MILETOS in IONIA 500BC Horse Star Tetartemorion Ancient Silver Greek Coin i38824

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MILETOS in IONIA 500BC Horse Star Tetartemorion Ancient Silver Greek Coin i38824:
$300.00

Item: i38824

Authentic Ancient Coin of:

Greek city of Miletos inIonia
Silver Tetartemorion 5mm (0.15 grams) Circa 500-450 B.C.
Forepart of horse left.
Eagle standing left within incuse square.

You are offerding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.

Miletus (mī lē\' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, literallytransliterated Milētos,Latin Miletus) was anancient city on the western coast ofAnatolia (in what is nowAydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of theMaeander River in ancientCaria. Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. The first available evidence is of theNeolithic.

In the early and middleBronze age the settlement came underMinoan influence. Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenousLeleges. The site was renamed Miletus after a place inCrete.

The Late Bronze Age, 13th century BCE, saw the arrival ofLuwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves theCarians. Later in that century the first Greeks arrived, calling themselvesAchaeans. The city at that time rebelled against theHittite Empire. After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BCE and starting about 1000 BCE was resettled extensively by theIonian Greeks. Legend offers an Ionian foundation event sponsored by a founder named Neleus from thePeloponnesus.

TheGreek Dark Ages were a time of Ionian settlement and consolidation in an alliance called theIonian League. TheArchaic Period of Greece began with a sudden and brilliant flash of art and philosophy on the coast ofAnatolia. In the6th Century BC, Miletus was the site of origin of the Greek philosophical (and scientific) tradition, whenThales, followed byAnaximander andAnaximines (known collectively, to modern scholars, as theMilesian School) began to speculate about the material constitution of the world, and to propose speculative naturalistic (as opposed to traditional, supernatural) explanations for various natural phenomena.

//Geography

The ruins lies about 5kilometres (3.1mi) north ofAkkoy.

The city also once possessed aharbor, before it was clogged byalluvium brought by theMeander River. There is a Great Harbour Monument where it is believed that Paul stopped by and sat on its steps, on the way back to Jerusalem by boat. He may have met the Ephesian Elders and then headed out to the beach to offer them farewell, recorded in the book of Acts.

Geology

During thePleistocene epoch the Miletus region was submerged in theAegean Sea. It subsequently emerged slowly, the sea reaching a low level of about 130meters (430ft) below present level at about 18,000BP. The site of Miletus was part of the mainland.

A gradual rise brought a level of about 1.75meters (5ft9in) below present at about 5500BP, creating severalkarst block islands of limestone, the location of the first settlements at Miletus. At about 1500BCE the karst shifted due to small crustal movements and the islands consolidated into a peninsula. Since then the sea has risen 1.75m but the peninsula has been surrounded by sediment from theMaeander river and is now land-locked. Sedimentation of the harbor began at about 1000BCE, and by 300CE Lake Bafa had been created.[1]

HistoryNeolithic

The earliest available archaeological evidence indicates that the islands on which Miletus was originally placed were inhabited by aNeolithic population in the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BCE (3500–3000 BCE).[2] Pollen in core samples from Lake Bafa in theLatmus region inland of Miletus suggests that a lightly-grazed climax forest prevailed in theMaeander valley, otherwise untenanted. Sparse Neolithic settlements were made at springs, numerous and sometimes geothermal in this karst, rift valley topography. The islands offshore were settled perhaps for their strategic significance at the mouth of the Maeander, a route inland protected by escarpments. The grazers in the valley may have belonged to them, but the location looked to the sea.

Bronze Age

Recorded history at Miletus begins with the records of theHittite Empire in the Late Bronze Age. The prehistoric archaeology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age portrays a city heavily influenced by society and events elsewhere in the Aegean, rather than inland.

Cretan period

Beginning at about 1900 BCE artifacts of theMinoan civilization acquired by trade arrived at Miletus.[2] For some centuries the location received a strong impulse from that civilization, an archaeological fact that tends to support but not necessarily confirm the founding legend—that is, a population influx, fromCrete. According to Strabo:[3]

Ephorus says: Miletus was first founded and fortified above the sea by Cretans, where the Miletus of olden times is now situated, being settled by Sarpedon, who brought colonists from the Cretan Miletus and named the city after that Miletus, the place formerly being in possession of the Leleges .

