcyleaving one monopolist in control of the entire economy. Since the board game was first commercially sold in the 1930s, it has become a part of popular world culture, having been locally licensed in more than 103 countries and printed in more than thirty-seven languages.Contents[hide]1 History1.1 Early history1.2 Origin1.3 1936–19701.4 1970s–80s1.5 1990s–present2 Board2.1 U.S. versions2.2 U.K. version2.3 Post-2005 variations2.3.1 Monopoly Here and Now3 Equipment3.1 Cards3.2 Deeds3.3 Dice3.4 Houses and hotels3.5 Money3.5.1 International currencies3.5.2 Extra currency3.6 Tokens4 Rules4.1 Official rules4.1.1 Chance/Community Chest4.1.2 Jail4.1.3 Properties4.1.4 Mortgaging4.1.5 Bankruptcy4.2 Rule modifications4.3 House rules5 Strategy5.1 End game6 Related games6.1 Add-ons6.1.1 Stock Exchange6.1.2 Playmaster6.1.3 Get Out of Jail and Free Parking Minigames6.1.4 Speed Die6.2 Spin-offs6.3 Video games6.4 Gambling games7 Media7.1 Commercial promotions7.2 Comic Books7.3 Television game show7.4 Films8 Tournaments8.1 U.S. National Championship8.2 World Championship9 Variants9.1 Games by locale or theme9.2 Unauthorized and parody games9.3 World editions9.4 Deluxe editions10 Criticisms11 See also12 References13 Further reading14 External linksHistory[edit]Further information:History of the board game MonopolyEarly history[edit]The history ofMonopolycan be traced back to 1903,[1][4]when American anti-monopolistElizabeth (Lizzie) J. Magie Phillips, created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain thesingle taxtheory ofHenry George. It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in privatemonopolies. Magie took out a patent in 1904. Her game,The Landlord\'s Game, was self-published, beginning in 1906.[5]A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land.[6]Cardboard houses were added and rents were increased as they were added. Magie again patented the game in 1924.According to an advertisement placed inThe Christian Science Monitor, Charles Todd of Philadelphia recalled the day in 1932 when his childhood friend, Esther Jones, now married toCharles Darrow, came to their house with her husband for dinner. After the meal, the Darrows playedThe Landlord\'s Gameseveral times with them, a game that was entirely new to the Darrows, and before he left, Darrow asked for a written set of the rules. After Darrow brought his own Monopoly game out, the Todds never spoke to the Darrows again.[citation needed]Origin[edit]By 1933, a variation on \"The Landlord\'s Game\" calledMonopolywas the basis of the board game sold by Parker Brothers, beginning on February 6, 1935.[7]Several people, mostly in the midwestern United States and near the East Coast, contributed to the game\'s design and evolution, and this is when the game\'s design took on the 4×10 space-to-a-side layout and familiar cards were produced. The original version of the game in this format was based on streets inAtlantic City, New Jersey. By the 1970s, the false notion that the game had been created solely byCharles Darrowhad become popular folklore: it was printed in the game\'s instructions.1936–1970[edit]In 1936, Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States. In 1941, the BritishSecret Intelligence ServicehadJohn Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom, create a special edition forWorld War IIprisoners of warheld by theNazis.[8]Hidden inside these games weremaps,compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service-created fake charity groups.[9]1970s–80s[edit]Economics professorRalph Anspachpublished a gameAnti-Monopolyin 1973, and was sued fortrademark infringementby Parker Brothers in 1974. The case went to trial in 1976. Anspach won on appeals in 1979, as the9th Circuit Courtdetermined that the trademarkMonopolywasgeneric, and therefore unenforceable.[10]TheUnited States Supreme Courtdeclined to hear the case, allowing the appellate court ruling to stand. This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 98-620 in 1984.[11][original research?]With that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent companies (Hasbro) continue to hold valid trademarks for the gameMonopoly. However,Anti-Monopolywas exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro and markets his game under license from them.[12]The research that Dr. Anspach conducted during the course of the litigation was what helped to bring the game\'s history before Charles Darrow into the spotlight.1990s–present[edit]A new wave of licensed products began in 1994, when Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a San Diego Edition ofMonopoly, which has since been followed by over 100 more.[13]Other licensees include Winning Moves Games (since 1995) and Winning Solutions, Inc. (since 2000) in the United States.[14][15]Winning Moves also has offices in the U.K., France, Germany and Australia, and other licensees include AH Media in The Netherlands, and Bestman Games in Nigeria.[16][17][18]Board[edit]The original Monopoly board patentTheMonopolygame-board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties: (twenty-two streets (grouped into eight color groups), four railway stations and two utilities), threeChancespaces, threeCommunity Chestspaces, aLuxury Taxspace, anIncome Taxspace, and the four corner squares: GO, (In) Jail/Just Visiting, Free Parking, and Go to Jail.[19]U.S. versions[edit]There have been some changes to the board since the original. Not all of the Chance and Community Chest cards as printed in the 1935 patent were used in editions from 1936/1937 onwards,[20]and graphics with the Mr. Monopoly character (then known as \"Rich Uncle Pennybags\") were added in that same time-frame.[21]A graphic of a chest containing coins was added to the Community Chest spaces, as were the flat purchase prices of all of the properties. Traditionally, the Community Chest cards were yellow (although they sometimes were printed on blue stock) with no decoration or text on the back, and the Chance cards were orange, likewise with no text or decoration on the back.[21]Hasbro commissioned a major redesign to the U.S. Standard Edition of the game in 2008. Among the changes: the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues (which changed from purple to brown), the colors of the GO square (which changed from red to black), the adoption of a flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player\'s choice of $200 or 10% of their total holdings, which they may not calculate until after making their final decision), and increased $100 Luxury Tax amount (upped from $75). There were also changes to the Chance and Community Chest cards; for example, the \"poor tax\" and \"grand opera opening\" cards became \"speeding fine\" and \"it is your birthday\", respectively; though their effects remained the same, and the player must pay only $50 instead of $150 for the school tax. In addition, a player now gets $50 instead of $45 for sale of stock, and the Advance to Illinois Avenue card now has the added text regarding a player collecting $200 should they pass Go on the way there.[22]2014 U.S. MONOPOLY BoxAll of the Chance and Community Chest cards received a graphic upgrade in 2008 as part of the graphic refresh of the game. Mr. Monopoly\'s classic line illustration was also now usually replaced by renderings of a 3D Mr. Monopoly model. The backs of the cards have their respective symbols, with Community Chest cards in blue, and Chance cards in orange.[22]In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near)Atlantic City, New Jersey.[23]Atlantic City\'s Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. St. Charles Place no longer exists, as the now-defunct Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran.[24]Standard (American Edition) Monopoly board layout as of September 2008[show]Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is a misspelling of the original location name,Marven Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game toCharles Darrow, and passed on when their homemadeMonopolyboard was copied by Darrow and thence to Parker Brothers. The Todds also changed the Atlantic City Quakers\' Arctic Avenue to Mediterranean, and shortened theShore Fast Lineto the Short Line.[25]It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged the misspelling ofMarvin Gardens, formally apologizing to the residents of Marven Gardens.[26]Short Line refers to theShore Fast Line, astreetcar linethat served Atlantic City.[24]TheB&O Railroaddid not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that servedAtlantic Cityin the mid-1930s were theJersey Central, theSeashore Lines, theReading Railroad, and thePennsylvania Railroad.The Baltimore & Ohio (now part ofCSX) was the parent of the Reading. There is a tunnel in Philadelphia where track to the south was B. & O. and track to the north is Reading. The Central of N.J. did not have track to Atlantic City but was the daughter of the Reading (and granddaughter of the B. & O.) Their track ran from the New York City area to Delaware Bay and some trains ran on the Reading-controlled track to Atlantic City.[27]The actual \"Electric Company\" and \"Water Works\" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary ofPepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority.[24]U.K. version[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(February 2012)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)The board cover of the standard British version, with the 2009–13 artworkFor other localized versions, seeList of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Europe#United Kingdom.In the 1930s,John Waddington Ltd.(Waddingtons) was a firm of printers fromLeedsthat had begun to branch out into packaging and the production ofplaying cards. Waddingtons had sent the card gameLexiconto Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy ofMonopolyto Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States.The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning– transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom, the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations.The Angel, Islington, is not a street in London but a building (and the name of the road intersection it is located at). It was acoaching innthat stood on theGreat North Road. By the 1930s, the inn had become aJ. Lyons and Co.tea room (it is now aCo-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on theMonopolyboard. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson\'s grandson, who is also named Victor.During World War II, the British Secret Service contacted Waddington (who could also print on silk) to make Monopoly sets that included escape maps, money, a compass and file, all hidden in copies of the game sent by Red Cross packages to prisoners of war.[28]The standard British board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in theCommonwealth(except Canada, where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries.In 1998,Winning Movesprocured theMonopolylicense fromHasbroand created new U.K.city and regional editionswith sponsored squares. Winning Moves struggled to raise the sponsorship deals for the game-boards, but did so eventually.[citation needed]ANottinghamGraphic Design agency, TMA, produced the visual design of theMonopolypackaging. Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a fewWHSmithstores, but demand was high, with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the four weeks leading to Christmas. Winning Moves still produces newcity and regional editionsannually. Nottingham based designersGuppihave been responsible for the games\' visual design since 2001.The original income tax choice from the 1930s U.S. board is replaced by a flat rate on the U.K. board, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space, the same as the current German board. In 2008, the U.S. Edition was changed to match the U.K. and various European editions, including a flat $200 Income Tax value and an increased $100 Luxury Tax amount.[22]The cases wherein the game was produced under license by a national company, the £ (pound) was replaced by a $ (dollar) sign, but the place names were unchanged.UK Edition Monopoly board layout[show]Post-2005 variations[edit]Starting in the U.K. in 2005, a revised version of the game, titledMonopoly Here and Now, was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with modern equivalents. Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared withVisa-brandeddebit cardstaking the place of cash– the later U.S. \"Electronic Banking\" edition has unbranded debit cards.The success of the firstHere and Noweditions caused Hasbro U.S. to allow on-line voting for twenty-six landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game-board. The popularity of this voting, in turn, caused the creation of similar web-sites, and secondary game-boards per popular vote to be created in the U.K., Canada, France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations.[29]In 2006,Winning Moves Gamesreleased theMega Edition, with a 30% larger game-board and revised game play. Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per color group) were included, along with a third \"utility\", the Gas Company. In addition, $1,000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves\'Monopoly: The Card Game) are included. Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of theAtlantic City standard edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), andtrain depotsthat can be placed on the Railroad spaces.[30]This edition was adapted for the U.K. market in 2007, and is sold by Winning Moves U.K. After the initial U.S. release, critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website.[citation needed]Monopoly Here and Now[edit]In September 2006, the U.S. edition ofMonopoly Here and Nowwas released. This edition features top landmarks across the U.S.[31]The properties were decided by votes over the Internet in the spring of 2006.[32]Monetary values are multiplied by 10,000 (e.g., one collects $2,000,000 instead of $200 for passing GO and pays that much for Income Tax (or 10% of their total, as this edition was launched prior to 2008), each player starts with $15,000,000 instead of $1,500, etc.).[31]Also, the Chance and Community Chest cards are updated, the Railroads are replaced by Airports (Chicago O\'Hare,Los Angeles International, New York City\'sJFK, and Atlanta\'sHartsfield-Jackson), and the Utilities (Electric Company and Water Works) are replaced by Service Providers (Internet Service Provider and Cell Phone Service Provider).[32]The houses and hotels are blue and silver, not green and red as in most editions ofMonopoly. The board uses the traditional U.S. layout; the cheapest properties are purple, not brown, and \"Interest on Credit Card Debt\" replaces \"Luxury Tax\". Despite the updated Luxury Tax space, and the Income Tax space no longer using the 10% option, this edition uses paperMonopolymoney, and not an electronic banking unit like theHere and Now World Edition. However, a similar edition ofMonopoly, theElectronic Bankingedition, does feature an electronic banking unit and bank cards, as well as a different set of tokens. BothHere and NowandElectronic Bankingfeature an updated set of tokens from the Atlantic City edition.[32]It is also notable that three states (California, Florida and Texas) are represented by two cities each (Los Angeles and San Francisco, Miami and Orlando, and Dallas and Houston respectively). No other state is represented by more than one city (not including the airports). One landmark,Texas Stadium, has been demolished and no longer exists. Another landmark, Jacobs Field, still exists, but was renamedProgressive Fieldin 2008.[33]Monopoly Here and Now: The U.S. Edition (2006)[show]In 2015, in honor of the game\'s 80th birthday, Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Here and Now edition of the game. Hasbro released a World edition with the top voted cities from all around the world, as well as at least a Here & Now edition with the voted-on U.S. cities.[34]Equipment[edit]DuringWorld War II, the dice in the United Kingdom were replaced with a spinner because of a lack of materials.All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players. A standard set of Monopoly pieces includes:Cards[edit]A deck of thirty-twoChance and Community Chest cards(sixteen Chance and sixteen Community Chest) which players draw when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them.Deeds[edit]Atitle deedfor each property is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price,mortgagevalue, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the variousrentprices depending on how developed the property is. Properties include:Twenty-Two streets, divided into eight color groups of two or three streets; a player must own all of a color group in order to build houses or hotels. Once achieved, color group properties must be improved or \"broken down\" evenly. See the section on Rules.Four railroads, players collect $25 rent if they own one station; $50 for two; $100 for three; $200 for all four. These are usually replaced by railroad stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly.Twoutilities, rent is four times the dice value if one utility is owned, but ten times if both are owned. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations. Some country editions have a fixed rent for utilities; for example, the Italian editions has a L. 2,000 ($20) rent if one utility is owned, or L. 10,000 ($100) if both are owned.The purchase prices for the various properties vary from $60 to $400 on a U.S. Standard Edition set.Dice[edit]A pair of six-sideddice. (In 2007, a third \"Speed Die\" was added for variation.) The 1999 Millennium Edition featured two jewel-like dice which were the subject of a lawsuit from Michael Bowling, owner of dice maker Crystal Caste.[35]Hasbro lost the suit in 2008 and had to pay $446,182 in royalties.