Jewish HOLOCAUST DAY POSTER Graphic \"SHEMA ISRAEL\" Judaica HAZZANUT Chazzan
![Jewish HOLOCAUST DAY POSTER Graphic \](img-large/g/CH4AAOSw6EhUNlVt/s-l1600/Jewish-HOLOCAUST-DAY-POSTER-Graphic-SHEMA-ISRAEL-J.jpg "Jewish HOLOCAUST DAY POSTER Graphic \")
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Jewish HOLOCAUST DAY POSTER Graphic \"SHEMA ISRAEL\" Judaica HAZZANUT Chazzan:
$125.00
DESCRIPTION : Here for sale is a genuine authentic vintage almost 45 years old GRAPHIC JEWISH POSTER . It was issued in1971 ( Fully dated ) by YAD VASHEM to commemorate the \"REMEMBERANCE DAY For The SHOA - HOLOCAUST And JEWISH HEROISM\" and announce two commemoration assemblies in YIDDISH and in HEBREW . Among the participants in this historical ceremony were two CHAZZANIM - HAZZANIM - Benjamin UNGER and Yeshayahu WEINREICH and two renowned OPERA singers , Emma Scheaver and the SINGER-CANTOR of Russian descent Sidor BELARSKY.The ORIGINAL vintage Judaica POSTER depicts in a most impressive GRAPHIC DESIGN of the \"SHEMA ISRAEL\" designed in flames of DESTRUCTION and HEROISM. The poster SIZE is around 19.5\" x 27.5\" . The poster isprinted on thin stock. Good condition. Folded. A few minor imperfections. Should look great under a framed glass. ( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ) The POSTER will be sent in a special protective rigid sealed packaging.
PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal .
SHIPPING : Shipp worldwide via registeredairmail is $19 . Poster will be sent in a special protective rigid sealed packaging .Will be sent within3-5 days after payment . Kindly note that duration of Int\'l registered airmail is around 10 days.
Yad Vashem (Hebrew: יָד וַשֵׁם) is Israel\'s official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, established in 1953 through the Yad Vashem Law passed by the Knesset, Israel\'s parliament.Yad Vashem is located on the western slope of Mount Herzl on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, 804 meters (2,638 ft) above sea level and adjacent to the Jerusalem Forest. The memorial consists of a 180-dunam (18.0 ha; 44.5-acre) complex containing the Holocaust History Museum, memorial sites such as the Children\'s Memorial and the Hall of Remembrance, The Museum of Holocaust Art, sculptures, outdoor commemorative sites such as the Valley of the Communities, a synagogue, a research institute with archives, a library, a publishing house, and an educational center named The International School/Institute for Holocaust Studies.When Yad Vashem came into being, a core goal of its founding visionaries was to recognize gentiles who, at personal risk, and without a financial or evangelistic motive, chose to save their Jewish brethren from the ongoing genocide during the Holocaust. Those recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous Among the Nations are honored in a section of Yad Vashem known as the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations.Yad Vashem is the second most-visited tourist site in Israel, after the Western Wall. Its curators charge no fee for admission and welcome approximately one million visitors a year.The name \"Yad Vashem\" is taken from a verse in the Book of Isaiah: Even unto them will I give in mine house and within my walls a place and a name (yad vashem) better than of sons and of daughters: I will give them an everlasting name, that shall not be cut off\" (Isaiah 56:5). Naming the Holocaust memorial \"yad vashem\" conveys the idea of establishing a national depository for the names of Jewish victims who have no one to carry their name after death.[1]HistoryThe idea of establishing a memorial in the historical Jewish homeland for Jewish victims of the Nazi Holocaust was conceived during World War II, as a response to reports of the mass murder of Jews in Nazi-occupied countries. Yad Vashem was first proposed in September 1942, at a board meeting of the Jewish National Fund, by Mordecai Shenhavi, a member of Kibbutz Mishmar Ha\'emek.[1] In August 1945, the plan was discussed in greater detail at a Zionist meeting in London. A provisional board of Zionist leaders was established that included David Remez as chairman, Shlomo Zalman Shragai, Baruch Zuckerman, and Shenhavi. In February 1946, Yad Vashem opened an office in Jerusalem and a branch office in Tel Aviv and in June that year, convened its first plenary session. In July 1947, the First Conference on Holocaust Research was held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. However, the outbreak in May 1948 of the War of Independence, brought operations to a standstill for two years. In 1953, the Knesset, Israel\'s Parliament, unanimously passed the Yad Vashem Law, establishing the Martyrs\' and Heroes\' Remembrance Authority.The location of Yad Vashem on the western side of Mount Herzl, an area devoid of weighty historical associations, was chosen to convey a symbolic message of \"rebirth\" after destruction, unlike the Chamber of the Holocaust, founded in 1948 on Mount Zion.[2][3] Thus, the latter museum, whose walls are lined with plaques memorializing over 2,000 Jewish communities destroyed during the Holocaust,[4][5] portrays the Holocaust as a continuation of the \"death and destruction\" that plagued Jewish communities throughout Jewish history.[6]The new Yad Vashem museum was designed by Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie, replacing the previous 30-year old exhibition.[7] It is the culmination of a $100 million decade-long expansion project.[8]In November 2008, Rabbi Yisrael Meir Lau was appointed Chairman of Yad Vashem to replace Tommy Lapid.[9]ObjectivesThe goals of Yad Vashem are education, research and documentation and commemoration.[10] Yad Vashem organizes professional development courses for educators both in Israel and throughout the world; develops age-appropriate study programs, curricula and educational materials for Israeli and foreign schools in order to teach students of all ages about the Holocaust; holds exhibitions about the Holocaust; collects the names of Holocaust victims;[11] collects photos, documents and personal artifacts; and collects Pages of Testimony memorializing victims of the Holocaust.[12] Yad Vashem seeks to preserve the memory and names of the six million Jews murdered during the Holocaust and the numerous Jewish communities destroyed during that time. It holds ceremonies of remembrance and commemoration; supports Holocaust research projects; develops and coordinates symposia, workshops and international conferences; and publishes research, memoirs, documents, albums and diaries related to the Holocaust.