CHARLES DARWINTHE ORIGIN OF SPECIES18602nd EDITIONEVOLUTION-NATURAL HISTORY

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CHARLES DARWINTHE ORIGIN OF SPECIES18602nd EDITIONEVOLUTION-NATURAL HISTORY:
$3173.23

ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIESBY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION

OR THE

PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.

BY CHARLES DARWIN, M.A

[2nd Edition]

FIFTH THOUSAND.

LONDON: JOHN MURRAY

1860

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BOOK DESCRIPTION: Original publisher's cloth, rebacked, preserving original endpapers,ix, 502pp, fold-out diagram at p. 117as called for,index, adverts dated Jan 1860 at rear. [FREEMAN F376]. Unrecorded variant binding with squint rules below lower triangle (see photo).

CONDITION:VERY GOOD. There is some wear and bumpingto the covers, which have been very skilfully repaired by rebacking the volume with vintage cloth and re-laying the original spine.The binding is very tight and square. Gilt titles bright - some darkening and wear towards the tail of the spine. The original endpapers have been reinforced using matching paper. Slight loss to the edge of the pastedown which has a London bookseller's ticket to bottom corner. Several previous owners are in evidence [Bookplate of Joshua H. Hutchinson, a bibliophile and print enthusiast who privately printed a catalouge of his library in 1882. Also the flamboyant signature of one Ernest Ford (the English composer?) on both endpaper and half-title. Two other names - one on bookplate (Helen Kerran?) and the half-title (J. Robson?) are hard to decipher.]. Some light foxing here and there but nothing serious. Folding diagram has a few spots. Book is complete in every sense, with original endpapers, half-title, diagram and inserted adverts - even down to the binder's ticket on the rear paste-down. A tight, complete, copy in a quirky - possibly unique - binding variant.

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Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, first published on 24 November 1859, is a seminal work of scientific literature, considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose through a branching pattern of evolution and common descent. Darwin included evidence that he had accumulated on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.

This, thesecond edition of the Origin of Species (not so-called on the title page) was published a couple of months after the first on January 7th, 1860. Three thousand copies were printed, (perhaps including the very few which have 1859 on the title page); this was the largest printing of any edition or issue in Darwin's lifetime. It can be recognized immediately by the date, by the words 'FIFTH THOUSAND', and the correct spelling of 'Linnean' on the title page. There are three quotations on the verso of the half-title leaf. The misprint 'speceies' is corrected and the whale-bear story diluted, an alteration which Darwin later regretted, although he never restored the full text. This story is not found again in any printing, except in the American editions of 1860, until the end of copyright.

With the 1st Edition of the Origin (1859) normally commanding 5 figure sums(6 figures for the finest examples), even the 2nd edition tends nowto be offered for sale for several thousand pounds. But here it is being offered at a1p start, with free insured postage anywhere in the world. Please note that this copy belongs to me (not a third party who could withdraw it), it isnot for sale anywhere else and Iwill notendthe sale early.

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CONTENTS:

CHAPTER I.

VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION.

Causes of Variability — Effects of Habit and the use or disuse of Parts — Correlated Variation — Inheritance — Character of Domestic Varieties — Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species — Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species — Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin — Principles of Selection, anciently followed, their Effects — Methodical and Unconscious Selection — Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions — Circumstances favourable to Man's power of Selection.

CHAPTER II.

VARIATION UNDER NATURE.

Variability — Individual Differences — Doubtful species — Wide ranging, much diffused, and common species, vary most — Species of the larger genera in each country vary more frequently than the species of the smaller genera — Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges

CHAPTER III.

STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE.

Its bearing on natural selection — The term used in a wide sense — Geometrical ratio of increase — Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants — Nature of the checks to increase — Competition universal — Effects of climate — Protection from the number of individuals — Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature — Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus — The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations.

CHAPTER IV.

NATURAL SELECTION; OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.

Natural Selection — its power compared with man's selection — its power on characters of trifling importance — its power at all ages and on both sexes — Sexual Selection — On the generality of intercrosses between individuals of the same species — Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to the results of Natural Selection, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals — Slow action — Extinction caused by Natural Selection — Divergence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants of any small area, and to naturalisation — Action of Natural Selection, through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the descendants from a common parent — Explains the Grouping of all organic beings — Advance in organisation — Low forms preserved — Convergence of character — Indefinite multiplication of species — Summary.

CHAPTER V.

LAWS OF VARIATION.

Effects of changed conditions — Use and disuse, combined with natural selection; organs of flight and of vision — Acclimatisation — Correlated variation — Compensation and economy of growth — False correlations — Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable — Parts developed in an unusual manner are highly variable; specific characters more variable than generic; secondary sexual characters variable — Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner — Reversions to long-lost characters — Summary.

CHAPTER VI.

DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY.

Difficulties of the theory of descent with modification — Absence or rarity of transitional varieties — Transitions in habits of life — Diversified habits in the same species — Species with habits widely different from those of their allies — Organs of extreme perfection — Modes of transition — Cases of difficulty — Natura non facit saltum — Organs of small importance — Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect — The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection ..

CHAPTER VII.

MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION.

Longevity — Modifications not necessarily simultaneous — Modifications apparently of no direct service — Progressive development — Characters of small functional importance, the most constant — Supposed incompetence of natural selection to account for the incipient stages of useful structures — Causes which interfere with the acquisition through natural selection of useful structures — Gradations of structure with changed functions — Widely different organs in members of the same class, developed from one and the same source — Reasons for disbelieving in great and abrupt modifications ..

CHAPTER VIII.

CHAPTER IX.

CHAPTER X.

ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD.

On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day — On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their number — On the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of denudation and of deposition — On the lapse of time as estimated by years — On the poorness of our palæontological collections — On the intermittence of geological formations — On the denudation of granitic areas — On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation — On the sudden appearance of groups of species — On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata — Antiquity of the habitable earth.

CHAPTER XI.

ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS.

On the slow and successive appearance of new species — On their different rates of change — Species once lost do not reappear — Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species — On Extinction — On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world — On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species — On the state of development of ancient forms — On the succession of the same types within the same areas — Summary of preceding and present chapter.

CHAPTER XII.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions — Importance of barriers — Affinity of the productions of the same continent — Centres of creation — Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means — Dispersal during the Glacial period — Alternate Glacial periods in the north and south. Distribution of fresh-water productions — On the inhabitants of oceanic islands — Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals — On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland — On colonization from the nearest source with subsequent modification — Summary of the last and present chapter

CHAPTER XIV.

MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.

CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups — Natural system — Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification — Classification of varieties — Descent always used in classification — Analogical or adaptive characters — Affinities, general, complex and radiating — Extinction separates and defines groups — MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual — EMBRYOLOGY, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age — RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin explained —

CHAPTER XV.

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

Recapitulation of the objections to the theory of Natural Selection — Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour — Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species — How far the theory of Natural Selection may be extended — Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural History — Concluding remarks. [THE END]

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