The legends recounted as history by the ancient historians and geographers are perhaps the strongest; the late mythographers have nothing historically significant to relate.[4]

Luwian and Greek period

Miletus is first mentioned in theHittite Annals of Mursili II as Millawanda. In ca. 1320 BC, Millawanda supported the rebellion of Uhha-Ziti of Arzawa. Mursili ordered his generalsMala-Ziti andGulla to raid Millawanda, and they proceeded to burn parts of it (damage from LHIIIA:2 has been found on-site: Christopher Mee, Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age, p. 142). In addition the town was fortified according to a Hittite plan (ioffer, p. 139).

Millawanda is then mentioned in the \"Tawagalawa letter\", part of a series including theManapa-Tarhunta letter and theMilawata letter, all of which are less securely dated. The Tawagalawa letter notes that Milawata had a governor,Atpa, who was under the jurisdiction of \"Ahhiyawa\" (a growing state probably inLHIIIBMycenaean Greece); and that the town ofAtriya was under Milesian jurisdiction. The Manapa-Tarhunta letter also mentions Atpa. Together the two letters tell that the adventurerPiyama-Radu had humiliated Manapa-Tarhunta before Atpa (in addition to other misadventures); a Hittite king then chased Piyama-Radu into Millawanda and, in the Tawagalawa letter, requested Piyama-Radu\'s extradition toHatti.

The Milawata letter mentions a joint expedition by the Hittite king and aLuwiyan vassal (probablyKupanta-Kurunta of Mira) against Milawata (apparently its new name), and notes that Milawata (and Atriya) were now under Hittite control.

Homer records that during the time of theTrojan War, it was aCarian city (Iliad, book II).

In the last stage of LHIIIB, the citadel ofPylos counted among its female slaves \"Mil[w]atiai\", women from Miletus.

During the collapse of Bronze Age civilisation, Miletus was burnt again, presumably by theSea Peoples.

Dark Age

Mythographers told thatNeleus son of Codrus of Athens had come to Miletus after the return of the Heraclids (so, during the Greek Dark Age). The Ionians killed the men of Miletus and married their widows.

Archaic period Map of Miletus and Other Cities within the Lydian Empire

The city of Miletus became one of thetwelve Ionian cities ofAsia Minor.

Miletus was one of the cities involved in theLelantine War of the 8th centuryBCE.

Miletus was an important center of philosophy and science, producing such men as Thales,Anaximander andAnaximenes.

By the 6th century BCE, Miletus had earned a maritime empire but brushed up against powerful Lydia at home.

WhenCyrus of Persia defeatedCroesus of Lydia, Miletus fell underPersian rule. In 502 BC, theIonian Revolt began inNaxos; and when Miletus\'s tyrantAristagoras failed to recapture the island, Aristagoras joined the revolt as its leader. Persia quashed this rebellion and punished Miletus in such a fashion that the whole of Greece mourned it. A year afterward,Phrynicus produced the tragedy The Capture of Miletus in Athens. The Athenians fined him for reminding them of their loss.

Classical period

Its gridlike layout, planned byHippodamos, became the basic layout forRoman cities.

In 479 BC, the Greeks decisively defeated the Persians at the Greek mainland, and Miletus was freed of Persian rule. During this time several other cities were formed byMilesian settlers, spanning across what is now Turkey and even as far asCrimea.

The eponymous founder of the bawdy Miletian school of literatureAristides of Miletus taught here.

Alexandrian period

In 334 BC, the city was liberated from Persian rule byAlexander the Great.

Roman period

TheNew Testament mentions Miletus as the site where the ApostlePaul in 57 CE met with the elders of thechurch of Ephesus near the close of his Third Missionary Journey, as recorded inActs of the Apostles (Acts 20:15–38). It is believed that Paul stopped by Great Harbour Monument and sat on its steps. He may have met the Ephesian elders there and then offer them farewell on the nearby beach. Miletus is also the city where Paul leftTrophimus, one of his travelling companions, to recover from an illness (2 Timothy 4:20). Because this cannot be the same visit as Acts 20 (in which Trophimus accompanied Paul all the way to Jerusalem, according to Acts 21:29), Paul must have made at least one additional visit to Miletus, perhaps as late as 65 or 66 CE. Paul\'s previous successful three-year ministry in nearbyEphesus resulted in the evangelization of the entire province of Asia (see Acts 19:10, 20;1 Corinthians 16:9). It is safe to assume that at least by the time of the apostle\'s second visit to Miletus, a fledgling Christian community was established in Miletus. (The rendering of theKing James Version ofMalta as \"Melita\" in Acts 28:1 has created confusion between Malta and Miletus among some readers of the Bible.)