[13] Yad Vashem also honors non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.The International School/Institute for Holocaust Studies at Yad Vashem, founded in 1993, offers guides and seminars for students, teachers and educators, and develops pedagogic tools for use in the classroom.[14] Yad Vashem trains 10,000 domestic and foreign teachers every year.[15] The organization operates a web site in several languages, including German, Hebrew, Farsi and Arabic. In 2013 Yad Vashem launched an online campaign in Arabic, promoting Yad Vashem\'s website. The campaign reached over 2.4 million Arabic speakers from around the globe, and the traffic to Yad Vashem\'s website was tripled.[16]Yad Vashem Studies is a peer-reviewed semi-annual scholarly journal on the Shoah. Published since 1957, it appears in both English and Hebrew editions.[17]MuseumYad Vashem opened to the public in 1957. The exhibits focused on Jewish resistance in the Warsaw ghetto, the uprisings in Sobibor and Treblinka death camps, and the struggle of survivors to reach Israel.[18]In 1993, planning began for a larger, more technologically advanced museum to replace the old one. The new building, designed by Canadian-Israeli architect Moshe Safdie, consists of a long corridor connected to 10 exhibition halls, each dedicated to a different chapter of the Holocaust. The museum combines the personal stories of 90 Holocaust victims and survivors and presents approximately 2,500 personal items including artwork and letters donated by survivors and others. The old historical displays revolving around anti-Semitism and the rise of Nazism have been replaced by exhibits that focus on the personal stories of Jews killed in the Holocaust. According to Avner Shalev, the museum\'s curator and chairman, a visit to the new museum revolves around \"looking into the eyes of the individuals. There weren\'t six million victims, there were six million individual murders.\"[18]The new museum was dedicated on 15 March 2005 in the presence of leaders from 40 states and former Secretary General of the UN Kofi Annan. President of Israel Moshe Katzav said that Yad Vashem serves as \"an important signpost to all of humankind, a signpost that warns how short the distance is between hatred and murder, between racism and genocide.\"[19]ArchitectureThe museum, designed by Moshe Safdie, is shaped like a triangular concrete \"prism\" that cuts through the landscape, illuminated by a 200-meter long skylight. Visitors follow a preset route that takes them through underground galleries that branch off from the main hall.[8] Visitors are guided into the galleries by a series of impassable gaps that of the Holocaust are highlighted.[20]Hall of NamesThe Hall of Names is a memorial to the 6 million Jews who perished in the Holocaust. The main hall is composed of two cones: one ten meters high, with a reciprocal well-like cone excavated into the underground rock, its base filled with water. On the upper cone is a display featuring 600 photographs of Holocaust victims and fragments of Pages of Testimony. These are reflected in the water at the bottom of the lower cone, commemorating those victims whose names remain unknown. Surrounding the platform is the circular repository, housing the approximately 2.2 million Pages of Testimony collected to date, with empty spaces for those yet to be submitted. Since the 1950s, Yad Vashem has collected approximately 110,000 audio, video and written testimonies by Holocaust survivors. As the survivors age, the program has expanded to visiting survivors in their homes to tape interviews. Adjoining the hall is a study area with a computerized data bank where visitors can do online searches for the names of Holocaust victims.GalleryRighteous Among the NationsMain article: Righteous Among the NationsOne of Yad Vashem\'s tasks is to honor non-Jews who risked their lives, liberty or positions to save Jews during the Holocaust. To this end a special independent Commission, headed by a retired Supreme Court Justice, was established. The commission members, including historians, public figures, lawyers and Holocaust survivors, examine and evaluate each case according to a well-defined set of criteria and regulations. The Righteous receive a certificate of honor and a medal and their names are commemorated in the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations,[21] on the Mount of Remembrance, Yad Vashem. This is an ongoing project that will continue for as long as there are valid requests, substantiated by testimonies or documentation. 555 individuals were recognized during 2011, and as of 2011, more than 24,300 individuals have been recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.Art galleryYad Vashem houses the world\'s largest collection of artwork produced by Jews and other victims of Nazi occupation in 1933-1945. Yehudit Shendar, the senior art curator of Yad Vashem, supervises a 10,000-piece collection, adding 300 pieces a year, most of them donated by survivors\' families or discovered in attics.[22] Included in the collection are works by: Alexander Bogen, Alice Lok Cahana, Samuel Bak, and Felix Nussbaum.Prizes awarded by Yad VashemYad Vashem awards the following book prizes:Yad Vashem Prize for Children\'s Holocaust LiteratureYad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research, established in 2011 in memory of Abraham Meir Schwartzbaum, Holocaust survivor, and his family who was murdered in the Holocaust. It is awarded annually in recognition of high scholarly research and writing on the Holocaust.[23]Sussman Prize for Paintings of the Shoah.The annual Buchman Foundation Memorial Prize, for writers and scholars for Holocaust-related works. Recipients include:[24] 2007: Hanoch Bartov, for Beyond the Horizon, Across the Street2007: Shlomo Aharonson, for Hitler, the Allies and the JewsEarlier: Aharon Applefeld, Alona Frankel (2005),[25] Ida Fink, Dina Porat, Lizzie Doron, Amir Gottfreund, Itamar Levin.Awards bestowed upon Yad VashemIn 1973, the Pinkas HaKehillot (Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities) project of Yad Vashem was awarded the Israel Prize, for its special contribution to society and the State.