[36]Subsequent printings of the game reverted to normal six-sided dice.Houses and hotels[edit]32 houses and 12 hotels made of wood or plastic (the original and currentDeluxe Editionhave wooden houses and hotels; the current \"base set\" uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed. In most editions, houses are green and hotels red.Money[edit]Main article:Monopoly moneyOlder U.S. standard editions of the game included a total of$15,140in the following denominations:20 $500 bills (orange)20 $100 bills (beige)30 $50 bills (blue)50 $20 bills (green)40 $10 bills (yellow)40 $5 bills (pink)40 $1 bills (white)Newer (September 2008 and later) U.S. editions instead provide a total of$20,580—30 of each denomination. The colors of some of the bills also changed: $10s are now blue instead of yellow, $20s are a brighter color green than before, and $50s are now purple instead of blue.Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square, and $1,500 (or 1,500 of a localized currency) in play money (2,500 with the Speed Die). Prior to September 2008, the money was divided with greater numbers of 20 and 10 dollar bills. Since then, the U.S. version has taken on the British version\'s initial cash distributions.U.S. editions prior to 2008 U.S. editions since 2008 / British editions2 × $500 2 × $/£5002 × $100 4 × $/£1002 × $50 1 × $/£506 × $20 1 × $/£205 × $10 2 × $/£105 × $5 1 × $/£55 × $1 5 × $/£1Although the U.S. version is indicated as allowing eight players, the above cash distribution is not possible with all eight players since it requires 32 $100 bills and 40 $1 bills. However, the amount of cash contained in the game is enough for eight players with a slight alteration of bill distribution.International currencies[edit]Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 \"Spielmark\" in eight denominations (abbreviated as \"M.\"), and later used seven denominations of the \"Deutsche Mark\" (\"DM.\"). In the classic Italian game, each player received L. 350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but L. 50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1,500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. Both Spanish editions (the Barcelona and Madrid editions) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version.Extra currency[edit]Monopoly money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand. One such site has created a $1,000 bill; while a $1,000 bill can be found inMonopoly: The Mega EditionandMonopoly: The Card Game, both published by Winning Moves Games, this note is not a standard denomination for \"classic\" versions of Monopoly.[37]Tokens[edit]All twelve tokens from a pre-2008 copy of the U.S.Deluxe Edition MonopolyEach player is represented by a small metal or plastictokenthat is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two six-sided dice. The number of tokens (and the tokens themselves) have changed over the history of the game, with many appearing in special editions only, and some available with non-game purchases. As of 2013, eight tokens are included in standard edition games, shoe (orboot)Scottie dogTop hatCat(added in 2013)Previous tokens retired in the 1950s (replaced by the dog, man on horseback, and wheelbarrow):LanternPurseRocking horseOther retired tokens:Sack of money(1999–2007 editions; won a 1998 contest over a piggy bank and biplane)Man on horsebackIron(1935–2013 editions)Howitzer, better known as a cannonSpecial Tokens:Steam Locomotive(Only in Deluxe Editions)Robot(Lost to the Cat in the 2013 vote to replace the iron, but was in a limited edition run and in an exclusive Monopoly Deal)Guitar(Lost to the Cat in the 2013 vote to replace the iron, but was in a limited edition run)Helicopter(Lost to the Cat in the 2013 vote to replace the iron, but was in a limited edition run)Ring(Lost to the Cat in the 2013 vote to replace the iron, but was in a limited edition run)Director\'s Chair (In limited edition copies ofUnder the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story)Tokens exclusive to certain editions include the locomotive, which was available only in the Deluxe Edition of the game. Tokens retired in 2008 and 2013 are still available in Monopoly: The Classic Edition. Tokens available without the game-board included replicas of certain cars when purchased with licensed Johnny Lightning products, or a special Director\'s Chair token when purchased with Limited-Edition D.V.D. and Blu-ray copies of the documentaryUnder the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story.Many of the early tokens were created by companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metalcharmsand tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war gameConflict(released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled intoMonopolyusage.[38]Hasbro recently adopted the battleship and cannon forDiplomacy.Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not includepewtertokens but instead had generic wooden pawns identical to those inSorry!.[39]Parker Brothersalso acquiredSorry!in the 1930s.In 1998, a Hasbro advertising campaign asked the public to vote on a new playing piece to be added to the set, resulting in a \"bag of money\" token being added to the U.S. edition.[40]This piece was retired in 2007. In 2013, a similar promotional campaign was launched encouraging the public to vote on one of several possible new tokens to replace an existing one. The choices were a guitar, a diamond ring, a helicopter, a robot, and a cat.[41]Unlike in 1998, one piece is to be retired, in this case the iron, and will be replaced by a new token, the cat. Both were chosen by a vote that ran on Facebook from January 8 to February 5, 2013.[42]Shortly after the Facebook voting campaign, a limited-edition golden token set was released exclusively at various national retailers, such as Target in the U.S. and Tesco in the U.K.[43][44]This set contained the 2008-2013 tokens as listed above, and also contained all five of the iron\'s potential replacements: the cat, the guitar, the diamond ring, the helicopter and the robot.Rules[edit]Official rules[edit]Source:Monopoly official rulesPlayers take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing their piece clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. If a player rolls doubles, they roll again after completing their turn. If a player rolls three consecutive sets of doubles on one turn, the player has been \"caught speeding\", and the player is immediately sent to jail instead of moving the amount shown on the dice for the third roll, ending the player\'s turn.A player who lands on or passes the Go space collects $200 from the bank. However, when the optional Speed Die is used, a player who rolls a triple and chooses to move to \"Go to Jail\" does not collect if the move would normally take them past Go.Players who land on either Income Tax or Luxury Tax pay the indicated amount to the bank. In older editions of the game, two options were given for Income Tax: either pay a flat fee of $200 or 10% of the player\'s total worth (including the current values of all the properties and buildings owned). Players must choose which option before calculating their total worth, and cannot change their mind if it turns out that the $200 was actually less; in 2008, the 10% option was removed. Luxury Tax was originally $75; in 2008, it was increased to $100. No reward or penalty is given for landing on Free Parking.Chance/Community Chest[edit]Main article:Chance and Community Chest cardsIf a player lands on a Chance or Community Chest space, they draw the top card from the respective deck and follow its instructions. This may include collecting or paying money to the bank or another player, or moving to a different space on the board. Two types of cards that involve jail, \"Go to Jail\" and \"Get Out of Jail Free\", are explained below.Jail[edit]A player is sent to jail for doing any of the following:Landing directly on \"Go to Jail\"Throwing three consecutive doubles on one turnIf using the optional speed die, rolling a triple and choosing to move to \"Go to Jail\"If using the optional speed die, rolling a bus and using a combination of the other two dice that results in landing on \"Go to Jail\"Drawing the \"Go to Jail\" card from either the Community Chest or Chance deckWhen a player is sent to jail, they move directly to the Jail space and their turn ends (\"Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200.\"). If a player lands on that corner of the board during the course of a turn, they are \"Just Visiting\" and can move ahead on their next turn without incurring any penalty.If a player is in jail, they do not take a normal turn and must either pay a fine of $50 to be released, use a Chance or Community ChestGet Out of Jail Free card, or attempt to roll doubles on the dice. If a player fails to roll doubles, they lose their turn. Failing to roll doubles three times requires the player to either pay the $50 fine or use a Get Out of Jail Free card, after which they move ahead according to the total rolled. Players in jail may not buy properties directly from the bank, due to being unable to move, but can engage all other transactions, such as mortgaging properties, selling/trading properties to other players, buying/selling houses and hotels, collecting rent, and offerding on property sales. A player who rolls doubles to leave jail does not roll again; however, if the player pays the fine or uses a card to get out and then rolls doubles, they do take another turn.Properties[edit]If the player lands on an unowned property, whether street, railroad, or utility, they can buy the property for its listed purchase price. If they decline this purchase, the property is saleed off by the bank to the highest buyer, including the player who declined to buy. If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged, they must pay the owner a given rent, the price dependent on whether the property is part of a set or its level of development.When a player owns all of the properties in a color group and none of them are mortgaged, they may develop them during their turn or in between other player\'s turns. Development involves buying miniature houses or hotels from the bank and placing them on the property spaces, and must be done uniformly across the group. That is, a second house cannot be built on any property within a group until all of them have one house. Once the player owns an entire group, they can collect double rent for any undeveloped properties within it. Although houses and hotels cannot be built on railroads or utilities, the given rent also increases if a player owns more than one of either type. If there is more demand for houses to be built than what remains in the bank, then a housing sale is conducted to determine who will get to purchase each house.Mortgaging[edit]Properties can also be mortgaged, although all developments on a monopoly must be sold before any property of that color can be mortgaged or traded. The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property (half of the purchase price), which must be repaid with 10% interest to unmortgage. Houses and hotels can be sold back to the bank for half their purchase price. Players cannot collect rent on mortgaged properties and may not give improved property away to others; however, trading mortgaged properties is allowed. The player receiving the mortgaged property must immediately unmortgage it for the mortgage price plus 10%, or pay the bank just the 10% amount and keep the property mortgaged; if the player chooses the latter, they must still pay the 10% again if the property is later unmortgaged.Bankruptcy[edit]A player who cannot pay what they owe is bankrupt and eliminated from the game. If the bankrupt player owes the bank, they must turn all of their assets over to the bank, who then sales off their properties (if they have any), except buildings. If the debt is instead to another player, all the assets are instead given to that opponent, but the new owner must still pay the bank to un-mortgage any such properties received. The winner is the remaining player left after all the others have gone bankrupt.If a player runs out of money but still has assets that can be converted to cash, they can do so by selling buildings, mortgaging properties, or trading with other players. To avoid bankruptcy the player must be able to raise enough cash in order to pay the full amount owed.Rule modifications[edit]From 1936, the rules booklet included with each Monopoly set contained a short section at the end providing rules for making the game shorter, either by setting a time limit, or by ending the game after the second player goes bankrupt. As well, an additional rules booklet or sheet was included giving the rules for a short variant with several changes, such as starting each player out with two properties selected at random.[45]A later version of the rules included this variant, along with the time limit game, in the main rules booklet, omitting the second bankruptcy method as a third short game.[46]House rules[edit]Manyhouse ruleshave emerged for the game since its creation. A popular one is the \"Free Parking jackpot rule\", where money paid in fines and taxes is stockpiled on the Free Parking space instead of being returned to the bank. When a player lands on that square, they may take the money. Another rule is that if a playerlandsdirectly on Go, they collect double the amount, or $400, instead of $200. House rules that slow or prevent money being returned to the bank in this way have a side-effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably, as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment.[47]House rules that increase the amount of money in the game may change the strategies of the players, such as changing the relative value of different properties. For instance, with the official rules, players can rarely afford to build significant numbers of houses on the third and fourth sides of the board, but with more money in the game, this strategy may become more workable.[47][not in citation given]Video game and computer game versions ofMonopolyhave options where popular house rules can be used. In 2014, Hasbro determined five popular house rules by public Facebook vote, and released a \"House Rules edition\" of the board game. Rules selected include collecting paid fines on Free Parking, forcing players to traverse the board once before buying properties, and awarding money for players rolling adouble-1on the dice.[48]Strategy[edit]According to Jim Slater inThe Mayfair Set, the Orange property group is the best to own because players land on them more often, as a result of the Chance cardsGo to Jail,Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall),Advance to Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station)andGo Back Three Spaces.[49]In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road), Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road), Park Place (Park Lane), and Oriental Avenue (The Angel Islington) are the least-landed-upon properties. Among the property groups, the Railroads are most frequently landed upon, as no other group has four properties; Orange has the next highest frequency, followed by Red.[50]End game[edit]One common criticism ofMonopolyis that although it has carefully defined termination conditions, it may take an unlimited amount of time to reach them. Edward P. Parker, a former president ofParker Brothers, is quoted as saying, \"We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, butMonopolycould go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. InMonopolyyou kept going around and around.\"[51]Hasbro states that the longest game ofMonopolyever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days or 10 weeks or 21⁄3months).[52]Related games[edit]Add-ons[edit]Numerous add-ons have been made forMonopoly, sold independently from the game both before its commercialization and after, with three official ones discussed below:Stock Exchange[edit]The originalStock Exchangeadd-on was published by Capitol Novelty Co. ofRensselaer, New Yorkin early 1936. It was marketed as an add-on forMonopoly,Finance, orEasy Moneygames. Shortly after Capitol Novelty introducedStock Exchange, Parker Brothers bought it from them then marketed their own, slightly redesigned, version as an add-on specifically for their \"new\"Monopolygame; the Parker Brothers version was available in June 1936. The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to \"Advance to Stock Exchange\".[53]TheStock Exchangeadd-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license byChessex, this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. This version included ten new Chance cards (five \"Advance to Stock Exchange\" and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five \"Advance to Stock Exchange\" and six other related cards;[54]the regular Community Chest card \"From sale of stock you get $45\" is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the \"Advance to Stock Exchange\" cards to each deck).[citation needed]AMonopoly Stock Exchange Editionwas released in 2001 (although not in the U.S.), this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built.[55]Playmaster[edit]Playmaster, another official add-on, released in 1982, is an electronic device that keeps track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random sales and mortgages making it easier to free up cards of a color group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur; for example when a player lands on a railroad it plays \"I\'ve Been Working on the Railroad\", and a police car\'s siren sounds when a player goes to Jail.[56]Get Out of Jail and Free Parking Minigames[edit]In 2009, Hasbro released two minigames that can be played as stand-alone games or combined with the Monopoly game. InGet Out of Jail, the goal is to manipulate a spade under a jail cell in an attempt to flick out various colored prisoners. The game can be used as an alternative to rolling doubles to get out of jail.[57][58]InFree Parking, players attempt to balance taxis on a wobbly board. TheFree Parkingadd-on can also be used with the Monopoly game. When a player lands on the Free Parking, the player can take the Taxi Challenge, and if successful, can move to any space on the board.