[26]In 2003, Yad Vashem was awarded the Israel Prize, for lifetime achievement and its special contribution to society and the State.[27][28]In September 2007, Yad Vashem received the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord.[29] The Prince of Asturias Awards is presented in 8 categories. The Award for Concord is bestowed upon the person, persons or institution whose work has made an exemplary and outstanding contribution to mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence amongst men, to the struggle against injustice or ignorance, to the defense of freedom, or whose work has widened the horizons of knowledge or has been outstanding in protecting and preserving mankind\'s heritage.On 25 October 2007, Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev was honored with the Légion d’honneur for his \"extraordinary work on behalf of Holocaust remembrance worldwide.\" French President Nicolas Sarkozy personally presented Shalev with the award in a special ceremony at the Elysee Palace.In 2011, Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev received the City of Jerusalem’s prestigious Patron of Jerusalem Award in recognition of his public activities focused in Israel\'s capital and on its behalf.[30]Yad Vashem (Hebrew: יָד וַשֵׁם) is Israel\'s official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust,established in 1953 through the Yad Vashem Law passed by the Knesset, Israel\'s parliament.Yad Vashem is located on the western slope of Mount Herzl on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, 804 meters (2,638 ft) above sea level and adjacent to the Jerusalem Forest. The memorial consists of a 180-dunam (18.0 ha; 44.5-acre) complex containing the Holocaust History Museum, memorial sites such as the Children\'s Memorial and the Hall of Remembrance, The Museum of Holocaust Art, sculptures, outdoor commemorative sites such as the Valley of the Communities, a synagogue, a research institute with archives, a library, a publishing house, and an educational center named The International School/Institute for Holocaust Studies.When Yad Vashem came into being, a core goal of its founding visionaries was to recognize gentiles who, at personal risk, and without a financial or evangelistic motive, chose to save their Jewish brethren from the ongoing genocide during the Holocaust. Those recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous Among the Nations are honored in a section of Yad Vashem known as the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations.Yad Vashem is the second most-visited tourist site in Israel, after the Western Wall. Its curators charge no fee for admission and welcome approximately one million visitors a year.The Holocaust (also called Shoah in Hebrew) refers to the period from January 30, 1933, when Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, to May 8, 1945 (VE Day), when the war in Europe ended. During this time, Jews in Europe were subjected to progressively harsh persecution that ultimately led to the murder of 6,000,000 Jews (1.5 million of these being children) and the destruction of 5,000 Jewish communities. These deaths represented two-thirds of European Jewry and one-third of world Jewry. The Jews who died were not casualties of the fighting that ravaged Europe during World War II. Rather, they were the victims of Germany\'s deliberate and systematic attempt to annihilate the entire Jewish population of Europe, a plan Hitler called the “Final Solution” (Endlosung). After its defeat in World War I, Germany was humiliated by the Versailles Treaty, which reduced its prewar territory, drastically reduced its armed forces, demanded the recognition of its guilt for the war, and stipulated it pay reparations to the allied powers. The German Empire destroyed, a new parliamentary government called the Weimar Republic was formed. The republic suffered from economic instability, which grew worse during the worldwide depression after the New York stock market crash in 1929. Massive inflation followed by very high unemployment heightened existing class and political differences and began to undermine the government. On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler, leader of the National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party, was named chancellor by president Paul von Hindenburg after the Nazi party won a significant percentage of the vote in the elections of 1932. The Nazi Party had taken advantage of the political unrest in Germany to gain an electoral foothold. The Nazis incited clashes with the communists, who many feared, disrupted the government with demonstrations, and conducted a vicious propaganda campaign against its political opponents-the weak Weimar government, and the Jews, whom the Nazis blamed for Germany\'s ills. Propaganda: “The Jews Are Our Misfortune” A major tool of the Nazis\' propaganda assault was the weekly Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer (The Attacker). At the bottom of the front page of each issue, in bold letters, the paper proclaimed, \"The Jews are our misfortune!\" Der Stürmer also regularly featured cartoons of Jews in which they were caricatured as hooked-nosed and apelike. The influence of the newspaper was far-reaching: by 1938 about a half million copies were distributed weekly. Soon after he became chancellor, Hitler called for new elections in an effort to get full control of the Reichstag, the German parliament, for the Nazis. The Nazis used the government apparatus to terrorize the other parties. They arrested their leaders and banned their political meetings. Then, in the midst of the election campaign, on February 27, 1933, the Reichstag building burned. A Dutchman named Marinus van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime, and he swore he had acted alone. Although many suspected the Nazis were ultimately responsible for the act, the Nazis managed to blame the Communists, thus turning more votes their way. The fire signaled the demise of German democracy. On the next day, the government, under the pretense of controlling the Communists, abolished individual rights and protections: freedom of the press, assembly, and expression were nullified, as well as the right to privacy. When the elections were held on March 5, the Nazis received nearly 44 percent of the vote, and with 8 percent offered by the Conservatives, won a majority in the government. The Nazis moved swiftly to consolidate their power into a dictatorship. On March 23, the Enabling Act was passed. It sanctioned Hitler’s dictatorial efforts and legally enabled him to pursue them further. The Nazis marshaled their formidable propaganda machine to silence their critics. They also developed a sophisticated police and military force. The Sturmabteilung (S.A., Storm Troopers), a grassroots organization, helped Hitler undermine the German democracy. The Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei, Secret State Police), a force recruited from professional police officers, was given complete freedom to arrest anyone after February 28. The Schutzstaffel (SS, Protection Squad) served as Hitler’s personal bodyguard and eventually controlled the concentration camps and the Gestapo. The Sicherheitsdienst des ReichsführersSS (S.D., Security Service of the SS) functioned as the Nazis\' intelligence service, uncovering enemies and keeping them under surveillance. With this police infrastructure in place, opponents of the Nazis were terrorized, beaten, or sent to one of the concentration camps the Germans built to incarcerate them. Dachau, just outside of Munich, was the first such camp built for political prisoners. Dachau\'s purpose changed over time and eventually became another brutal concentration camp for Jews. By the end of 1934 Hitler was in absolute control of Germany, and his campaign against the Jews in full swing. The Nazis claimed the Jews corrupted pure German culture with their \"foreign\" and \"mongrel\" influence. They portrayed the Jews as evil and cowardly, and Germans as hardworking, courageous, and honest. The Jews, the Nazis claimed, who were heavily represented in finance, commerce, the press, literature, theater, and the arts, had weakened Germany\'s economy and culture. The massive government-supported propaganda machine created a racial anti-Semitism, which was different from the longstanding anti-Semitic tradition of the Christian churches. The superior race was the \"Aryans,\" the Germans. The word Aryan, \"derived from the study of linguistics, which started in the eighteenth century and at some point determined that the Indo-Germanic (also known as Aryan) languages were superior in their structures, variety, and vocabulary to the Semitic languages that had evolved in the Near East. This judgment led to a certain conjecture about the character of the peoples who spoke these languages; the conclusion was that the \'Aryan\' peoples were likewise superior to the \'Semitic\' ones\" (Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 36). The Jews Are Isolated from Society The Nazis then combined their racial theories with the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin to justify their treatment of the Jews. The Germans, as the strongest and fittest, were destined to rule, while the weak and racially adulterated Jews were doomed to extinction. Hitler began to restrict the Jews with legislation and terror, which entailed burning books written by Jews, removing Jews from their professions and public schools, confiscating their businesses and property and excluding them from public events. The most infamous of the anti-Jewish legislation were the Nuremberg Laws, enacted on September 15, 1935. They formed the legal basis for the Jews\' exclusion from German society and the progressively restrictive Jewish policies of the Germans. Many Jews attempted to flee Germany, and thousands succeeded by immigrating to such countries as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, England, France and Holland. It was much more difficult to get out of Europe. Jews encountered stiff immigration quotas in most of the world\'s countries. Even if they obtained the necessary documents, they often had to wait months or years before leaving. Many families out of desperation sent their children first. In July 1938, representatives of 32 countries met in the French town of Evian to discuss the refugee and immigration problems created by the Nazis in Germany. Nothing substantial was done or decided at the Evian Conference, and it became apparent to Hitler that no one wanted the Jews and that he would not meet resistance in instituting his Jewish policies. By the autumn of 1941, Europe was in effect sealed to most legal emigration. The Jews were trapped. On November 910, 1938, the attacks on the Jews became violent. Hershel Grynszpan, a 17yearold Jewish boy distraught at the deportation of his family, shot Ernst vom Rath, the third secretary in the German Embassy in Paris, who died on November 9. Nazi hooligans used this assassination as the pretext for instigating a night of destruction that is now known as Kristallnacht (the night of broken glass). They looted and destroyed Jewish homes and businesses and burned synagogues. Many Jews were beaten and killed; 30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. The Jews Are Confined to Ghettos Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, beginning World War II. Soon after, in 1940, the Nazis began establishing ghettos for the Jews of Poland. More than 10 percent of the Polish population was Jewish, numbering about three million. Jews were forcibly deported from their homes to live in crowded ghettos, isolated from the rest of society. This concentration of the Jewish population later aided the Nazis in their deportation of the Jews to the death camps. The ghettos lacked the necessary food, water, space, and sanitary facilities required by so many people living within their constricted boundaries. Many died of deprivation and starvation. The “Final Solution” In June 1941 Germany attacked the Soviet Union and began the \"Final Solution.