[59][60]Speed Die[edit]The Speed DieUnlike the three add-ons above, which have always been sold separately, theSpeed Diewas introduced in-game in 2006. In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version ofMonopolywith the same die (originally in blue, later in red). First included in Winning Moves\'Monopoly: The Mega Editionvariant,[61]this third, six-sided die is rolled with the other two, and accelerates game-play when in use. Its faces are: 1, 2, 3, two \"Mr. Monopoly\" sides, and a bus. The numbers behave as normal, adding to the other two dice, unless a \"triple\" is rolled, in which case the player can move to any space on the board. The bus (properly \"get off the bus\") allows the player to use only one of the two numbered dice or the sum of both, thus a roll of 1, 5, and bus would let the player choose between moving 1, 5, or 6 spaces. If \"Mr. Monopoly\" is rolled while there are unowned properties, the player advances forward to the nearest one. Otherwise, the player advances to the nearest property on which rent is owed.[62]The Speed Die is used throughout the game in the \"Mega Edition\", while in the \"Regular Edition\" it is used by any player who has passed GO at least once. In these editions it remains optional, although use of the Speed Die was made mandatory for use in the 2009 U.S. & World MONOPOLY Championship, as well as the 2015 World Championship.[63]Spin-offs[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(April 2016)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)Parker Brothers and its licensees have also sold several spin-offs ofMonopoly. These are not add-ons, as they do not function as an addition to theMonopolygame, but are simply additional games in the flavor ofMonopoly:Advance to Boardwalkboard game (1985): Focusing mainly on building the most hotels along the Boardwalk.Don\'t Go to Jail: Dice game originally released by Parker Brothers; roll combinations of dice to create color groups for points before rolling the words \"GO\" \"TO\" and \"JAIL\" (which forfeits all earned points for the turn).Don\'t Go to Jail: Monopoly Express: A deluxe, travel edition re-release ofDon\'t Go To Jail, replacing the word dice with \"Officer Jones\" dice and adding an eleventh die, Houses & Hotels, and a self-contained game container/dice roller & keeper.[64]Express Monopolycard game (1994 U.S., 1995 U.K.): Released by Hasbro/Parker Brothers and Waddingtons in the U.K., now out of print. Basically a rummy-style card game based on scoring points by completing color group sections of the game-board.Free Parkingcard game: A more complex card game released by Parker Brothers, with several similarities to the card gameMille Bornes. Uses cards to either add time to parking metres, or spend the time doing activities to earn points. Includes a deck of Second Chance cards that further alter game-play. Two editions were made; minor differences in card art and Second Chance cards in each edition.Monopoly City: Game-play retains similar flavor but has been made significantly more complex in this version. The traditional properties are replaced by “districts” mapped to the previously underutilized real estate in the centre of the board.Monopoly Deal: The most recent card game version ofMonopoly. Players attempt to complete three property groups by playing property, cash & event cards.[65]Monopoly Empire(2013 / 2014): A variation where brands are purchased and owned instead of properties. Games are designed to finish in thirty minutes. The 2013 edition featured seven gold tokens, 2014 edition has six new silver tokens.Monopoly Express Casino: A gambling-themed version of the above game, that adds wagering to the game-play.Monopoly Here & Now Electronic Edition: Eliminates the need for money, using credit cards instead.Monopoly Hotels(2012): based on the mobile application.Monopoly Juniorboard game (first published 1990, multiple variations since): A simplified version of the original game for young children.Monopoly: The Card Game(2000): an updated card game released byWinning Moves Gamesunder license from Hasbro. Similar, but decidedly more complex, game-play to theExpress Monopolycard game.Monopoly Millionaire(2012): A variant of the game where the goal is to be the first player to make $1,000,000.Monopoly Millionaire Deal(2012): Card game; Combines game-play elements ofMonopoly MillionaireandMonopoly Deal.U-Build Monopoly(2010): A variant ofMonopoly Cityusing separate game tiles that allow for construction of custom game-board configurations.Video games[edit]Main article:Monopoly (video games)Besides the many variants of the actual game (and theMonopoly Juniorspin-off) released in either video game or computer game formats (e.g.,Commodore 64,Macintosh,Windows-basedPC,Game Boy,Game Boy Advance,Nintendo Entertainment System,iPad,Genesis,Super NES, etc.), two spin-off computer games have been created.[66]An electronic hand-held version was marketed from 1997–2001.[67]Monopoly: TheiPhonegame designed byElectronic Arts.Monopoly City Streets: An online version, usingGoogle MapsandOpenStreetMap.Monopoly Millionaires: The Facebook game designed byPlayfish.Monopoly Streets: A video game played for the Xbox 360, Wii, and PS3. The video game includes properties now played on a street.Monopoly Tycoon: A game where you build businesses on the properties you own.Monopoly Plus: A game for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 with H.D. graphics.Gambling games[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(February 2012)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)Many Monopoly-themedslot machinesandlotterieshave been produced byWMS Gamingin conjunction withInternational Game Technologyfor land-based casinos.[citation needed]WagerWorks, who have the online rights to Monopoly, have created online Monopoly themed games.London’sGamesysGroup have also developed a bingo-based online game called \"Monopoly Snap!\" for the Jackpotjoy online bingo site.[68]The British quiz machine branditboxalso supports aMonopolytrivia and chance game, which, like most other itbox games, costs 50p (£0.50) to play and has a£20 jackpot.There was also a live, online version ofMonopoly. Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers. When the taxis reach their final destination, the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board. This version takes far longer to play than board-game monopoly, with one game lasting 24 hours. Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game.[69]Media[edit]Commercial promotions[edit]Main article:McDonald\'s MonopolyTheMcDonald\'s Monopolygame is a sweepstakes advertising promotion ofMcDonald\'sandHasbrothat has been offered in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, France, Germany,Hong Kong, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore,South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, and United Kingdom.[citation needed]Comic Books[edit]Main article:Howard the DuckIn the 1979 Issue 7 of the Howard the Duck magazine, the story \"Of Dice and Ducks!\" placed Howard the Duck and Man-Thing in a small town based on the Monopoly game, including the properties, Chance cards, and Rich Uncle Pennybags (now Mr. Monopoly).Television game show[edit]Main article:Monopoly (game show)A short-livedMonopolygame show aired on Saturday evenings from June 16 to September 1, 1990 onABC. The show was produced byMerv Griffinand hosted byMike Reilly. The show was paired with a summer-longSuper Jeopardy!tournament, which also aired during this period on ABC.From 2010 to 2014,The Hubaired the game showFamily Game NightwithTodd Newton. For the first two seasons, teams earn cash in the form of \"Monopoly Crazy Cash Cards\" from the \"Monopoly Crazy Cash Corner\", which is then inserted to the \"Monopoly Crazy Cash Machine\" at the end of the show. In addition, starting with Season 2, teams win \"Monopoly Party Packages\" for winning the individual games. For Season 3, there is a Community Chest. Each card onMr. Monopolyhas a combination of three colors. Then teams will use the combination card to unlock the chest. If it\'s the right combination, then they will advance to the Crazy Cash Machine for a brand-newcar. For the show\'s fourth season, a new game is added called Monopoly Remix, featuring Park Place and Boardwalk, as well as Income Tax and Luxury Tax.To honor the game\'s 80th anniversary, a brand new game show came tosyndicationon March 28, 2015 calledMonopoly Millionaires\' ClubwithBilly GardellfromMike & Molly. The show takes place at theRio All Suite Hotel and Casinoand atBally\'s Las VegasinLas Vegaswhere players could win up to $1,000,000.Films[edit]In November 2008,Ridley Scottwas announced to directUniversal Pictures\' film version of the game, based on a script written byPamela Pettler. The film was co-produced by Hasbro\'sBrian Goldner, as part of a deal with Hasbro to develop movies based on the company\'s line of toys and games.[70][71]The story was being developed by authorFrank Beddor.[72]However, Universal eventually halted development in February 2012 then opted out of the agreement and rights reverted to Hasbro.[73][74]In October 2012, Hasbro announced a new partnership with production companyEmmett/Furla Films, and they said they will develop a live-action version of Monopoly, along withAction ManandHungry Hungry Hippos.[75]Emmett/Furla/Oasis dropped out of the production of this satire version that was to be directed by Ridley Scott.[76]In July 2015, Hasbro announced thatLionsgatewill distribute a Monopoly film withAndrew Niccolwriting the film as a family-friendly action adventure film[76]co-financed and produced by Lionsgate and Hasbro\'s Allspark Pictures.[77]The documentaryUnder the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story, covering the history and players of the game, won an Audience Award for Best Documentary at the 2010Anaheim International Film Festival. The film played theatrically in the U.S. beginning in March 2011 and was released on Amazon and iTunes[78]on February 14, 2012. The television version of the film won four regionalEmmyawards from the Pacific Southwest Chapter ofNATAS.[79]The film is directed byKevin Tostadoand narrated byZachary Levi.[80][81]Tournaments[edit]U.S. National Championship[edit]Although in the past, U.S. entrants had to successfully compete in regional competitions before the national championship, qualifying for the National Championship has been online since 2003. For the 2003 Championship, qualification was limited to the first fifty people who correctly completed an online quiz. Out of concerns that such methods of qualifying might not always ensure a competition of the best players, the 2009 Championship qualifying was expanded to include an online multiple-choice quiz (a score of 80% or better was required to advance); followed by an online five-question essay test; followed by a two-game online tournament at Pogo.com. The process was to have produced a field of 23 plus one:Matt McNally, the 2003 national champion, who received a bye and was not required to qualify. However, at the end of the online tournament, there was an eleven-way tie for the last six spots. The decision was made to invite all of those who had tied for said spots. In fact, two of those who had tied and would have otherwise been eliminated, Dale Crabtree of Indianapolis, Indiana, and Brandon Baker, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, played in the final game and finished third and fourth respectively.[63]The 2009 Monopoly U.S. National Championship was held on April 14–15 in Washington, D.C. In his first tournament ever, Richard Marinaccio, an attorney from Sloan, New York (a suburb of Buffalo), prevailed over a field that included two previous champions to be crowned the 2009 U.S. National Champion. In addition to the title, Mr. Marinaccio took home $20,580— the amount of money in the bank of the board game— and competed in the 2009 World Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 21–22, where he finished in third place.[63]In 2015, Hasbro used a competition that was held solely online to determine who would be the U.S. representative to compete at the 2015 MONOPOLY World Championship. Interested players took a twenty-question quiz on MONOPOLY strategy and rules, and submitted a hundred-word essay on how to win a MONOPOLY tournament. Hasbro then selected Brian Valentine of Washington, D.C. to be the U.S. representative.[82][83]World Championship[edit]Hasbro conducts a world-wide Monopoly tournament. The first Monopoly World Championships took place inGrossinger\'s Resortin New York, in November 1973, but it wasn\'t until 1975 that they included competitors from outside the United States. It has been aired in the United States byE.S.P.N.In 2009, forty-one players competed for the title of Monopoly World Champion and a cash prize of $20,580 (U.S.D.), which is the total amount of \'Monopoly money\' in the current Monopoly set used in the tournament.[63]The most recent World Championship took place September 2015 inMacau. Italian Nicolò Falcone defeated the defending world champion and players from twenty-six other countries.[84][85]Date Location Winner Nationality1973 Liberty, New York Lee Bayrd United States1974 New York City Alvin Aldridge United States1975 Washington, D.C. John Mair Ireland1977 Monte Carlo Cheng Seng Kwa Singapore1980 Bermuda Cesare Bernabei Italy1983 Palm Beach Greg Jacobs Australia1985 Atlantic City Jason Bunn United Kingdom1988 London Ikuo Hyakuta Japan1992 Berlin Joost van Orten Netherlands1996 Monte Carlo Christopher Woo Hong Kong[86]2000 Toronto Yutaka Okada Japan2004 Tokyo Antonio Zafra Fernández Spain[87]2009 Las Vegas Bjørn Halvard Knappskog Norway[88]2015 Macau Nicolò Falcone in thepublic domainbefore its commercialization,Monopolyhas seen many variant games. The game is licensed in 103 countries and printed in thirty-seven languages.[90]Most of the variants are exact copies of theMonopolygames with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Over the years, many specialtyMonopolyeditions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly andWinning MovesGames) have been sold to local and national markets world-wide. Two well known \"families\" of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced.Several published games similar toMonopolyinclude:Anti-Monopoly, one of several games[91]that are a sort of monopoly backwards.[12]The name of this game led to legal action between Anti-Monopoly\'s creator,Ralph Anspach, and the owners of Monopoly.[12]Business, a Monopoly-like game not associated with Hasbro. In this version the \"properties\" to be bought are cities of India; Chance and Community Chest reference lists of results printed in the center of the board, keyed to the dice roll; and money is represented by counters, not paper.[92]Dostihy a sázky, a variant sold inCzechoslovakia. This game comes from the totalitarian communist era (1948–1989), when private businesses were forofferden and mortgages didn\'t exist, so the monopoly theme was changed to a horse racing theme.[93]Ghettopoly, released in 2003, caused considerable offense upon its release. The game, intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life, was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes.Hasbrosought and received an injunction Your Own -OPOLY:[96]This game allows you to customize the board, money, and rules to your liking.Matador: The unlicensed Danish version fromBRIOwith a round board instead of the square one, cars instead of tokens and includes breweries and ferries to buy. The game also has candy and a popular TV-seriesMatadornamed after it.Turism:,[97]a variant sold inRomaniaGames by locale or theme[edit]There have been a large number of localized editions, broken down here by region:List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Africa and Asia(including theMiddle EastandSouth-East Asiabut excludingRussiaandTurkey)List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Europe(including Russia and Turkey)List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: North America(includingCentral Americabut excluding the United States of America)List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Oceania(AustraliaandNew Zealand)List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: South AmericaList of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: USA(including the United States of America and all editions based on commercial brands)Unauthorized and parody games[edit]This list is of unauthorized, unlicensed games based on Monopoly:Anti-Monopoly[show]Gay Monopoly[98]Ghettopoly[show]Micropoly – The Microsoft Monopoly Game[99]Middopoly Memeopolis (Android app)World editions[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(February 2012)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)Monopoly Here and Now: The World EditionPublisher(s) Parker BrothersPlayers 2–6Setup time 5–15 minutesPlaying time About 1.5 hoursRandom chance High (dice rolling, card drawing)Skill(s) required Negotiation, Basic Resource managementIn 2008, Hasbro releasedMonopoly Here and Now: The World Edition. This world edition features top locations of the world. The locations were decided by votes over the Internet. The result of the voting was announced on August 20, 2008.[100]Out of these,Gdyniais especially notable, as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous, large-scale mobilization of support started by its citizens. The new game uses its own currency unit, the Monopolonian (a game-based take on the Euro; designated byM). The game uses said unit in millions and thousands. As seen above, there is no dark purple color-group, as that is replaced by brown, as in the European version of the game.[citation needed]It is also notable that three cities (Montreal,Toronto, andVancouver) are from Canada and three other cities (Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai) are from the People\'s Republic of China. No other countries are represented by more than one city.[citation needed]Of the 68 cities listed on Hasbro Inc.\'s website for the vote,Jerusalem, was chosen as one of the 20 cities to be featured in the newestMonopolyWorld Edition.[101]Before the vote took place, a Hasbro employee in the London office eliminated the country signifier \"Israel\" after the city, in response to pressure from pro-Palestinianadvocacy groups.[102]After the Israeli government protested, Hasbro Inc. issued a statement that read: \"It was a bad decision, one that we rectified relatively quickly. This is a game. We never wanted to enter into any political debate. We apologize to ourMonopolyfans.\"[101]Monopoly Here and Now: The World Edition (2008)[show]A similar online vote was held in early 2015 for an updated version of the game. The resulting board should be released world-wide in late 2015. Lima, Peru won the vote and will hold the Boardwalk space.