\" Four mobile killing groups were formed called Einsatzgruppen A, B, C and D. Each group contained several commando units. The Einsatzgruppen gathered Jews town by town, marched them to huge pits dug earlier, stripped them, lined them up, and shot them with automatic weapons. The dead and dying would fall into the pits to be buried in mass graves. In the infamous Babi Yar massacre, near Kiev, 30,000-35,000 Jews were killed in two days. In addition to their operations in the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen conducted mass murder in Eastern Poland, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. It is estimated that by the end of 1942, the Einsatzgruppen had murdered more than 1.3 million Jews. On January 20, 1942, several top officials of the German government met to officially coordinate the military and civilian administrative branches of the Nazi system to organize a system of mass murder of the Jews. This meeting, called the Wannsee Conference, \"marked the beginning of the full-scale, comprehensive extermination operation [of the Jews] and laid the foundations for its organization, which started immediately after the conference ended\" (Yahil, The Holocaust, p. 318). While the Nazis murdered other national and ethnic groups, such as a number of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish intellectuals, and gypsies, only the Jews were marked for systematic and total annihilation. Jews were singled out for \"Special Treatment\" (Sonderbehandlung), which meant that Jewish men, women and children were to be methodically killed with poisonous gas. In the exacting records kept at the Auschwitz death camp, the cause of death of Jews who had been gassed was indicated by \"SB,\" the first letters of the two words that form the German term for \"Special Treatment.\" By the spring of 1942, the Nazis had established six killing centers (death camps) in Poland: Chelmno (Kulmhof), Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Maidanek and Auschwitz. All were located near railway lines so that Jews could be easily transported daily. A vast system of camps (called Lagersystem) supported the death camps. The purpose of these camps varied: some were slave labor camps, some transit camps, others concentration camps and their subcamps, and still others the notorious death camps. Some camps combined all of these functions or a few of them. All the camps were intolerably brutal. The major concentration camps were Ravensbruck, Neuengamme, Bergen-Belsen, Sachsenhausen, Gross-Rosen, Buchenwald, Theresienstadt, Flossenburg, Natzweiler-Struthof, Dachau, Mauthausen, Stutthof, and Dora/Nordhausen. In nearly every country overrun by the Nazis, the Jews were forced to wear badges marking them as Jews, they were rounded up into ghettos or concentration camps and then gradually transported to the killing centers. The death camps were essentially factories for murdering Jews. The Germans shipped thousands of Jews to them each day. Within a few hours of their arrival, the Jews had been stripped of their possessions and valuables, gassed to death, and their bodies burned in specially designed crematoriums. Approximately 3.5 million Jews were murdered in these death camps. Many healthy, young strong Jews were not killed immediately. The Germans\' war effort and the “Final Solution” required a great deal of manpower, so the Germans reserved large pools of Jews for slave labor. These people, imprisoned in concentration and labor camps, were forced to work in German munitions and other factories, such as I.G. Farben and Krupps, and wherever the Nazis needed laborers. They were worked from dawn until dark without adequate food and shelter. Thousands perished, literally worked to death by the Germans and their collaborators. In the last months of Hitler’s Reich, as the German armies retreated, the Nazis began marching the prisoners still alive in the concentration camps to the territory they still controlled. The Germans forced the starving and sick Jews to walk hundreds of miles. Most died or were shot along the way. About a quarter of a million Jews died on the death marches. Jewish Resistance The Germans\' overwhelming repression and the presence of many collaborators in the various local populations severely limited the ability of the Jews to resist. Jewish resistance did occur, however, in several forms. Staying alive, clean, and observing Jewish religious traditions constituted resistance under the dehumanizing conditions imposed by the Nazis. Other forms of resistance involved escape attempts from the ghettos and camps. Many who succeeded in escaping the ghettos lived in the forests and mountains in family camps and in fighting partisan units. Once free, though, the Jews had to contend with local residents and partisan groups who were often openly hostile. Jews also staged armed revolts in the ghettos of Vilna, Bialystok, Bedzin-Sosnowiec, Cracow, and Warsaw. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the largest ghetto revolt. Massive deportations (or Aktions) had been held in the ghetto from July to September 1942, emptying the ghetto of the majority of Jews imprisoned there. When the Germans entered the ghetto again in January 1943 to remove several thousand more, small unorganized groups of Jews attacked them. After four days, the Germans withdrew from the ghetto, having deported far fewer people than they had intended. The Nazis reentered the ghetto on April 19, 1943, the eve of Passover, to evacuate the remaining Jews and close the ghetto. The Jews, using homemade bombs and stolen or bartered weapons, resisted and withstood the Germans for 27 days. They fought from bunkers and sewers and evaded capture until the Germans burned the ghetto building by building. By May 16 the ghetto was in ruins and the uprising crushed. Jews also revolted in the death camps of Sobibor, Treblinka and Auschwitz. All of these acts of resistance were largely unsuccessful in the face of the superior German forces, but they were very important spiritually, giving the Jews hope that one day the Nazis would be defeated. Liberation and the End of War The camps were liberated gradually, as the Allies advanced on the German army. For example, Maidanek (near Lublin, Poland) was liberated by Soviet forces in July 1944, Auschwitz in January 1945 by the Soviets, Bergen-Belsen (near Hanover, Germany) by the British in April 1945, and Dachau by the Americans in April 1945. At the end of the war, between 50,000 and 100,000 Jewish survivors were living in three zones of occupation: American, British and Soviet. Within a year, that figure grew to about 200,000. The American zone of occupation contained more than 90 percent of the Jewish displaced persons (DPs). The Jewish DPs would not and could not return to their homes, which brought back such horrible memories and still held the threat of danger from anti-Semitic neighbors. Thus, they languished in DP camps until emigration could be arranged to Palestine, and later Israel, the United States, South America and other countries. The last DP camp closed in 1957 (David S. Wyman, \"The United States,\" in David S. Wyman, ed., The World Reacts to the Holocaust, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp. 70710). Below are