[103]Deluxe editions[edit]Hasbro sells aDeluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven, a railroadlocomotive. Other additions to theDeluxe Editioninclude a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink.[104]In 1978, retailerNeiman Marcusmanufactured and sold an all-chocolate edition ofMonopolythrough its\"Christmas Wish Book\"for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for $600.[105]In 2000, theFAO Schwarzstore in New York City sold a custom version calledOne-Of-A-Kind Monopolyfor $100,000.[106]This special edition comes in a lockingattaché casemade with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include:18-carat(75%) gold tokens, houses, and hotelsRosewoodboardStreet names written ingold leafEmeraldsaround the Chance iconSapphiresaround the Community ChestRubiesin the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking SpaceThe money is real, negotiableUnited States currencyTheGuinness Book of World Recordsstates that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensiveMonopolyset ever produced.[107]This set was designed by artist Sidney Mobell to honor the game\'s 50th anniversary in 1985.Criticisms[edit]Wiredmagazine believesMonopolyis a poorly designed game. Former Wall Streeter Derk Solko explains, \"Monopoly has you grinding your opponents into dust. It\'s a very negative experience. It\'s all about cackling when your opponent lands on your space and you get to take all their money.\"[108]Most of the three to four-hour average playing time is spent waiting for other players to play their turn. \"Board game enthusiasts disparagingly call this a \'roll your dice, move your mice\' format\".[108]The hobby-gaming communityBoardGameGeekis especially critical.[109]User reviews of Monopoly rank the game among the 20 worst games out of nearly 10,000 ranked in the database.[110]See also[edit]List of world championships in mind sportsRich Uncle Pennybags, also known as \"Mr. Monopoly\", the game\'s mascot characterReferences[edit]Notes^Jump up to:abcPilon, Mary(February 13, 2015).\"Monopoly’s Inventor: The Progressive Who Didn’t Pass ‘Go’\".The New York Times. RetrievedFebruary 14,2015.Jump up^Burton H. Wolfe (1976).\"The Monopolization of Monopoly: Louis & Fred Thun\".The San Francisco Bay Guardian. RetrievedOctober 28,2009.Jump up^Wagner, Erica(24 June 2015).\"Do not pass go: the tangled roots of Monopoly\".New Statesman.Jump up^US patent 00748626, L. J. Mag-ie, \"Game-board\", published Jan 5, 1904Jump up^Orbanes, Philip E.(2006).Monopoly: The World\'s Most Famous Game & How it Got that Way. Da Capo Press. p.22.ISBN0-306-81489-7.Jump up^Mary Pilon, \'\'The Monopolists: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World’s Favorite Board Game(2015)Jump up^\"Monopoly board game goes on sale for... February 6 in History\".BrainyHistory.Jump up^Brian McMahon (November 29, 2007).\"How board game helped free POWs\".Mental flossmagazine. RetrievedDecember 7,2007.Jump up^Ki Mae Heussner (September 18, 2009).\"Get Out of Jail Free: Monopoly\'s Hidden Maps\".ABC News. RetrievedSeptember 18,2009.Jump up^\"How a Fight Over a Board Game Monopolized an Economist\'s Life\".Wall Street Journal. October 20, 2009.Jump up^\"Trademark Clarification Act of 1984\"(PDF).^Jump up to:abcPilon, Mary (October 20, 2009).\"How a Fight Over a Board Game Monopolized an Economist\'s Life\".The Wall Street Journal.Jump up^\"About Us\".USAopoly.Jump up^Winning Moves Games USAAbout Us pageJump up^Winning Solutions, Inc.About Us pageJump up^Winning Moves UKInternational Locations pageJump up^2015 AH Media - De internet professionals, Website en webwinkel ontwikkeling, huisstijlen en online marketing.\"AH Media - De internet professionals, Website en webwinkel ontwikkeling, huisstijlen en online marketing.\".ahmedia.nl.Jump up^Lagos, Nigeria Editionpage on World of MonopolyJump up^Horton, J. Matthew.\"The Monopoly Board\".Extras. worldofmonopoly.com. RetrievedFebruary 21,2012.Jump up^Early Chance and Community Chance cardson Adena.com^Jump up to:abBlue Community Chest Cards, an illustration from sundown-farm-and-ranch.com^Jump up to:abcOrbanes, Philip E.(2013).Monopoly, Money, and You: How to Profit from the Game\'s Secrets of Success(Nook E-Book ed.). McGraw Hill Education. p.39.ISBN978-0-07-180844-6.Jump up^Horton, J. Matthew.\"Monopoly History – How old is my Monopoly game?\".Monopoly History. worldofmonopoly.com. RetrievedFebruary 21,2012.^Jump up to:abcKennedy, Rod; Jim Waltzer (2004).\'Monopoly: the story behind the world\'s best-selling game. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gibbs Smith.Jump up^Orbanes, Philip E. (2006).\'Monopoly: the world\'s most famous game & how it got that way\'. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p.53.Jump up^\"Monopoly, Present at the Creation\". NPR. RetrievedJune 10,2009.Jump up^Baer, Christopher (1994).The Route of the Blue Comet. West Jersey Chapter of the National Railroad Historical Society.Jump up^Garber, Megan.\"How Monopoly Games Helped Allied POWs Escape During World War II Even trivial\".Atlantic.com. Atlatic Monthly. Retrieved23 April2015.Jump up^\"Calgary vies for Monopoly real estate\".CBC News. January 13, 2010.Jump up^Horton, J. Matthew.\"Notable Editions\".Monopoly History. worldofmonopoly.com. RetrievedFebruary 21,2012.^Jump up to:abHorton, J. Matthew.\"1999–2008\".Monopoly History. worldofmonopoly.com. RetrievedFebruary 21,2012.^Jump up to:abcMonopoly: Here and Now (US)on About.com.Jump up^Announcement of the renaming ofJacobs Field to Progressive Field on January 11, 2008 (via cleveland.com)Jump up^\"MONOPOLY Here & Now\".BuzzFeed.Jump up^\"MICHAEL BOWLING V. HASBRO\"(PDF).uscourst.gov.Jump up^\"Fancy-dice maker sees patent case roll his way\".tucson.com.Jump up^i801.photobucket.comJump up^Darwin, Clarence B.Passing Go: Early Monopoly 1933–1937(1, revised ed.). River Forest, Illinois: Folkopoly Press. pp.207–208.Jump up^Darwin, Clarence B.Passing Go: Early Monopoly 1933–1937(1, revised ed.). River Forest, Illinois: Folkopoly Press. p.206.Jump up^\"Still Passing Go\".Los Angeles Times.Jump up^\"Monopoly board game token to be axed, replaced by new piece\". digital spy.Jump up^\"Meow! Hasbro unveils new token for Monopoly\". CBS News. Retrieved6 February2013.Jump up^Golden Token Monopolyreview for Target\'s exclusive set.Jump up^Golden Token Editionproduct page at tesco.comJump up^Poland, John.\"Monopoly History – Rules 1940–1951\". RetrievedSeptember 10,2011.Jump up^Brady, Maxine(1974).The Monopoly Book. David McKay Company. pp.143–144.ISBN0-679-20292-7.^Jump up to:abDove, Laurie L.\"5 Monopoly House Rules You Should Ditch\". Howstuffworks.com. RetrievedJuly 11,2013.Jump up^\"Hasbro Unveils World’s Favorite \"House Rules\" to Be Included in Future Monopoly Games\".MarketWatch.Jump up^The Mayfair Set – Episode 4 (Adam Curtis, BBConYouTubeJump up^Collins, Truman (1997).\"Monopoly Square Probabilities\". RetrievedMay 28,2006.; the page includes detailed analyses of expected income from each property and discussion of the strategic implications.Jump up^Brandreth, Gyles(1985).The Monopoly Omnibus(First hardcover ed.). Willow Books. p.19.ISBN0-00-218166-5.Jump up^Hasbro.\"Monopoly Game Official Website - Monopoly Board Game - Hasbro\".hasbro.com.Jump up^\"1936 Stock Exchange Game\". RetrievedOctober 26,2011.Jump up^BoardGameGeek.com pagefor the originalMonopoly Stock Exchangeadd-on. Retrieved January 1, 2006.Jump up^BoardGameGeek.com pagefor theMonopoly Stock Exchangeedition that came with a specialized calculator. Retrieved January 1, 2006.Jump up^\"BoardGameGeek.com page for theMonopolyPlaymaster electronic accessory\".boardgamegeek.com. RetrievedJanuary 1,2006.Jump up^\"BoardGameGeek.com page for theMonopolyGet Out of Jail Mini Game\".boardgamegeek.com. RetrievedOctober 21,2012.Jump up^\"Hasbro.com page for theMonopolyGet Out of Jail Mini Game\".hasbro.com. RetrievedOctober 22,2012.Jump up^\"BoardGameGeek.com page for theMonopolyFree Parking Mini Game\".boardgamegeek.com. RetrievedOctober 21,2012.Jump up^\"Hasbro.com page for theMonopolyFree Parking Mini Game\".hasbro.com. RetrievedOctober 22,2012.Jump up^Winning-moves.comJump up^Hasbro.com^Jump up to:abcdTostado, Kevin.Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story. Tostie Productions, 2010, film.Jump up^Hasbro.com entry on MONOPOLY EXPRESSArchivedApril 2, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Jump up^BoardGameGeek.com pageonMonopoly DealJump up^\"Monopoly for GEN\". GameSpot. 2006. RetrievedDecember 23,2006.Jump up^Monopoly Electronic Handheld Electronic Game instructionsJump up^\"Monopoly Snap\".Jump up^\"Monopoly Live\". RetrievedMay 25,2006.Jump up^Graser, Marc (Nov 12, 2008).\"Ridley Scott to direct \'Monopoly\'\".Variety.Jump up^\"\'Monopoly\' has electric company\".The Hollywood Reporter. Nov 12, 2008.Jump up^\"Bedder Reveals Monopoly Story Details\". Comingsoon.net. November 11, 2009. RetrievedApril 12,2011.Jump up^Fritz, Ben (January 30, 2012).\"Universal-Hasbro deal fizzles with departure of \'Stretch Armstrong\'\".Los Angeles Times. Retrieved6 February2013.Jump up^Rich, Katey (February 7, 2012).\"Universal Paid Millions To Not Make Hasbro\'s Board Game Movies\".Cinema Blend.com. Retrieved6 April2013.Jump up^\"Hungry Hungry Hippos, Action Man, Monopoly headed to big screen\".Los Angeles Times.^Jump up to:abSchaefer, Sandy (July 1, 2015).\"\'Monopoly\' Gets A Synopsis; Andrew Niccol Writing The Script\". Screen Rant.Jump up^Callan, Patrick (July 2, 2015).\"Monopoly movie passes go\".Kidscreen(Brunico Communications Ltd.). RetrievedJuly 4,2015.Jump up^iTunes Store listing– Under the BoardwalkUTB on iTunesJump up^Nataspsw.orgJump up^Under the Boardwalk– The MONOPOLY StoryOfficial websiteJump up^Monopolyat theInternet Movie DatabaseJump up^\"Home - 2015 U.S. Monopoly Game Quiz\".monopolychamps.com.Jump up^\"USA Representative Chosen! - 2015 U.S. Monopoly Game Quiz\".monopolychamps.com.Jump up^Under the Boardwalk, LLC.\"Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story -- 2015 MONOPOLY Championship Info\".monopolydocumentary.com.Jump up^\"Nicoló Falcone of Italy Defeats Defending Champion Bjørn Halvard Knappskog of Norway to Win 2015 Monopoly World Championship! - Business Wire\".businesswire.com. September 8, 2015.Jump up^\"HONG KONG WINS WORLD MONOPOLY GAME CHAMPIONSHIP\".Jump up^\"Monopoly Game World Champions\".monopolycity.com. Advanced Systems. RetrievedFebruary 21,2012.Jump up^\"Norwegian teen wins Monopoly world championship\". AFP. October 23, 2009.Jump up^\"Under the Boardwalk on Twitter\".Twitter.Jump up^\"Frequently Asked Questions about MONOPOLY\". Retrieved2009-02-26.Jump up^\"Anti-Monopoly\". BoardGameGeek, LLC. Retrieved13 August2013.The \"Bust~the~Trust!\" Game The basic idea of the game is to end the monopolistic practices of the 3-company-combinations of the gameboard. The players are Trust-Busting lawyers going about the board slapping lawsuits on the monopolies. The winning trust buster is the one who ends with the largest number of social-credit points when one of the players runs out of money.Jump up^\"Business Delux\" on the India page of a \"Monopoly Lexicon\".Retrieved October 6, 2012Jump up^\"Recenze: Dostihy a sázky– koně, hazard, peníze\"Retrieved October 6, 2012Jump up^Storyon the October 2003 lawsuit filing, from USA TodayJump up^Decision fromthe United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, dated May 18, 2006. PDF file.Jump up^Make Your Own -OPOLY: The first do-it-yourself board gameJump up^\"Perioada comunista: Turism – Prezentare si poze componente\".Board Games BLOG – jocuri de societate, jocuri pe tabla, review-uri, prezentari, intalniri, sesiuni.Jump up^\"BoardGameGeek– Gay Monopoly\". Retrieved2009-02-27.Jump up^\"Micropoly – The Microsoft Monopoly Game\". Archived fromthe originalon 2008-05-30.Jump up^\"Montreal top property in newMonopolygame – CTV.ca. Retrieved 2008/08/20 01:14pm UTC\". Ctv.ca. August 20, 2008. RetrievedJune 10,2009.^Jump up to:abMonopolyContest Stirs Up Jerusalem Conflict, Associated Press, published February 21, 2008.Jump up^\"From Hasbro, regarding removal of Israel from World Monopoly vote\". February 20, 2008.Jump up^\"MONOPOLY Here & Now\".BuzzFeed.Jump up^\"MONOPOLY – Deluxe Edition\". Retrieved1 August2013.Jump up^Orbanes, Philip(1988).The Monopoly Companion(First ed.). Bob Adams, Inc. p.20.ISBN1-55850-950-X.Jump up^Archived articlefromBusiness Wire, stored at Findarticles.com. Retrieved January 1, 2006.[dead link]Jump up^Most ExpensiveMonopolySet world record.ArchivedFebruary 9, 2015, at theWayback Machine.^Jump up to:abCurry, Andrew (January 4, 2009).\"Monopoly Killer: Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre\".Wired. RetrievedJune 10,2009.Jump up^\"Why Hobby Gamers Don\'t Like Monopoly - Monopoly - BoardGameGeek\".boardgamegeek.com.Jump up^\"Monopoly - Board Game - reading[edit]BibliographyDoll, Jen. \"An Anti-Capitalist Woman Invented Monopoly and a Man Got All the Credit\",The New RepublicFeb. 5, 2015onlinePilon, Mary,The Monopolists: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World’s Favorite Board Game(Bloomsbury, 2015)Monopoly as a Markov Process, by R. Ash and R. Bishop,Mathematics Magazine, vol. 45 (1972) p.26–29.Take a Walk on the Boardwalk, by S. Abbott and M. Richey,College Mathematics Journal, vol. 10, no. 3 (May, 1997) p.162-171.Anspach, Ralph(2000).The Billion Dollar MONOPOLY Swindle(Second ed.). Xlibris Corporation.ISBN0-7388-3139-5.Brady, Maxine (1974).The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World\'s Most Popular Game(First hardcover ed.). D. McKay Co.ISBN0-679-20292-7.Darzinskis, Kaz (1987).Winning Monopoly: A Complete Guide to Property Accumulation, Cash-Flow Strategy, and Negotiating Techniques When Playing the Best-Selling Board Game(First ed.). Harper & Row, New York.ISBN0-06-096127-9.Moore, Tim(2004).Do Not Pass Go. Vintage Books.ISBN0-09-943386-9.\"Monopoly launches UK-wide edition\". BBC. September 24, 2007. RetrievedFebruary 8,2008.\"Monopoly World Champion\". BBC. January 2, 2012. RetrievedJanuary 3,2012.Reader\'s Digest: The truth about history (2003) article \"Monopoly on ideas\".External links[edit] The WikibookMonopolyhas a page on the topic of:Strategy The WikibookMonopolyhas a page on the topic of:Official Rules Wikimedia Commons has media related toMonopoly (game).The official USMonopolyweb siteHasbro\'sFun Facts pageworldofmonopoly.comMonopoly History, properties around the world and various editions.Monopoly Tournaments.comU.S. Patent 2,026,082Patent awarded to C. B. Darrow forMonopolyon December 31, 1935Atlantic City 150th Anniversaryseries of articles from the newspaperCourier Post, which describe the streets of Atlantic City that appear onMonopolyHistory ofMonopolyOnline Monopoly Simulatorinteractive, customizable real-world Monopoly simulator and estimated win percentage generator.Monopoly Nerd BlogThe strategies, tactics, and math behind Monopoly.Over 1700 Monopoly versions, updated continuously (some unofficial)Database of street names in local editionsMonopoly games and places from around the worldWhat The Monopoly Properties Look Like In Real Life «Scouting NY(September 23, 2013)TheLand of Israel(Hebrew:אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵלʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl,Eretz Yisrael) is one of several names for an area of indefinite geographical extension in theSouthern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include theLand of Canaan, thePromised Land, theHoly Land, andPalestine(q.v.Israel (disambiguation)). The definitions of the limits of this territory vary between passages in theHebrew Bible, with specific mentions in Genesis 15, Exodus 23, Numbers 34 and Ezekiel 47. Nine times elsewhere in the Bible, the settled land is referred as \"from Dan to Beersheba, and three times it is referred as \"from the entrance of Hamath unto the brook of Egypt” (1 Kings 8:65, 1 Chronicles 13:5 and 2 Chronicles 7:8).\".These biblical limits for the land differ from the borders of established historical Israelite and later Jewish kingdoms; over time these have included theUnited Kingdom of Israel, the two separated kingdoms ofIsrael (Samaria)andJudah, theHasmonean Kingdom, and theHerodian Kingdom, which at their heights ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries.The Jewish religious belief that the area is a God-given inheritance of the Jewish people is based on theTorah, particularly in the books ofGenesisandExodus, as well as in the laterProphets.[1]According to the Book of Genesis, the land was first promised byGodto the descendants ofAbram; the text is explicit that this is acovenantbetween God and Abram for his descendants.[2]Abram\'s name was later changed to Abraham, with the promise refined to pass through his sonIsaacand to theIsraelites, descendants ofJacob, Abraham\'s grandson. This belief is not shared by most adherents of replacement theology (orsupersessionism), who hold the view that the Old Testament prophecies were superseded by the coming of Jesus,[3]a view often repudiated byChristian Zionistsas a theological error.[4]Evangelical Zionists variously claim that Israel has title to the land by divine right,[5]or by a theological, historical and moral grounding of attachment to the land unique to Judaism (James Parkes),[6]The idea that ancient religious texts can be warrant or divine right for a modern claim has often been challenged,[7][8]and Israeli courts have rejected land claims based on religious motivations.[9]During the mandatory period (1920-1948) the term \"Eretz Yisrael\" or the \"Land of Israel\" was part of the official Hebrew name ofMandatory Palestine. Official Hebrew documents used the Hebrew transliteration of the word “Palestine” פלשתינה (Palestina) followed always by the two initial letters of \"Eretz Yisrael\", א״י Aleph-Yod.[10][11]The Land of Israel concept has beenevoked by the founders of the State of Israel. It often surfaces in political debates on the status of theWest Bank, which is referred to in official Israeli discourse asJudeaandSamaria, from the names of the twohistorical Jewish kingdoms.