figures for the number of Jews murdered in each country that came under German domination. They are estimates, as are all figures relating to Holocaust victims. The numbers given here for Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania are based on their territorial borders before the 1938 Munich agreement. The total number of six million Jews murdered during the Holocaust, which emerged from the Nuremberg trials, is also an estimate. Numbers have ranged between five and seven million killed. Africa 526 Albania 200 Austria 65,000 Belgium 24,387 Czechoslovakia 277,000 Denmark 77 Estonia 4,000 France 83,000 Germany 160,000 Greece 71,301 Hungary 305,000 Italy 8,000 Latvia 85,000 Lithuania 135,000 Luxembourg 700 Netherlands 106,000 Norway 728 Poland 3,001,000 Romania 364,632 Soviet Union 1,500,000 Yugoslavia 67,122Yom HaZikaron laShoah ve-laG\'vurah (יום הזיכרון לשואה ולגבורה; \"Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day\"), known colloquially in Israel and abroad as Yom HaShoah (יום השואה) and in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day, or Holocaust Day, is observed as Israel\'s day of commemoration for the approximately six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust as a result of the actions carried out by Nazi Germany and its accessories, and for the Jewish resistance in that period. In Israel, it is a national memorial day. It was inaugurated in 1953, anchored by a law signed by the Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion and the President of Israel Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. It is held on the 27th of Nisan (April/May), unless the 27th would be adjacent to Shabbat, in which case the date is shifted by a day.[1]Some other countries have different commemorative days for the same event—see Holocaust Memorial Day.OriginsYom HaShoah was inaugurated in 1953, anchored in a law signed by the Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion, and the President of Israel, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi.[2]The original proposal was to hold Yom HaShoah on the 14th of Nisan, the anniversary of the Warsaw ghetto uprising (April 19, 1943), but this was problematic because the 14th of Nisan is the day immediately before Pesach (Passover). The date was moved to the 27th of Nisan, which is eight days before Yom Ha\'atzma\'ut, or Israeli Independence Day.While there are Orthodox Jews who commemorate the Holocaust on Yom HaShoah, others in the Orthodox community—especially Haredim, including Hasidim—remember the victims of the Holocaust on days of mourning declared by the rabbis before the Holocaust, such as Tisha b\'Av in the summer,[3] and the Tenth of Tevet, in the winter, because in the Jewish tradition the month of Nisan is considered a joyous month associated with Passover and messianic redemption. Ismar Schorsch, former Chancellor of Conservative Judaism\'s Jewish Theological Seminary of America held that Holocaust commemoration should take place on Tisha b\'Av.[4]Most Jewish communities hold a solemn ceremony on this day, but there is no institutionalized ritual accepted by all Jews. Lighting memorial candles and reciting the Kaddish—the prayer for the departed—are common. The Masorti (Conservative Judaism) movement in Israel has created Megillat HaShoah, a scroll and liturgical reading for Yom HaShoah, a joint project of Jewish leaders in Israel, the United States and Canada. The booklet was subsequently converted into a kosher scroll by sofer Marc Michaels for reading in the community and then into a tikkun—copyist guide for scribes—\'Tikkun megillat hashoah\'. In 1984, Conservative Rabbi David Golinkin wrote an article in the journal Conservative Judaism suggesting a program of observance for the holiday, including fasting.CommemorationYom HaShoah opens in Israel at sundown[5] in a state ceremony held in Warsaw Ghetto Square at Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs\' and Heroes Authority, in Jerusalem. During the ceremony the national Flag is lowered to half mast, the President and the Prime Minister both deliver speeches, Holocaust survivors light six torches symbolizing the approximately six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust and the Chief Rabbis recite prayers.[6]On Yom HaShoah, ceremonies and services are held at schools, military bases and by other public and community organizations.On the eve of Yom HaShoah and the day itself, places of public entertainment are closed by law. Israeli television airs Holocaust documentaries and Holocaust-related talk shows, and low-key songs are played on the radio. Flags on public buildings are flown at half mast. At 10:00 a.m., an air raid siren sounds throughout the country and Israelis observe one minute of solemn reflection. People stop what they are doing and motorists stop their cars in the middle of the road, standing beside their vehicles in silence as the siren is sounded.[7]Observance of the day is moved back to the Thursday before, if 27 Nisan falls on a Friday (as in 2008), or forward a day, if 27 Nisan falls on a Sunday (to avoid adjacency with the Jewish Sabbath). The fixed Jewish calendar ensures 27 Nisan does not fall on Saturday.[1]AbroadJews in the Diaspora may observe this day within the synagogue, as well as in the broader Jewish community. Commemorations range from synagogue services to communal vigils and educational programs. Many Yom HaShoah programs feature a talk by a Holocaust survivor or a direct descendant, recitation of appropriate psalms, songs and readings, or viewing of a Holocaust-themed film. Some communities choose to emphasize the depth of loss that Jews experienced in the Holocaust by reading the names of Holocaust victims one after another—dramatizing the unfathomable notion of six million deaths. Many Jewish schools also hold Holocaust-related educational programs on, or around, Yom HaShoah.Also during this day, tens of thousands of Israeli high-school students, and thousands of Jews and non-Jews from around the world, hold a memorial service in Auschwitz, in what has become known as \"The March of the Living,\" in defiance of the Holocaust Death Marches. This event is endorsed and subsidized by the Israeli Ministry of Education and the Holocaust Claims Conference, and is considered an important part of the school curriculum – a culmination of several months of studies on World War II and the Holocaust.Liturgy for Yom HaShoahIn the last few decades all the prayerbooks of Conservative, Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism have developed similar liturgies to be used on Yom HaShoah. The siddurim of these groups add passages that are meant to be added to standard weekday service, as well as stand-alone sections. These liturgies generally include:Lighting of a candle (often each member of the congregation lights one)Modern poems, including \"I believe in the sun even when it is not shining...El Malei Rahamim (God, full of mercy, dwelling on high)Mourner\'s Kaddish.In the Conservative Sim Shalom and the Israeli Masorti Va\'ani Tefilati siddurim there is a special addition into the framework of the Shomeya Tefillah (\"Hear our prayer\")[8] or Birkat HaTzadikim (Prayer for the Righteous),[9] Nachem, said in each Amidah of Yom HaShoah.Some Modern Orthodox prayerbooks suggest prayers or psalms to be said on Yom HaShoah.In 1988 the American Reform movement published Six Days of Destruction (Elie Wiesel and Rabbi Albert Friedlander). Narratives from Holocaust survivors are juxtaposed with the six days of creation found in Genesis.More recently Conservative rabbis and lay leaders in the US, Israel and Canada collaborated to write Megillat Hashoah, (The Holocaust Scroll). It contains personal recollections of Holocaust survivors. A responsa was written by Rabbi David Golinkin expressing the view that not only is it legitimate for the modern Jewish community to write a new scroll of mourning, it was also incumbent to do so.[10]In response to the lack of liturgy dedicated to Yom HaShoah, Daniel Gross composed, in 2009, I Believe - A Shoah Requiem, a complete musical liturgy dedicated to the observance of Yom HaShoah. An a cappella oratorio scored for cantor, soprano solo, adult chorus and children\'s chorus, I Believe features several traditional prayer texts such as the Mourner\'s Kaddish (Kaddish Yatom) and the El Malei memorial prayer, and also includes the poetry of Paul Celan and Primo Levi. On April 7, 2013, I Believe had its World Premiere presentation at Orchestra Hall at the Max M. Fisher Music Center in Detroit, Michigan. An excerpt from this oratorio, Kaddish Yatom on YouTube, was performed earlier at the Rykestrasse Synagogue in Berlin during the 2012 Cantors Assembly Mission to Germany. Daniel Gross is a graduate of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, The Juilliard School and The University of Pennsylvania and is the cantor of Adat Shalom Synagogue in Farmington Hills, Michigan.Orthodox Judaism and Yom HaShoahThe Chief Rabbinate of Israel, in 1949, under the guidance of Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel and Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, decided that the Tenth of Tevet should be the national remembrance days for victims of the Holocaust. The Tenth of Tevet fast commemorates the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II. For this day, it recommended traditional Jewish ways of remembering the dead, such as the study of the traditional Mishnah section about ritual baths, saying Psalms, lighting a yahrzeit candle and saying Kaddish for those Holocaust victims whose date of death remains unknown. On other occasions, the Chief Rabbinate also referred to Tisha b\'Av as being a date of remembrance for Holocaust victims.[11]The Knesset decision taken on April 21, 1951 to designate the 27th of Nisan as Yom HaShoah ignored the Rabbinate\'s decision from two years earlier, and the Chief Rabbinate, in turn, decided to ignore the Knesset\'s chosen date, one reason being the fact that Jewish law foroffers fasting and certain laws of mourning during the month of Nisan, which is considered to be a month of happiness. Another view, held by influential Haredi Rabbi Avraham Yeshayeh Karelitz (known as the \'Chazon Ish\'), held that nowadays we do not have the power to institute new days of mourning or commemoration for future generations.While there are nevertheless Orthodox Jews who commemorate the Holocaust on Yom HaShoah, others in the Orthodox community – especially Haredim, including Hasidim – remember the victims of the Holocaust on traditional days of mourning which were already in place before the Holocaust, such as Tisha B\'Av in the summer, and the Tenth of Tevet, in the winter. Several well-known Haredi rabbis, including Rabbi Michael Dov Ber Weissmandl, Rabbi Shlomo Halberstam of Bobov, Rabbi Shimon Schwab, and several others, wrote kinnot about the Shoah, to be said on Tisha b\'Av.While most Modern Orthodox Religious Zionist Jews do stand still for two minutes during the siren, in Haredi areas, no attention is given to Yom HaShoah. Most stores do not close, schools continue and most people do not stop walking when the siren sounds. The non-participation of Haredim in Yom HaShoah is one of the points which regularly causes friction between Haredim and non-Haredim in Israel, as non-Haredim consider the Haredi position of ignoring the siren and Yom HaShoah altogether to be disrespectful.Thus, a situation has come into existence where religious forms of commemoration take place primarily on the Tenth of Tevet and on Tisha b\'Av, while secular forms of commemoration take place primarily on Yom HaShoah, and either part of the population ignores the other\'s day of commemoration.Conservative Judaism and Yom HaShoahIn 1981, members of the Federation of Jewish Men\'s Clubs FJMC, a branch of the mainstream Conservative/Masorti movement, created a special memorial project specifically for Yom HaShoah. A dedicated yahrzeit candle was conceived, with yellow wax and a barbed-wire Star of David logo reminiscent of the armbands Jews were forced to wear during the Holocaust. This object has come to be known as the Yellow Candle (TM). Approximately 200,000 candles are distributed around the world each year, along with relevant prayers and meditations.In 1984, Conservative Rabbi David Golinkin wrote an article in Conservative Judaism journal suggesting a program of observance for the holiday, including fasting. In his article he noted that while private fasts are indeed prohibited during the month of Nisan (a major Orthodox objection to the placement of the day), communal fasts for tragedies befalling Jewish communities had indeed been declared throughout the pre-Modern period.Another prominent Conservative Jewish figure shared the Orthodox sentiment about not adopting Yom HaShoah. Ismar Schorsch, former Chancellor