[12]Contents[hide]1 Etymology and biblical roots2 Biblical interpretations of the borders2.1 Genesis 152.2 Exodus 232.3 Numbers 342.4 Deuteronomy 192.5 Ezekiel 472.6 From Dan to Beersheba2.7 Division of Tribes3 Jewish beliefs3.1 Rabbinic laws in the Land of Israel3.2 Inheritance of the promise3.3 Modern Jewish debates on the Land of Israel4 Christian beliefs4.1 Inheritance of the promise5 Modern history5.1 Early Zionism5.2 British Mandate5.3 Declaration of Independence of Israel5.4 Usage in Israeli politics5.5 Palestinian viewpoints6 See also7 Notes8 Further reading9 External linksEtymology and biblical roots[edit]1916 map of the Fertile Crescent byJames Henry Breasted. The names used for the land are \"Canaan\" \"Judah\" \"Palestine\" and \"Israel\"Map of Eretz Israel in 1695 AmsterdamHaggadabyAbraham Bar-Jacob.The term \"Land of Israel\" is a direct translation of theHebrewphraseארץ ישראל(Eretz Yisrael), which occurs occasionally in the Bible,[13]and is first mentioned in theTanakhat1Samuel 13:19, following the Exodus when the Israelite tribes were already in the Land ofCanaan.[14]The words are used sparsely in the Bible: King David is ordered to gather \'strangers to the land of Israel\'(hag-gêrîm ’ăšer, bə’ereṣ yiśrā’êl) for building purposes (1Chronicles 22:2)), and the same phrasing is used is reference toKing Solomon\'s census of all of the \'strangers in the Land of Israel\' (11Chronicles 2:17).Ezekiel, though generally preferring the phrase \'soil of Israel\' (’admat yiśrā’êl), employseretz israeltwice, respectively atEzechiel 40:2andEzechiel 47:18.[15]According toMartin Noth, the term is not an \"authentic and original name for this land\", but instead serves as \"a somewhat flexible description of the area which the Israelite tribes had their settlements\".[16]According toAnita Shapira, the term \"Eretz Yisrael\" was a holy term, vague as far as the exact boundaries of the territories are concerned but clearly defining ownership.[17]The sanctity of the land (kedushat ha-aretz) developed rich associations in rabbinical thought,[18]where it assumes a highly symbolic and mythological status infused with promise, though always connected to a geographical location.[19]Nur Masalhaargues that the biblical boundaries are \"entirely fictitious\", and bore simply religious connotations in Diaspora Judaism, with the term only coming into ascendency with the rise ofZionism.[13]The Hebrew Bible provides three specific sets of borders for the \"Promised Land\", each with a different purpose. Neither of the terms \"Promised Land\" (Ha\'Aretz HaMuvtahat) or \"Land of Israel\" are used in these passages:Genesis 15:13–21,Genesis 17:8[20]andEzekiel 47:13–20use the term \"the land\" (ha\'aretz), as doesDeuteronomy 1:8in which it is promised explicitly to \"Abraham, Isaac and Jacob... and to their descendants after them,\" whilstNumbers 34:1–15describes the \"Land of Canaan\" (Eretz Kna\'an) which is allocated to nine and half of the twelveIsraelite tribesafterthe Exodus. The expression \"Land of Israel\" is first used in a later book,1Samuel 13:19. It is defined in detail in the exilicBook of Ezekielas a land where both the twelve tribes and the \"strangers in (their) midst\", can claim inheritance.[21]The name \"Israel\" first appears in the Hebrew Bible as the name given by God to thepatriarchJacob(Genesis 32:28). Deriving from the name \"Israel\", other designations that came to be associated with the Jewish people have included the \"Children of Israel\" or \"Israelite\".The term \'Land of Israel\' (γῆ Ἰσραήλ) occurs in one episode in theNew Testament(Matthew 2:20–21), where, according toShlomo Sand, it bears the unusual sense of \'the area surrounding Jerusalem\'.[20]The section in which it appears was written as a parallel to the earlierBook of Exodus.[22]Biblical interpretations of the borders[edit]Genesis 15 (describing \"this land\")Num. 34 (\"Canaan\") & Eze. 47 (\"this land\")Interpretations of the borders of thePromised Land, based on scriptural versesGenesis 15[edit]Genesis 15:18–21describes what are known as \"Borders of the Land\" (Gevulot Ha-aretz),[23]which in Jewish tradition defines the extent of theland promisedto the descendants of Abraham, through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob.[24]The passage describes the area as the land of the ten named ancient peoples then living there.More precise geographical borders are givenExodus 23:31which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea (see debate below), the \"Sea of the Philistines\"i.e., theMediterranean, and the \"River\", theEuphrates), the traditional furthest extent of the Kingdom ofDavid.[25][26]Genesis gives the border with Egypt asNahar Mitzrayim–naharin Hebrew denotes a large river, never a wadi.Exodus 23[edit]A slightly more detailed definition is given inExodus 23:31, which describes the borders as \"from the sea of reeds (Red Sea) to the Sea of the Philistines (Mediterranean sea) and from the desert to theEuphratesRiver\", though the Hebrew text of the Bible uses the name, \"the River\", to refer to the Euphrates.Only the \"Red Sea\" (Exodus 23:31) and theEuphratesare mentioned to define the southern and Eastern borders of the full land promised to the Israelites. The \"Red Sea\" corresponding to HebrewYam Sufwas understood in ancient times to be theErythraean Sea, as reflected in theSeptuaginttranslation. Although the English name \"Red Sea\" is derived from this name (\"Erythraean\" derives from the Greek for red), the term denoted all the waters surrounding Arabia—including the Indian Ocean and thePersian Gulf, not merely the sea lying to the west of Arabia bearing this name in modern English. Thus the entire Arabian peninsula lies within the borders described. Modern maps depicting the region take a reticent view and often leave the southern and Eastern borders vaguely defined. The borders of the land to be conquered given in Numbers have a precisely defined Eastern border which included the Arabah and Jordan.Numbers 34[edit]Main article:Tribal allotments of IsraelNumbers 34:1–15describes the land allocated to the Israelite tribes after the Exodus. The tribes ofReuben,Gadand half ofManassehreceived landeastof theJordanas explained inNumbers 34:14–15.Numbers 34:1–13provides a detailed description of the borders of the land to be conquered west of the Jordan for the remaining tribes. The region is called \"the Land ofCanaan\" (Eretz Kna\'an) inNumbers 34:2and the borders are known in Jewish tradition as the \"borders for those coming out of Egypt\". These borders are again mentioned inDeuteronomy 1:6–8,11:24andJoshua 1:4.According to the Hebrew Bible, Canaan was the son ofHamwho with his descendents had seized the land from the descendents ofShemaccording to theBook of Jubilees. Jewish tradition thus refers to the region as Canaan during the period betweenthe Floodand the Israelite settlement.Eliezer Schweidsees Canaan as a geographical name, and Israel the spiritual name of the land. He writes:The uniqueness of the Land of Israel is thus \"geo-theological\" and not merely climatic. This is the land which faces the entrance of the spiritual world, that sphere of existence that lies beyond the physical world known to us through our senses. This is the key to the land\'s unique status with regard to prophecy and prayer, and also with regard to the commandments.[27]Thus, the renaming of this landmarks a change in religious status, the origin of theHoly Landconcept.Numbers 34:1–13uses the term Canaan strictly for the land west of the Jordan, but Land of Israel is used in Jewish tradition to denote the entire land of the Israelites. The English expression \"Promised Land\" can denote either the land promised to Abraham in Genesis or the land of Canaan, although the latter meaning is more common.The border with Egypt is given as theNachal Mitzrayim(Brook of Egypt) in Numbers, as well as in Deuteronomy and Ezekiel. Jewish tradition (as expressed in the commentaries ofRashiandYehuda Halevi, as well as the AramaicTargums) understand this as referring to theNile; more precisely thePelusianbranch of the Nile Delta according to Halevi—a view supported by Egyptian and Assyrian texts.Saadia Gaonidentified it as the \"Wadi of El-Arish\", referring to the biblicalSukkotnearFaiyum.Kaftor Vaferechplaced it in the same region, which approximates the location of the former Pelusian branch of the Nile. 19th century Bible commentaries understood the identification as a reference to theWadiof the coastal locality calledEl-Arish. Easton\'s, however, notes a local tradition that the course of the river had changed and there was once a branch of the Nile where today there is a wadi. Biblical minimalists have suggested that theBesoris intended.Deuteronomy 19[edit]Deuteronomy 19:8indicates a certain fluidity of the borders of the promised land when it refers to the possibility that God would \"enlarge your borders.\" This expansion of territory means that Israel would receive \"all the land he promised to give to your fathers\", which implies that the settlement actually fell short of what was promised. According toJacob Milgrom, Deuteronomy refers to a more utopian map of the promised land, whose Eastern border is the wildernessrather than the Jordan.[28]Paul R. Williamson notes that a \"close examination of the relevant promissory texts\" supports a \"wider interpretation of the promised land\" in which it is not \"restricted absolutely to one geographical locale.\" He argues that \"the map of the promised land was never seen permanently fixed, but was subject to at least some degree of expansion and redefinition.\"[29]Ezekiel 47[edit]Ezekiel 47:13–20provides a definition of borders of land in which thetwelve tribes of Israelwill live during the final redemption, at the end of days. The borders of the land described by the text in Ezekiel include the northern border of modernLebanon, eastwards (the way of Hethlon) toZedadandHazar-enanin modernSyria; south by southwest to the area ofBusraon the Syrian border (area of Hauran in Ezekiel); follows theJordan Riverbetween the West Bank and the land ofGileadto Tamar (Ein Gedi) on the western shore of the Dead Sea; From Tamar to Meribah Kadesh (Kadesh Barnea), then along theBrook of Egypt(see debate below) to the Mediterranean Sea. The territory defined by these borders is divided into twelve strips, one for each of the twelve tribes.Hence, Numbers 34 and Ezekiel 47 define different but similar borders which include the whole of contemporaryLebanon, both theWest Bankand theGaza StripandIsrael, except for the South Negev andEilat. Small parts ofSyriaare also included.From Dan to Beersheba[edit]Further information:From Dan to BeershebaThe common biblical phrase used to refer to the territories actually settled by the Israelites (as opposed to military conquests) is \"fromDantoBeersheba\" (or its variant \"from Beersheba to Dan\"), which occurs many times in the Bible. It is found in the biblical versesJudges 20:1,1Samuel 3:20,2Samuel 3:10,2Samuel 17:11,2Samuel 24:2,2Samuel 24:15,1Kings 4:25,1Chronicles 21:2, and2Chronicles 30:5.Division of Tribes[edit]The 12 tribes of Israel are divided in 1 Kings 11. In the chapter,King Solomon\'s sins lead to Israelites forfeiting 10 of the 12 tribes:30andAhijahtook hold of the new cloak he was wearing and tore it into twelve pieces.31Then he said toJeroboam, “Take ten pieces for yourself, for this is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says: ‘See, I am going to tear the kingdom out of Solomon’s hand and give you ten tribes.32But for the sake of my servant David and the city of Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, he will have one tribe.33I will do this because they have forsaken me and worshipedAshtoreththe goddess of the Sidonians,Chemoshthe god of the Moabites, andMolekthe god of the Ammonites, and have not walked in obedience to me, nor done what is right in my eyes, nor kept my decrees and laws as David, Solomon’s father, did.34“‘But I will not take the whole kingdom out of Solomon’s hand; I have made him ruler all the days of his life for the sake of David my servant, whom I chose and who obeyed my commands and decrees.35I will take the kingdom from his son’s hands and give you ten tribes.36I will give one tribe to his son so that David my servant may always have a lamp before me in Jerusalem, the city where I chose to put my Name.— Kings 1, 11:30-11:36[30]Jewish beliefs[edit]Part ofa serieson theHistory ofIsraelAncient Israel and JudahPrehistoryCanaanIsraelitesUnited monarchyNorthern KingdomKingdom of JudahBabylonian ruleSecond Temple period(530 BCE–70 CE)Persian ruleHellenistic periodHasmonean dynastyHerodian dynastyKingdomTetrarchyRoman JudeaMiddle Ages(70–1517)Roman PalaestinaByzantine PalaestinaPrimaSecundaSasanian dynastyMamluk SultanateModern history(1517–1948)Ottoman ruleEyaletMutasarrifateOld YishuvZionismOETABritish mandateState of conflictStart-up NationHistory of theLand of Israelby topicJudaismJerusalemZionismJewish leadersJewish warfareNationalityRelatedJewish historyHebrew calendarArchaeologyMuseumsvteRabbinic laws in the Land of Israel[edit]Main article:Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in JudaismAccording toMenachem Lorberbaum,In Rabbinic tradition, the land of Israel consecrated by the returning exiles was significantly different in it(s?) boundaries from both the prescribed biblical borders and the actual borders of the pre-Exilic kingdoms. It ranged roughly from Acre in the north to Ashkelon in the south along the Mediterranean, and included Galilee and the Golan. Yet there was no settlement in Samaria.[31]According to Jewish religious law (halakha), some laws only apply to Jews living in the Land of Israel and some areas inJordan, Lebanon, andSyria(which are thought to be part of biblical Israel). These include agricultural laws such as theShmita(Sabbatical year); tithing laws such as theMaaser Rishon(Levite Tithe),Maaser sheni, andMaaser ani(poor tithe); charitable practices during farming, such aspe\'ah; and laws regarding taxation. One popular source lists 26 of the 613mitzvotas contingent upon the Land of Israel.[32]Many of the religious laws which applied in ancient times are applied in the modern State of Israel; others have not been revived, since the State of Israel does not adhere totraditional Jewish law. However, certain parts of the current territory of the State of Israel, such as theArabah, are considered by some religious authorities to be outside the Land of Israel for purposes of Jewish law. According to these authorities, the religious laws do not apply there.[33]According to someJewish religious authorities, every Jew has an obligation to dwell in the Land of Israel and may not leave except for specifically permitted reasons (e.g., to get married).[34]There are also many laws dealing with how to treat the land. The laws apply to all Jews, and the giving of the land itself in the covenant, applies to all Jews, including converts.[35]Inheritance of the promise[edit]Traditional religious Jewish interpretation, and that of most Christian commentators, define Abraham\'s descendants only as Abraham\'s seed through his sonIsaacand his Friedrich Karl Keilis less clear, as he states that the covenant is through Isaac, but also notes thatIshmael\'s descendants, generally theArabs, have held much of that land through time.[46]Modern Jewish debates on the Land of Israel[edit]The Land of Israel concept has beenevoked by the founders of the State of Israel. It often surfaces in political debates on the status of theWest Bank, which is referred to in official Israeli discourse asJudeaandSamaria, from the names of the twohistorical Israelite and Judean kingdoms.[12]These debates frequently invoke religious principles, despite the little weight these principles typically carry in Israeli secular politics.Ideas about the need for Jewish control of the land of Israel have been propounded by figures such as Rabbi Yitzhak Ginsburg, who has written about the historical entitlement that Jews have to the whole Land of Israel.[47]Ginsburgh\'s ideas about the need for Jewish control over the land has some popularity within contemporary West Bank settlements.[48]However, there are also strong backlashes from the Jewish community regarding these ideas.[48]The Satmar Hasidic community in particular denounces any geographic or political establishment of Israel, deeming this establishment has directly interfering with God\'s plan for Jewish redemption.Joel Teitelbaumwas a foremost figure in this denouncement, calling the Land and State of Israel a vehicle for idol worship, as well as a smokescreen for Satan\'s workings.[49]Divisions within the Jewish community concerning Israel speak to how Israel not only represents an international point of contention, but also a continuous ideological and internal introspection and negotiation specific to the Jewish community and its larger history.Christian beliefs[edit]Inheritance of the promise[edit]During the early 5th century, SaintAugustine of Hippoargued in hisCity of Godthat the earthly or \"carnal\" kingdom of Israel achieved itspeakduring the reigns of David and his son Solomon.[50]He goes on to say however, that this possession was conditional: \"...the Hebrew nation should remain in the same land by the succession of posterity in an unshaken state even to the end of this mortal age, if it obeyed the laws of the Lord its God.\"He goes on to say that the failure of the Hebrew nation to adhere to this condition resulted in its revocation[citation needed]and the making of a second covenant and citesJeremiah 31:31–32: \"Behold, the days come, says the Lord, that I will make for the house of Israel, and for the house of Judah, a new testament: not according to the testament that I settled for their fathers in the day when I laid hold of their hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt; because they continued not in my testament, and I regarded them not, says the Lord.\"Augustine concludes that this other promise, revealed in the New Testament, was about to be fulfilled through the incarnation of Christ: \"I will give my laws in their mind, and will write them upon their hearts, and I will see to them; and I will be to them a God, and they shall be to me a people\". Notwithstanding this doctrine stated by Augustine and also by the Apostle Paul in hisEpistle to the Romans(Ch. 11), the phenomenon ofChristian Zionismis widely noted today, especially among evangelical Protestants. Other Protestant groups and churches reject Christian Zionismon various grounds.Modern history[edit]Jewish religious tradition does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities.[51]Nonetheless, during two millennia of exile and with a continuous yet small Jewish presence in the land, a strong sense of bondedness exists throughout this tradition, expressed in terms of people-hood; from the very beginning, this concept was identified with that ancestral biblical land or, to use the traditional religious and modernHebrewterm,Eretz Yisrael. Religiously and culturally the area was seen broadly as a land of destiny, and always with hope for some form of redemption and return. It was later seen as a national home and refuge, intimately related to that traditional sense of people-hood, and meant to show continuity that this land was always seen as central to Jewish life, in theory if not in practice.[52]Early Zionism[edit]Main article:ZionismHaving already used another religious term of great importance,Zion(Jerusalem), to coin the name of their movement, being associated with the return to Zion[53]the term was considered appropriate for the secular Jewish political movement ofZionismto adopt at the turn of the 20th century; it was used to refer to their proposed national homeland in the area then controlled by theOttoman Empireand generally known as theHoly LandorPalestine.[54]Different geographic and political definitions for the \"Land of Israel\" later developed among competing Zionist ideologies during their nationalist struggle. These differences relate to the importance of the idea and its land, as well as the internationally recognized borders of the State of Israel and the Jewish State\'s secure and democratic existence. Many current governments, politicians and commentators question these differences.When Israel was founded in 1948, the majorityLaborleadership, which governed for three decades after independence, accepted the partition of the previousBritish Mandate of Palestineinto independent Jewish and Arab states as a pragmatic solution to the political and demographic issues of the territory, with the description Land of Israel applying to the territory of the State of Israel within theGreen Line.[citation needed]The then oppositionrevisionists, who evolved into today\'sLikudparty, however, regarded the rightful Land of Israel asEretz Yisrael Ha-Shlema(literally, the whole Land of Israel), which came to be referred to asGreater Israel.[55]Joel Greenberg, writing inThe New York Timesrelates subsequent events this way:[55]The seed was sown in 1977, when Menachem Begin of Likud brought his party to power for the first time in a stunning election victory over Labor. A decade before, in the 1967 war, Israeli troops had in effect undone the partition accepted in 1948 by overrunning the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Ever since, Mr. Begin had preached undying loyalty to what he called Judea and Samaria (the West Bank lands) and promoted Jewish settlement there. But he did not annex the West Bank and Gaza to Israel after he took office, reflecting a recognition that absorbing the Palestinians could turn Israel it into a binational state instead of a Jewish one.Following theSix Day Warin 1967, the1977 electionsand theOslo Accords, the term Eretz Israel became increasingly associated with right-wing expansionist groups who sought to conform the borders of the State of Israel with the biblicalEretz Yisrael.[56]British Mandate[edit]Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine. The red line is the \"International Administration\" proposed in the 1916Sykes–Picot Agreement, the dashed blue line is the 1919Zionist Organizationproposal at theParis Peace Conference, and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923–48Mandatory Palestine.This 1920 stamp, issued by theEgyptian Expeditionary Force, set a precedent for the wording ofsubsequent Mandate stamps.The Biblical concept of Eretz Israel, and its re-establishment as a state in the modern era, was abasic tenetof the originalZionistprogram. This program however, saw little success until the British acceptance of \"the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people\" in theBalfour Declaration of 1917.Chaim Weizmann, as leader of the Zionist delegation, at the1919 Paris Peace Conferencepresented a Zionist Statement on 3 February. Among other things, he presented a plan for development together with a map of the proposed homeland. The statement noted the Jewish historical connection with \"Palestine\".[57]It also declared the Zionists\' proposed borders and resources \"essential for the necessary economic foundation of the country\" including \"the control of its rivers and their headwaters\". These borders included present day Israel and theoccupied territories, western Jordan, southwestern Syria and southern Lebanon \"in the vicinity south of Sidon\".[58]The subsequent British occupation and British acceptance of the July 1922 League of Nations Mandate for Palestine,[59]advanced the Zionist cause.[citation needed]Early in the deliberations toward British civilian administration, two fundamental decisions were taken, which bear upon the status of the Jews as a nation; the first was the recognition of Hebrew as an official language, along with English and Arabic, and the second concerned the Hebrew name of the country.In 1920, the Jewish members of the firstHigh Commissioner\'s advisory council objected to the Hebrew transliteration of the word “Palestine” פלשתינה (Palestina) on the ground that the traditional name was ארץ ישראל (Eretz Yisrael), but the Arab members would not agree to this designation, which in their view, had political significance. The High CommissionerHerbert Samuel, himself aZionist, decided that the Hebrew transliteration should be used, followed always by the two initial letters of \"Eretz Yisrael,” א״יAleph-Yod:[60]He was aware that there was no other name in the Hebrew language for this land except \'Eretz-Israel\'. At the same time he thought that if \'Eretz-Israel\' only were used, it might not be regarded by the outside world as a correct rendering of the word \'Palestine\', and in the case of passports or certificates of nationality, it might perhaps give rise to passports or certificates of nationality, it might perhaps give rise to difficulties, so it was decided to print \'Palestine\' in Hebrew letters and to add after it the letters \'Aleph\' \'Yod\', which constitute a recognised abbreviation of the Hebrew name. His Excellency still thought that this was a good compromise. Dr. Salem wanted to omit \'Aleph\' \'Yod\' and Mr. Yellin wanted to omit \'Palestine\'. The right solution would be to retain both.\"—Minutes of the meeting on November 9, 1920.[61]The compromise was later noted as among Arab grievances before the League\'s Permanent Mandate Commission.[62]During the Mandate, the nameEretz Yisrael(abbreviated א״יAleph-Yod), was part of the official name for the territory, when written inHebrew. These official names for Palestine were minted on the Mandate coins and early stamps (pictured) in English, Hebrew \"(פלשתינה (א״י\" (Palestina E\"Y) and Arabic \"( فلسطين\"). Consequently, in 20th century political usage, the term \"Land of Israel\" usually denotes only those parts of the land which came under the British mandate, i.e. the land currently controlled by the State of Israel, theWest Bank, and theGaza Strip, and sometimes alsoTransjordan(now theKingdom of Jordan).[citation needed][63]Declaration of Independence of Israel[edit]On 29 November 1947, the United NationsGeneral Assemblyadopted a resolution (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181(II)) recommending \"to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union.\" The Resolution contained a plan to partition Palestine into \"Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem.\"[64]On May 14, 1948, the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired, theJewish People\'s Councilgathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, andapproved a proclamation, in which it declared \"the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.\"[65]Usage in Israeli politics[edit]Early government usage of the term, following Israel\'s establishment, continued the historical link and possible Zionist intentions. In 1951–2David Ben-Gurionwrote \"Only now, after seventy years of pioneer striving, have we reached the beginning of independence in a part of our small country.\"[66]Soon afterwards he wrote \"It has already been said that when the State was established it held only six percent of the Jewish people remaining alive after the Nazi cataclysm. It must now be said that it has been established in only a portion of the Land of Israel. Even those who are dubious as to the restoration of the historical frontiers, as fixed and crystallised and given from the beginning of time, will hardly deny the anomaly of the boundaries of the new State.\"[67]The 1955 Israeli government year-book said, \"It is called the \'State of Israel\' because it is part of the Land of Israel and not merely a Jewish State. The creation of the new State by no means derogates from the scope of historical Eretz Israel\".[68]HerutandGush Emunimwere among the first Israeli political parties basing their land policies on the Biblical narrative discussed above. They attracted attention following the capture ofadditional territoryin the 1967Six-Day War. They argue that the West Bank should be annexed permanently to Israel for both ideological and religious reasons. This position is in conflict with the basic \"land for peace\" settlement formula included inUN242. TheLikudparty, in the platform it maintained until prior to the2013 elections, had proclaimed its support for maintaining Jewish settlement communities in theWest BankandGaza, as the territory is considered part of the historical land of Israel.[69]In her 2009 offer for Prime Minister,KadimaleaderTzipi Livniused the expression, noting, \"we need to give up parts of the Land of Israel\", in exchange for peace with the Palestinians and to maintain Israel as a Jewish state; this drew a clear distinction with the position of her Likud rival and winner,Benjamin Netanyahu.[70]However, soon after winning the 2009 elections, Netanyahu delivered an address[71]at theBegin-Sadat Center for Strategic StudiesatBar-Ilan Universitythat was broadcast live in Israel and across parts of theArab world, on the topic of theMiddle East peace process. He endorsed for the first time the notion of aPalestinian statealongside Israel, while asserting the right to a sovereign state in Israel arises from the land being \"the homeland of the Jewish people\".[72]TheIsrael–Jordan Treaty of Peace, signed on 1993, led to the establishment of an agreed border between the two nations, and subsequently the state of Israel has no territorial claims in the parts of the historic Land of Israel lying east of the Jordan river.Palestinian viewpoints[edit]According to Palestinian historianNur Masalha,Eretz Israelwas a religious concept which was turned by Zionists into a political doctrine in order to emphasize an exclusive Jewish right of possession regardless of the Arab presence.[73]Masalha wrote that the Zionist movement has not given up on an expansive definition of the territory, including Jordan and more, even though political pragmatism has engendered a focus on the region west of the Jordan River.[74]See also[edit]For the history of the region:History of IsraelHistory of PalestineHistory of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of IsraelHistory of ancient Israel and JudahList of Jewish leaders in the Land of IsraelFor related toponyms see:CanaanGreater IsraelHoly LandPromised landPalestineTransjordan (Bible)#StatusNotes[edit]Jump up^\"Exodus 6:4 I also established my covenant with them to give them the land of Canaan, where they resided as foreigners\". Bible.cc. Retrieved2013-08-11.Jump up^\"Gen 15:18–21; NIV; - On that day the LORD made a covenant\". Bible Gateway. Retrieved2013-08-11.Jump up^Michael J. Vlach,Has the Church Replaced Israel?: A Theological Evaluation,B&H Publishing Group, 2010 pp.3-5.Jump up^Stephen Spector,Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism,Oxford University Press, 2009 p.21.Jump up^Donald E. Wagner, Walter T. Davis,Zionism and the Quest for Justice in the Holy Land,The Lutterworth Press, 2014 p.161.Jump up^Anthony J. Kenny,Catholics, Jews, and the State of Israel,Paulist Press, 1993 pp.75-78.Jump up^Michael Prior,The Bible and Colonialism: A Moral Critique,A&C Black 1997 p.171: ‘As an agent of legitimacy in international law, the Zionist appeal to Tanakh for legitimation of its claims to Eretz Israel is not much more compelling than if the Portuguese and Spanish Governments today presented to the UN the bulls off Nicholas V and Alexander VI, which also claimed divine authority, in their offer to reclaim the lands of the New World. p.171.Jump up^Ian Bickerton,The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed,A&C Black, 2012 p.13.Jump up^Eugene Cotran,Chibli Mallat, David Stott, (eds.)The Arab-Israeli Accords: Legal Perspectives,BRILL, 1996 pp.11-12.Jump up^The Holy Land in History and Thought: Papers Submitted to the International conference edited by Moše ŠārônJump up^Israel Cohen, A Short History of Zionism, p.96, London, Frederick Muller Co., 1951^Jump up to:abEmma Playfair (1992).International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories: Two Decades of Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Oxford University Press. p.41.On 17 December 1967, the Israeli military government issued an order stating that \"the term \'Judea and Samaria region\' shall be identical in meaning for all purposes . .to the term \'the West Bank Region\'\". This change in terminology, which has been followed in Israeli official statements since that time, reflected a historic attachment to these areas and rejection of a name that was seen as implying Jordanian sovereignty over them.Cite error: Invalidtag; name \"Judea_and_Samaria\" defined multiple times with different content (see thehelp page).^Jump up to:abMasalha 2007, p.32.Jump up^Keith W. Whitelam,The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History,(1996) Routledge 2013, page 43.Jump up^Joseph Blenkinsopp,Ezekiel, Westminster John Knox Press, 1990, p.152: Quote: \"It may be surprising to learn that the designation “the land of Israel” (’ereṣ yiśrā’êl), in common use today, occurs for the first time in Ezekiel (40:2; 47:18) and very rarely elsewhere (I Chron. 22:2; II Chron. 2:17), apart from the more restrictive allusion to the Northern Kingdom. By preference, however, Ezekiel speaks of the \"soil of Israel\" (’admat yiśrā’êl), a phrase that occurs eighteen times in the book and nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible. (The title “holy land,\" literally “holy soil”, used preferentially by Christians, occurs only once, at Zech. 2:12.)\"Jump up^Noth, Martin(1960). \"The Land of Israel\".The history of Israel. Harper. p.8.An authentic and original name for this land as a whole has not come down to us from Old Testament times, and presumably no such ever existed; since as a natural phenomenon it was never a homogeneous, self-contained entity and was never occupied by a homogeneous population, and it was hardly at any time the scene of a political organisation which substantially coincided with its actual area. So the expression \'the land of Israel\' may serve as a somewhat flexible description of the area which the Israelite tribes had their settlements.Jump up^Anita Shapira, 1992,Land and Power,ISBN 0-19-506104-7, p. ixJump up^Bradley Shavit Artson, \'Our Covenant with Stones: A Jewish Ecology of Earth,\' inJudaism and Envirobnmental Ehics: A Reader,Lexington Books, 2001 pp.161-171,p.162Jump up^Michael L. Satlow,Creating Judaism: History, Tradition, Practice,p.160, Columbia University Press, 2006.^Jump up to:abSand 2012, p.27.Jump up^Rachel Havrelock,River Jordan: The Mythology of a Dividing Line,University of Chicago Press, 2011, p.21.Jump up^Goldberg 2001, p.147: The parallels between this narrative and that of Exodus continue to be drawn. Like Pharaoh before him, Herod, having been frustrated in his original efforts, now seeks to achieve his objectives by implementing a program of infanticide. As a result, here - as in Exodus - rescuing the hero’s life from the clutches of the evil king necessitates a sudden flight to another country. And finally, in perhaps the most vivid parallel of all, the present narrative uses virtually the same words of the earlier one to provide the information that the coast is clear for the herds safe return: here, in Matthew 2:20, \"go [back]… for those who sought the Child\'s life are dead\"; there, in Exodus 4:19, \"go back… for all the men who sought your life are dead.\"Jump up^Kol Torah, vol. 13, no. 9, Torah Academy of Bergen County, 8 November 2003^Jump up to:abSee 6th and 7th portion commentaries byRashiJump up^Stuart, Douglas K.,Exodus, B&H Publishing Group, 2006, p. 549Jump up^Tyndale Bible Dictionary, Walter A. Elwell, Philip Wesley Comfort, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2001, p. 984Jump up^The Land of Israel: National Home Or Land of Destiny, By Eliezer Schweid, Translated by Deborah Greniman, Published 1985 Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press,ISBN 0-8386-3234-3, p.56.Jump up^Jacob Milgrom,Numbers(JPS Torah Commentary; Philadelphia: JPS, 1990), 502.Jump up^Paul R. Williamson, \"Promise and Fulfilment: The Territorial Inheritance\", in Philip Johnston and Peter Walker (eds.),The Land of Promise: Biblical, Theological and Contemporary Perspectives(Leicester: Apollos, 2000), 20–21.Jump up^\"1 Kings 11 NIV - Solomon’s Wives - King Solomon\". Bible Gateway. Retrieved2013-08-11.Jump up^Menachem Lorberbaum, ‘Making and Unmaking the Boundaries of Holy Land,’ in Allen E. Buchanan, Margaret Moore (eds)States, nations, and borders: the ethics of making boundaries.Cambridge University Press, 2003 pp19-40 p.24Jump up^p.xxxv, R. Yisrael Meir haKohen (Chofetz Chayim),The Concise Book of Mitzvoth. This version of the list was prepared in 1968.Jump up^Yeshivat Ohr Yerushalayim, ShmitaJump up^TheRamban\'s addition to theRambam\'s Sefer HaMitzvot.Jump up^Ezekiel 47:21 \"You are to distribute this land among yourselves according to the tribes of Israel. 22 You are to allot it as an inheritance for yourselves and for the aliens who have settled among you and who have children. You are to consider them as native-born Israelites; along with you they are to be allotted an inheritance among the tribes of Israel. 23 In whatever tribe the alien settles, there you are to give him his inheritance,\" declares the Sovereign LORD.Jump up^\"Edersheim Bible History – Bk. 1, Ch. 10\". Godrules.net. 19 December 2006. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"Edersheim Bible History – Bk. 1, Ch. 13\". Godrules.net. 19 December 2006. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"Albert Barnes Notes on the Bible – Genesis 15\". Gotothebible.com. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"Genesis – Chapter 15 – Verse 13 – The New John Gill Exposition of the Entire Bible on\". Studylight.org. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"Parshah In-Depth – Lech-Lecha\". Chabad.org. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"Did God send the angel to save Ishmael so that Islam could exist since Moslems believe Ishmael is the father of the Arabs?\". Bible.org. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"Reformed Answers: Ishmael and Esau\". Thirdmill.org. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"The Promises to Isaac and Ishmael\". Christianleadershipcenter.org. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"God Calls Abram Abraham\". Washingtonubf.org. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"Nigeriaworld Feature Article – The Abrahamic Covenant: Its scope and significance – A commentary on Dr. Malcolm Fabiyi\'s essay\". Nigeriaworld.com. 17 March 2006. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^Keil, Carl Friedrich; Delitzsch, Franz (1866).\"Biblical commentary on the Old Testament\".Jump up^Yitzhak Ginsburgh, Rectifying the State of Israel (Israel: Gal Einai Institute, 2002), 52.^Jump up to:ab\"Pinḥas, the Quest for Purity, and the Dangers of Tikkun Olam\".Retrieved2015-12-11.Jump up^Teitelbaum, Al Ha-Ge‘ulah ve-al Ha-Temurah (1967), pp. 7-9, 20, as translated in Ravitzky, Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism, 75.Jump up^Augustine,The City of God (Book XVII), Chapter II. \"And it was fulfilled through David, and Solomon his son, whose kingdom was extended over the whole promised space; for they subdued all those nations, and made them tributary. And thus, under those kings, the seed of Abraham was established in the land of promise according to the flesh, that is, in the land of Canaan...\"Jump up^Solomon Zeitlin,The Jews. Race, Nation, or Religion?(Philadelphia:Dropsie CollegePress, 1936). Cited in, Edelheit and Edelheit,History of Zionism: A Handbook and DictionaryJump up^Hershel Edelheit and Abraham J. Edelheit,History of Zionism: A Handbook and Dictionary, Westview Press, 2000. p 3.Jump up^De Lange, Nicholas,An Introduction to Judaism, Cambridge University Press (2000), p. 30.ISBN 0-521-46624-5. The term \"Zionism\" was derived from the word Zion,which is the other name for Jerusalem, and is associated with theReturn to Zionand coined by AustrianNathan Birnbaum, in his journalSelbstemanzipation(Self Emancipation) in 1890.Jump up^\"The First Zionist Congress and the Basel Program\". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved13 November2011.^Jump up to:ab\"The World: Pursuing Peace; Netanyahu and His Party Turn Away from Greater Israel\".The New York Times. 22 November 1998. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^Raffaella A. Del Sarto,Israel\'s Contested Identity and the Mediterranean, The territorial-political axis: Eretz Israel versus Medinat Israel, p. 8Reflecting the traditional divisions within the Zionist movement, this axis invokes two concepts, namely Eretz Israel, i.e. the biblical \"Land of Israel\", and Medinat Israel, i.e. the Jewish and democratic State of Israel. While the concept of Medinat Israel dominated the first decades of statehood in accordance with the aspirations of Labour Zionism, the 1967 conquest of land that was part of \"biblical Israel\" provided a material basis for the ascent of the concept of Eretz Israel. Expressing the perception of rightful Jewish claims on \"biblical land\", the construction of Jewish settlements in the conquered territories intensified after the 1977 elections, which ended the dominance of the Labour Party. Yet as the first Intifada made disturbingly visible, Israel\'s de facto rule over the Palestinian population created a dilemma of democracy versus Jewish majority in the long run. With the beginning of Oslo and the option of territorial compromise, the rift between supporters of Eretz Israel and Medinat Israel deepened to an unprecedented degree, the assassination of Prime Minister Rabin in November 1995 being the most dramatic evidence.Jump up^3 Feb 1919 Statement, quote \"... recognize the historic title of the Jewish people to Palestine and the right of Jews to reconstitute in Palestine their National Home\"Jump up^\"Zionist Organization Statement on Palestine, Paris Peace Conference, (February 3, 1919)\". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved13 November2011.Jump up^\"League of Nations Mandate for Palestine\". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 24 July 1922. Retrieved4 July2012.Jump up^Israel Cohen,A Short History of Zionism, p.96, London, Frederick Muller Co., 1951,Jump up^Meeting on November 9, 1920, quoted in: Memorandum No. 33, \"Use of the Name Eretz-Israel’,\" in the Report by the Palestine Royal Commission, 1937,Memoranda Prepared by the Government of Palestine, C. O. No. 133.Jump up^League of Nations, Permanent Mandate Commission,Minutes of the Ninth Session(Arab Grievances), Held at Geneva from 8 to 25 June 1926Jump up^Israel\'s declaration of independence says \"the British Mandate overEretz Yisrael, and the Israeli law uses the termEretz Yisraelto denote the territory subject directly to the British Mandate law, e.g. Article 11 of the \"Government and Law Ordinance 1948\" issued by Israel\'s Provisional State Council.Jump up^\"UNITED NATIONS \'\'General Assembly: A/RES/181(II):29 November 1947Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine\'\': Retrieved 24 April 2012\". Domino.un.org. Retrieved2013-08-11.Jump up^Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs:THE DECLARATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL: May 14, 1948: Retrieved 24 April 2012Jump up^David Ben-Gurion, \"The Call of Spirit in Israel\", in State of Israel,Government Yearbook, 5712(1951/1952), page x.Jump up^David Ben-Gurion, \"Israel among the Nations\", in State of Israel,Government Year-book, 5713(1952), page 15.Jump up^State of Israel, \"Israel, the State and the Nation\" inGovernment Year-book, 5716(1955), page 320.Jump up^Likud – Platform, knesset.gov.il, archived fromaccessdate = 4 September 2008 the originalCheck|url=value (help)on 2012-02-04Jump up^\"Tzipi Livni: give up half of Land of Israel\".The Telegraph. 2009-02-16. Retrieved2015-04-23.Jump up^\"Full text of Binyamin Netanyahu\'s Bar Ilan speech\".Haaretz. 15 June 2009. Retrieved15 June2009.Jump up^Keinon, Herb (14 June 2009).\"Netanyahu wants demilitarized PA state\".The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved6 March2013.Jump up^Masalha 2007, p.2-6.Jump up^Masalha 2007, pp.32–38.Further reading[edit]Davies, W. D.,The Territorial Dimension of Judaism(1982), University of California PressGoldberg, Michael (2001).Jews and Christians: Getting Our Stories Straight. Wipf and Stock Publishers.ISBN9781579107765.Keith, Alexander.The Land of Israel: According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and Jacob, W. Whyte & Co, 1844.Masalha, Nur(2007).The Bible & Zionism; Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Israel-Palestine. Zed Books. pp.2–6.ISBN9781842777619.McTernan, John P.As America Has Done to Israel, Whitaker House Publishers, 2008.ISBN 978-1-60374-038-8Sand, Shlomo(2012).The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland. Verso Books.Schweid, Eliezer.The Land of Israel: National Home Or Land of Destiny, translated by Deborah Greniman, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1985.ISBN 0-8386-3234-3Sedykh, Andreĭ.This Land of Israel, Macmillan, 1967.Stewart, Robert Laird.The Land of Israel, Revell, פלשתינהPalestina) is a geographic region in Western Asia between theMediterranean Seaand theJordan River. It is sometimes considered to include adjoining territories. The name was used byAncient Greekwriters, and was later used for the Roman provinceSyria Palaestina, the ByzantinePalaestina Prima, and the Islamic provincial district ofJund Filastin. The region is also known as theLand of Israel(Hebrew: ארץ־ישראלEretz-Yisra\'el), theHoly LandorPromised Land, and historically has been known as the southern portion of wider regional designations such asCanaan,Syria,ash-Sham, and theLevant.Situated at a strategic location betweenEgypt,SyriaandArabia, and the birthplace ofJudaismandChristianity, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, includingAncient Greeks,Romans,Byzantines, the theBritish, and modernIsraelisandPalestinians.The boundaries of the region have changed throughout history. Today, the region comprises theState of Israeland thePalestinian territoriesin which theState of Palestinewas declared.Contents[hide]1 Etymology2 History2.1 Overview2.2 Ancient period2.3 Classical antiquity2.4 Middle Ages2.5 Ottoman era2.6 British mandate and partition2.7 Post–19483 Boundaries3.1 Ancient and Medieval3.2 Modern period3.3 Current usage4 Demographics4.1 Early demographics4.2 Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods4.3 Current demographics5 Notes6 References7 BibliographyEtymologyFurther information:Timeline of the name \"Palestine\"A 1759 map entitledThe Holy Land, or Palestine, showing not only the Ancient Kingdoms of Judah and Israel in which the 12 Tribes have been distinguished, but also their placement in different periods as indicated in the Holy Scripturesby Tobias archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording similar sounding names. The term \"Peleset\" is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c. 1150 BCE during theTwentieth dynasty of Egypt. The first known mention is at the temple atMedinet Habuwhich refers to the Peleset among those who fought withEgyptinRamesses III\'s reign,[1][2]and the last known is 300 years later onPadiiset\'s Statue. Seven knownAssyrianinscriptions refer to the region of \"Palashtu\" or \"Pilistu\", beginning withAdad-nirari IIIin theNimrud Slabin c. 800 BCE through to atreaty made by Esarhaddonmore than a century later.[3][4]Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.[i]The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area betweenPhoeniciaandEgyptwas in 5th century BCAncient Greece,[7][8]whenHerodotuswrote of a \'district of Syria, calledPalaistinê\" inThe Histories, which included theJudean mountainsand theJordan Rift Valley.[9][ii]Approximately a century later,Aristotleused a similar definition for the region inMeteorology, in which he included theDead Sea.[11]Later Greek writers such asPolemonandPausaniasalso used the term to refer to the same region, which was followed by Roman writers such asOvid,Tibullus,Pomponius Mela,Pliny the Elder,Dio Chrysostom,Statius,Plutarchas well as Roman Judean writersPhilo of AlexandriaandJosephus.[12]The term was first used to denote an official province in c.135 CE, when theRoman authorities, following the suppression of theBar Kokhba Revolt, combinedIudaea ProvincewithGalileeand theParaliato form \"Syria Palaestina\". There iscircumstantial evidencelinkingHadrianwith the name change,[13]but the precise date is not certain[13]and the assertion of some scholars that the name change was intended \"to complete the dissociation with Judaea\"[14]is disputed.[15]The term is generally accepted to be a translation of the Biblical namePeleshet(פלשתPəlésheth, usually transliterated asPhilistia). The term and its derivates are used more than 250 times inMasoretic-derived versions of theHebrew Bible, of which 10 uses are in theTorah, with undefined boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in theBook of Judgesand theBooks of Samuel.[3][4][12][16]The term is rarely used in theSeptuagint, who used a transliterationLand of Phylistieim(Γῆ τῶν Φυλιστιείμ) different from the contemporary Greek place Septuagint instead used the term \"allophuloi\" (άλλόφυλοι, \"other nations\") throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel,[17][18]such that the term \"Philistines\" has been interpreted to mean \"non-Israelites of the Promised Land\" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David,[19]and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of theBook of Genesis.[20]During theByzantine period, the region of Palestine withinSyria Palaestinawas subdivided intoPalaestina PrimaandSecunda,[21]and an area of land including theNegevandSinaibecamePalaestina Salutaris.[21]Following theMuslim conquest,place namesthat were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic.[3][22]The use of the name \"Palestine\" became common inEarly Modern English,[23]was used in English and Arabic during theMutasarrifate of Jerusalem[24][25][iii]and was revived as an official place name with theBritish Mandate for Palestine.Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land includeCanaan,Land of Israel(Eretz Yisrael or Ha\'aretz),[27][iv]Greater Syria, theHoly Land,Iudaea Province,Judea,Coele-Syria,[v]\"Israel HaShlema\",Kingdom of Israel,Kingdom of Jerusalem,Zion,Retenu(Ancient Egyptian),Southern Syria,Southern LevantandSyria Palaestina.HistoryMain article:History of PalestineFurther information:Time periods in the region of PalestineOverviewSituated at a strategic location betweenEgypt,SyriaandArabia, and the birthplace ofJudaismandChristianity, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, includingAncient Greeks,Romans,Byzantines, the theBritish, and modernIsraelisandPalestinians. Modern archaeologists and historians of the region refer to their field of study asSyro-Palestinian archaeology.Ancient periodDepiction of Biblical Palestine in c. 1020 BCE according toGeorge Adam Smith\'s 1915Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Smith\'s book was used as a reference byLloyd Georgeduring the negotiations for theBritish Mandate for Palestine.[33]The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities andcivilization.[34]During theBronze Age, independentCanaanitecity-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient and Syria. Between 1550–1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the EgyptianNew Kingdomwho held power until the 1178 BCEBattle of Djahy (Canaan)during the widerBronze Age collapse.[35]The Israelites emerged from a dramatic social transformation that took place in the people of the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE, with no signs of violent invasion or even of peaceful infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group from elsewhere.[36][37]The region became part of theNeo-Assyrian Empirefrom c. 740 BCE, which was itself replaced by theNeo-Babylonian Empirein c. 627 BCE.[38]According to the Bible, a war with Egypt culminated in 586 BCE when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonian kingNebuchadnezzar IIand the local leaders of the region of Judea weredeported to Babylonia. In 539 BCE, the Babylonian empire was replaced by theAchaemenid Empire. According to the Bible and implications from theCyrus Cylinder, the exiled population of Judea was allowed toreturn to Jerusalem.[39]Southern Palestine became a province of theAchaemenid Empire, calledIdumea, and the evidence fromostracasuggests that aNabataean-type society, since the Idumeans appear to be connected to the Nabataeans, took shape in southern Palestine in the 4th century B.C.E., and that theQedarite Arab kingdompenetrated throughout this area through the period of Persian and Hellenistic dominion.[40]Classical antiquityHerod\'s Templein Jerusalem functioned as the spiritual center of the various sects ofSecond Temple Judaismuntil it was destroyed in 70 CE. This picture shows the temple as imagined in 1966 in theHolyland Model of Jerusalem.In the 330s BCE, Macedonian rulerAlexander the Greatconquered the region, which changed hands several times during thewars of the Diadochiand laterSyrian Wars. It ultimately fell to theSeleucid Empirebetween 219–200 BCE. In 116 BCE, a Seleucid civil war resulted in the independence of certain regions including theHasmoneanprincipality in theJudaean Mountains.[41]From 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, creating Judaean (Jewish, seeIoudaioi) control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known asJudaea, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judaean Mountains.[43][44]Between 73–63 BCE, theRoman Republicextended its influence into the region in theThird Mithridatic War, conquering Judea in 63 BCE, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. The three-yearMinistry of Jesus, culminating in hiscrucifixion, is estimated to have occurred from 28–30 CE, although thehistoricity of Jesusis disputed by a minority of scholars.[vi]In 70 CE,Titussacked Jerusalem, resulting in the dispersal of the city\'s Jews and Christians toYavneandPella. In 132 CE,Hadrianjoined the province of Iudaea withGalileeand theParaliato form new province ofSyria Palaestina, and Jerusalem was renamed \"Aelia Capitolina\". Between 259–272, the region fell under the rule ofOdaenathusas King of thePalmyrene Empire. Following the victory of Christian emperorConstantinein theCivil wars of the Tetrarchy, the Christianization of the Roman Empire began, and in 326, Constantine\'s motherSaint HelenavisitedJerusalemand began the construction of churches and shrines. Palestine became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. TheSamaritan Revoltsduring this period caused their near extinction. In 614 CE, Palestine was annexed by another Persian dynasty; theSassanids, until returning to Byzantine control in 628 CE.[46]Middle AgesTheDome of the Rock, the world\'s first great work ofIslamic architecture, constructed in 691.Minaret of theWhite MosqueinRamla, constructed in 1318Arab architecture in the Middle AgesPalestine was conquered by theIslamic Caliphate, beginning in 634 CE.