of Conservative Judaism\'s Jewish Theological Seminary of America held that Holocaust commemoration should take place on Tisha b\'Av.The Masorti (Conservative Judaism) movement in Israel has created Megillat HaShoah, a scroll and liturgical reading for Yom HaShoah. This publication was a joint project of Jewish leaders in Israel, the United States and Canada.In 2011, the FJMC introduced a related Yellow Candle concept for use on Kristallnacht (The Night of Shattered Glass) and other important Shoah commemoration dates. Called the Ner Katan, FJMC\'s new version consists of six Yellow Candles provided for communal observances and ceremonies.Born: 1898 (Ukraine, Russia)Died: 1975 (New York City)Voice: Basso cantante (a bass with a higher and lighterregister than basso profondo who sings withan expanded voice and more flexibility)Note: Sidor Belarsky was born \"Isadore Livshitz\"A graduate of the State Conservatory at Leningrad and former leading basso of the Leningrad State Opera Company, Sidor Belarsky arrived in America on February 8, 1930 with his wife and daughter.From 1932 through 1936, he lived in Los Angeles, where he embarked on a singing career with the Los Angeles Symphony. Belarsky\'s career in Jewish music followed this period. Although he devoted much of his time to teaching music at the Jewish Teachers Seminary in New York City, he regularly gave concerts throughout Europe, the Middle East, Canada, South Africa and South America. He visited and sang in Israel in 1948 to celebrate its birth. In 1951 he traveled there again to make the documentary film, \"Shalom Israel\".As a pre-eminent collector, disseminator and interpreter of classic cantorial music, Chassidic nigunim, Yiddish folk songs and Hebrew songs from Israel, he has breathed new life into songs that might have otherwise been forgotten.Sidor Belarsky, master singer of the Jewish people, was born Isidor Livshitz in Kryzhopol, Ukraine, 1898. He graduated from the State Conservatory in Leningrad, and soon became a leading basso at the Leningrad State Opera Company. In his song recitals from coast to coast and as a soloist with eminent conductors such as Arturo Toscanini, Fritz Busch, Arturo Rodzinksi, his success was overwhelming. In opera, as well, Sidor Belarsky, was triumphantly received. He was leading basso of The Chicago Civic Opera Company, the San Francisco Opera Company, The American Opera Company Of Los Angeles, the New York City Center Company, Teatro Municipal in Rio De Janeiro and Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires.One of his many concerts in Moscow was attended by a large group of American visitors, including, Dr. Franklin S. Harris, President of Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Dr. Harris, impressed with the power and beauty of Belarsky\'s voice, asked him to join his faculty as professor of music.On February 8, 1930, Belarsky finally arrived in New York on the Aquitania with his wife Clarunia and his only child, Isabel, age 9.In America, Sidor Belarsky\'s career thrived. After teaching in Utah, From 1932 through 1936, he lived in Los Angeles, where he embarked on a singing career with the Los Angeles Symphony, the San Francisco Opera Company, and the Chicago Opera Company. He also founded the American Opera Company, which presented operas in English. In 1935, he sang in its productions of Boris Godounov and Eugene Onegin at the Hollywood Bowl with the Los Angeles Philharmonic.Over the years, both his recitals, in many of which he was a soloist with such eminent conductors as Arturo Toscanini, Fritz Busch, and Arturo Rodzinski, and his operatic roles, were critically acclaimed in North America and around the world. Belarsky was leading basso of the Chicago Civic Opera Company, the San Francisco Opera Company, the American Opera Company of Los Angeles, the New York City Center Company, Teatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro and Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires. Much loved by audiences, he gave over 22 solo concerts at Carnegie Hall between 1931 and 1961. During the 1930s, Belarsky was invited to sing for a large Jewish Organization; the guest speaker happened to be Albert Einstein. After hearing him, Einstein remarked that he would never give another speech unless Sidor Belarsky was on the program. The concert had been sponsored by Chaim Greenberg, noted educator and editor of the Jewish Frontier magazine. After hearing Belarsky, he sent a telegram to the Labor Zionist Organization in New York City, saying that they had to invite this talented singer who had arrived from Russia just a few years earlier, to be on their own programs. This serendipitous meeting was the beginning of Sidor Belarsky\'s career in Jewish music. Ultimately, he came to be a pre-eminent collector, disseminator and interpreter of classic cantorial music, Chassidic nigunim, Yiddish folk songs and Hebrew songs from Israel.Belarsky\'s popularity among Jewish communities was such that his concerts were in demand around the globe. Jews all over the world felt an instant connection to his music, and his recordings were sold in every Jewish bookstore. In addition to his numerous tours, he devoted much of his time to teaching music at the Jewish Teachers Seminary-Herzlia Institute in New York City. During this period he was invited to visit Israel as the personal guest of President Zalman Shazar; his concert in 1948 celebrated the birth of the State. In 1951 he traveled there again to make the documentary film, \"Shalom Israel,\" under the auspices of Histadrut, Israel\'s pioneering labor organization, Sidor Belarsky\'s music was and remains a light to the Diaspora, as it kindled and helped preserve memories of home, particularly after the Holocaust.Sidor Belarsky, bornIsidor Livshitz(February 12, 1898 – June 7, 1975), was aUkrainian-Americansinger born to aJewishfamily inKryzhopol, Ukraine.[1]His recording of \"Dem Milners Trern\" (\"The Miller\'s Tears\"), aYiddishfolk song composed byM. M. Warshavsky, was featured in theCoen brothers\'s film,A Serious Man. The song\'s subject is the expulsion of Jews from hundreds of villages inCzarist Russia.[2]Discography[edit]Forward70th Anniversary: Sidor Belarsky Sings of the Hopes and Dreams of theEast Side,Lazar Weiner, piano. Artistic Enterprises, Inc. (ca. 1967) (presented by the Forward Association and theThe Workmen\'s Circle)
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