[47]In 636, theBattle of Yarmoukduring theMuslim conquest of the Levantmarked the start of Muslim hegemony over the region, which became known asJund Filastinwithin the province ofBilâd al-Shâm(Greater Syria).[48]In 661, with theAssassination of Ali,Muawiyah Ibecame the Caliph of the Islamic world after being crowned in Jerusalem.[49]TheDome of the Rock, completed in 691, was the world\'s first great work of Islamic architecture.[50]The majority of the population was Christian and was to remain so until the conquest of Saladin in 1187. The Muslim conquest apparently had little impact on social and administrative continuities for several decades.[51][52][53][vii]The word \'Arab\' at the time referred predominantly to Bedouin nomads, though Arab settlement is attested in the Judean highlands and near Jerusalem by the 5th century, and some tribes had converted to Christianity.[55]The local population engaged in farming, which was considered demeaning, and were calledNabaț, referring toAramaic-speaking villagers. Aḥadīth, brought in the name of a Muslim freedman who settled in Palestine, ordered the Muslim Arabs not to settle in the villages, \"for he who aofferes in villages it is as if he aofferes in graves\".[56]TheUmayyads, who had spurred a strong economic resurgence in the area,[57]were replaced by theAbbasidsin 750.Ramlabecame the administrative centre for the following centuries, while Tiberias became a thriving centre of Muslim scholarship.[58]From 878, Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with the Turkish freemanAhmad ibn Tulun, for whom both Jews and Christians prayed when he lay dying[59]and ending with theIkhshididrulers. Reverence for Jerusalem increased during this period, with many of the Egyptian rulers choosing to be buried there.[60]However, the later period became characterized by persecution of Christians as the threat from Byzantium grew.[61]TheFatimids, with a predominantlyBerberarmy, conquered the region in 970, a date that marks the beginning of a period of unceasing warfare between numerous enemies, which destroyed Palestine, and in particular devastating its Jewish population.[62]Between 1071-73, Palestine was captured by theGreat Seljuq Empire,[63]only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098,[64]who then lost the region to theCrusadersin 1099.[65]Theircontrol of Jerusalemand most of Palestine lasted almost a century until theirdefeatbySaladin\'s forces in 1187,[66]after which most of Palestine was controlled by theAyyuoffers.[66]A rump crusader state in the northern coastal cities survived for another century, but, despite seven further crusades, the Crusaders were no longer a significant power in the region.[67]TheFourth Crusade, which did not reach Palestine, led directly to the decline of the Byzantine Empire, dramatically reducing Christian influence throughout the region.[68]The Crusader fortress inAcre, also known as theHospitallerFortress, was built during the 12th century.TheMamluk Sultanatewas indirectly created in Egypt as a result of theSeventh Crusade.[69]TheMongol Empirereached Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with theMongol raids into PalestineunderNestorian ChristiangeneralKitbuqa, and reaching an apex at the pivotalBattle of Ain Jalut, where they were routed by the Mamluks.[70]Ottoman eraMain article:History of Palestine § Ottoman eraTheKhan al-Umdan, constructed inAcrein 1784, is the largest and best preservedcaravanseraiin the region.In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and theOttoman Empirein a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans conquered Palestine in 1516.[71]Between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, a close-knit alliance of three local dynasties, theRidwansofGaza, theTurabaysofal-Lajjunand theFarrukhsofNablus, governed Palestine on behalf of thePorte(imperial Ottoman government).[72]In the 18th century, theZaydaniclan under the leadership ofZahir al-Umarruled large parts of Palestine autonomously[73]until the Ottomans were able to defeat them in theirGalileestrongholds in 1775-76.[74]Zahir had turned the port city ofAcreinto a major regional power, partly fueled by his monopolization of thecottonandolive oiltrade from Palestine to Europe. Acre\'s regional dominance was further elevated under Zahir\'s successorAhmad Pasha al-Jazzarat the expense ofDamascus.[75]In 1830, on the eve ofMuhammad Ali\'s invasion,[76]the Porte transferred control of the sanjaks of Jerusalem and Nablus toAbdullah Pasha, the governor of Acre. According to Silverburg, in regional and cultural terms this move was important for creating an Arab Palestine detached from greater Syria (bilad al-Sham).[77]According to Pappe, it was an attempt to reinforce the Syrian front in face of Muhammad Ali\'s invasion.[78]Two years later, Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali\'s Egypt,[76]but Egyptian rule was challenged in 1834 by acountrywide popular uprisingagainstconscriptionand other measures considered intrusive by the population.[79]Its suppression devastated many of Palestine\'s villages and major towns.[80]In 1840, Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for furthercapitulations.[81]The death ofAqil Aghamarked the last local challenge to Ottoman centralization in Palestine,[82]and beginning in the 1860s, Palestine underwent an acceleration in its socio-economic development, due to its incorporation into the global, and particularly European, economic pattern of growth. The beneficiaries of this process were Arabic-speaking Muslims and Christians who emerged as a new layer within the Arab elite.[83]The end of the 19th century saw the beginning ofZionistimmigration and therevival of the Hebrew language and culture.[84]The movement was publicly supported by Great Britain duringWorld War Iwith theBalfour Declarationof 1917.[85]British mandate and partitionThe new era in Palestine. The arrival ofHerbert Samuelas the firstHigh Commissioner for Palestinein 1920. Samuel had promotedZionismwithin theBritish Cabinet, beginning with his 1915 memorandum entitledThe Future of Palestine. Beside him areLawrence of Arabia,Emir Abdullah,Air Marshal SalmondandWyndham Deedes.Further information:History of ZionismandHistory of IsraelPalestine passportandPalestine coin. The Mandatory authorities agreed acompromise position regarding the Hebrew name: in English and Arabic the name was simply \"Palestine\" (\"فلسطين\"), but the Hebrew version\"(פלשתינה)\"also included the acronym\"(א״י)\"forEretz Yisrael(Land of Israel).The British began theirSinai and Palestine Campaignin 1915.[86]The war reachedsouthern Palestine in 1917, progressing to Gaza and aroundJerusalem by the end of the year.[86]The Britishsecured Jerusalem in December 1917.[87]They moved into the Jordan valleyin 1918and a campaign by the Entente into northern Palestine led to victory atMegiddo in September.[87]The British were formally awardedthe mandate to govern the regionin 1922.[88]The non-Jewish Palestinians revolted in1920,1929, and1936.[89]In 1947, following World War II andThe Holocaust, the British Government announced its desire to terminate the Mandate, and theUnited Nations General Assemblyadopted in November 1947 aResolution 181(II)recommending partition into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem.[90]The Jewish leadership accepted the proposal, but the Arab Higher Committee rejected it; acivil warbegan immediately after the Resolution\'s adoption. TheState of Israelwasdeclaredin May 1948.[91]Post–1948In the1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of the Mandate territory,Jordan capturedthe region ofJudeaandSamaria,[92][93][94]renaming it the \"West Bank\", while theGaza Stripwascaptured by Egypt.[95][96]Following the1948 Palestinian exodus, also known as al-Nakba, the 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were driven from their homes werenot allowed to returnfollowing theLausanne Conference of 1949.[97]In the course of theSix-Day Warin June 1967, Israel captured the rest of Mandate Palestine from Jordan and Egypt, and began a policy of establishingJewish settlementsin thoseterritories. From 1987 to 1993, theFirst Palestinian Intifadaagainst Israel took place, which included theDeclaration of the State of Palestinein 1988 and ended with the1993 Oslo Peace Accordsand the creation of thePalestinian National Authority.In 2000, theSecond Intifada(also called al-Aqsa Intifada) began, and Israel built aseparation barrier. In the 2005Israeli disengagement from Gaza, Israel withdrew all settlers and military presence from the Gaza Strip, but maintained military control of numerous aspects of the territory including its borders, air space and coast. Israel\'s ongoing military occupation of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem continues to be the world\'slongest military occupationin modern times.[viii][ix]In November 2012, the status of Palestinian delegation in theUnited Nationswas upgraded tonon-member observer stateas theState of Palestine.[108][x]BoundariesSatellite image of the region of Palestine, 2003.Ancient and MedievalThe boundaries of Palestine have varied throughout history.[xi][xii]TheJordan Rift Valley(comprising Wadi Arabah, theDead SeaandRiver Jordan) has at times formed a political and administrative frontier, even within empires that have controlled both territories.[111]At other times, such as during certain periods during theHasmoneanandCrusaderstates for example, as well as during thebiblical period, territories on both sides of the river formed part of the same administrative unit. During theArabCaliphateperiod, parts of southernLebanonand the northern highland areas of Palestine and Jordan were administered asJund al-Urdun, while the southern parts of the latter two formed part ofJund Dimashq, which during the 9th century was attached to the administrative unit ofJund Filastin.[112]The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes, he uses it to refer to the coast north ofMount Carmel. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt.[113]Pliny, writing inLatinin the 1st century CE, describes a region of Syria that was \"formerly calledPalaestina\" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.[114]Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders ofPalaestina(IandII, also known asPalaestina Prima, \"First Palestine\", andPalaestina Secunda, \"Second Palestine\"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule,Filastin(orJund Filastin) was used administratively to refer to what was under the ByzantinesPalaestina Secunda(comprisingJudaea and Samaria), whilePalaestina Prima(comprising theGalileeregion) was renamedUrdunn(\"Jordan\" orJund al-Urdunn).[3]Modern periodNineteenth-century sources refer to Palestine as extending from the sea to the caravan route, presumably theHejaz-Damascus routeeast of the Jordan River valley.[115]Others refer to it as extending from the sea to the desert.[115]Prior to theAllied Powersvictory in World War I and thePartitioning of the Ottoman Empire, which created the British mandate in theLevant, most of the northern area of what is today Jordan formed part of theOttomanVilayet of Damascus(Syria), while the southern part of Jordan was part of theVilayet of Hejaz.[116]What later becameMandatory Palestinewas in late Ottoman times divided between theVilayet of Beirut(Lebanon) and theSanjak of Jerusalem.[26]TheZionist Organizationprovided its definition of the boundaries of Palestine in a statement to theParis Peace Conference in 1919.[117][118]The British administeredMandatory Palestineafter World War I, having promised to establish ahomeland for the Jewish people. The modern definition of the region follows the boundaries of that entity, which were fixed in the North and East in 1920-23 by theBritish Mandate for Palestine(including theTransjordan memorandum) and thePaulet–Newcombe Agreement,[27]and on the South by following the 1906 Turco-Egyptian boundary agreement.[119][120]Modern evolution of Palestine / Israel.vte1916–22 proposals:Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine. The red line is the \"International Administration\" proposed in the 1916Sykes–Picot Agreement, the dashed blue line is the 1919Zionist Organizationproposal at theParis Peace Conference, and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923–48Mandatory Palestine.1947 (proposal):Proposal per theUnited Nations Partition Plan for Palestine(UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), 1947), prior to the1948 Arab–Israeli War. The proposal included aCorpus Separatum for Jerusalem,extraterritorial crossroadsbetween the non-contiguous areas, andJaffaas an Arab exclave. Plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency, but rejected by Arab nations.1948–67 (actual):TheJordanian-annexed West Bank(light green) andEgyptian-occupied Gaza Strip(dark green), after the1948 Arab–Israeli War, showing1949 armistice lines.1967-1994:During theSix-Day War, Israel captured the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and theGolan Heights, together with the Sinai Peninsula (later traded for peace after theYom Kippur War). In 1980-81 Israelannexed East Jerusalemandthe Golan Heights. Neither Israel\'s annexation nor Palestine\'s claim over East Jerusalem has been internationally recognized.1994–2006:Under theOslo Accords, thePalestinian National Authoritywas created to provide civil government in certain urban areas of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.2006–present:After theIsraeli disengagement from Gazaandclashes between the two main Palestinian partiesfollowing theHamas electoral victory, two separate executive governments took control in Gaza and the West Bank.Current usageFurther information:Palestinian people,Palestinian territories,State of PalestineandPalestinian National AuthorityThe region of Palestine is theeponymfor thePalestinian peopleand theculture of Palestine, both of which are defined as relating to the whole historical region, usually defined as the localities within the border ofMandatory Palestine. The 1968Palestinian National Covenantdescribed Palestine as the \"homeland of the Arab Palestinian people\", with \"the boundaries it had during the British Mandate\".[121]However, since the 1988Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the termState of Palestinerefers only to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This discrepancy was described by the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas as a negotiated concession in a September 2011 speech to the United Nations: \"... we agreed to establish the State of Palestine on only 22% of the territory of historical Palestine - on all the Palestinian Territory occupied by Israel in 1967.\"[122]The termPalestineis also sometimes used in a limited sense to refer to the parts of the Palestinian territories currently under the administrative control of thePalestinian National Authority, a quasi-governmental entity which governs parts of the State of Palestine under the terms of theOslo Accords.[xiii]DemographicsMain article:Demographic history of PalestineEarly demographicsYear Jews Christians Muslims TotalFirst half 1st century CE Majority – – ~2,5005th century Minority Majority – >1st CEnd 12th century Minority Minority Majority >22514th century beforeBlack Death Minority Minority Majority 22514th century after Black Death Minority Minority Majority 150Historical population table compiled bySergio DellaPergola.[124]Figures in thousands.Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on two methods – censuses and writings made at the times, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settlement.According toIsraeli archaeologistsMagen Broshi and Yigal Shiloh, the population of ancient Palestine did not exceed one million.[125][126]By 300AD, Christianity had spread so significantly that Jews comprised only a quarter of the population.[66]Late Ottoman and British Mandate periodsIn the middle of the 1st century of the Ottoman rule, i.e. 1550 AD,Bernard Lewisin a study of Ottoman registers of the early Ottoman Rule of Palestine reports:[127]From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns ofJerusalem,Gaza,Safed,Nablus,Ramle, andHebron. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens.Year Jews Christians Muslims Total1533–1539 5 6 145 1571690–1691 2 11 219 2321800 7 22 246 2751890 43 57 432 5321914 94 70 525 6891922 84 71 589 7521931 175 89 760 1,0331947 630 143 1,181 1,970Historical population table compiled bySergio DellaPergola.[124]Figures in thousands.According to Alexander Scholch, the population of Palestine in 1850 was about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews.[128]According toOttomanstatistics studied byJustin McCarthy, the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 about 600,000 of whom 94% wereArabs.[129]In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews.[130]McCarthy estimates the non-Jewish population of Palestine at 452,789 in 1882; 737,389 in 1914; 725,507 in 1922; 880,746 in 1931; and 1,339,763 in 1946.[131]In 1920, the League of Nations\'Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestinedescribed the 700,000 people living in Palestine as follows:[132]Of these, 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or—a small number—are Protestants.The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850, there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years, a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.Current demographicsSee also:Demographics of IsraelandDemographics of the Palestinian territoriesAccording to Israel\'s Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2014, of Israel\'s 8.2 million people, 75% wereJews, 21%Arabs, and 4% \"others\".[xiv]Among Jews, 70% wereSabras(Israeli-born), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest areolim(immigrants)— 20.5% from Europe, the former Soviet republics, Russia, and the Americas, and 9% from Asia and Africa, including theArab countries.[xv]According to Palestinian evaluations in 2014, theWest Bankis inhabited by approximately 2.7 millionPalestiniansand theGaza Stripby another 1.8 million.[xvi]Gaza\'s population is expected to increase to 2.1 million people in 2020, leading to a density of more than 5,800 people per square kilometre.[133]According to these estimates the total population in the region of Palestine, as defined as Israel and the Palestinian territories, stands approximately 12.7 million.