Byzantine period

During theByzantine age Miletus became a residence for archbishops. The small Byzantine castle called Castro Palation located on the hill beside the city, was built at this time.

Turkish rule

Seljuk Turks conquered the city in the 14th century A.D. and used Miletus as a port to trade withVenice.

Finally,Ottomans utilized the city as a harbour during their rule inAnatolia. As the harbour became silted up, the city was abandoned. Today the ruins of city lie some 10 kilometres from the sea.

Archaeological excavations

The first excavations in Miletus were conducted by the French archaeologist Olivier Rayet in 1873, followed by the German archaeologistTheodor Wiegand. Excavations, however, were interrupted several times by wars and various other events. Today, excavations are organized by theRuhr University ofBochum,Germany.

One remarkable artifact recovered from the city during the first excavations of the 19th century, theMarket Gate of Miletus, was transported piece by piece toGermany and reassembled. It is currently exhibited at thePergamon museum inBerlin. The main collection of artifacts resides in the Miletus Museum inDidim,Aydın, serving since 1973.

Colonies of Miletus

Pliny the Elder mentions 90 colonies founded by Miletus in hisNatural History (5.112).

Apolonia
Odessos
Tomis
Histria
Tyras
Olbia
Panticapaeum
Theodosia
Tanais
Phanagoria
Pityus
Dioscurias
Phasis
Trapezunt
Amisos
Sinope

Notable people

Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) Pre-Socratic philosopher
Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) Pre-Socratic philosopher
Anaximenes (c. 585 BC–c. 525 BC) Pre-Socratic philosopher
Hippodamus of Miletus (c. 498—408 BC) urban planner
Aspasia (c. 470–400 BC) courtesan , and mistress of Pericles , was born here
Aristides of Miletus , writer
Hecataeus of Miletus , historian
Hesychius (6th century) Greek chronicler and biographer
Isidore (4th–5th century) Greek architect
Aristagoras (5th–6th century) Tyrant of Miletus
Leucippus (first half of 5th century BC) Philosopher and originator of Atomism (his association with Miletus is traditional, but disputed)

The history of Ancient Greek coinage can be divided (along with most other Greek art forms) into four periods, theArchaic, theClassical, theHellenistic and theRoman. The Archaic period extends from the introduction of coinage to the Greek world during the7th century BC until thePersian Wars in about 480 BC. The Classical period then began, and lasted until the conquests ofAlexander the Great in about 330 BC, which began the Hellenistic period, extending until theRoman absorption of the Greek world in the 1st century BC. The Greek cities continued to produce their own coins for several more centuries under Roman rule. The coins produced during this period are calledRoman provincial coins or Greek Imperial Coins. Ancient Greek coins of all four periods span over a period of more than ten centuries.

Weight standards and denominations Above: Six rod-shaped obeloi (oboloi) displayed at the Numismatic Museum of Athens , discovered at Heraion of Argos . Below: grasp[1] of six oboloi forming one drachma Electrum coin from Ephesus , 620-600 BC, known as Phanes\' coin . Obverse: Stag grazing, ΦΑΝΕΩΣ (retrograde). Reverse: Two incuse punches.

The basic standards of the Ancient Greek monetary system were theAttic standard, based on the Atheniandrachma of 4.3 grams of silver and theCorinthian standard based on thestater of 8.6 grams of silver, that was subdivided into three silver drachmas of 2.9 grams. The word drachm(a) means \"a handful\", literally \"a grasp\". Drachmae were divided into six obols (from the Greek word for aspit), and six spits made a \"handful\". This suggests that before coinage came to be used in Greece, spits inprehistoric times were used as measures of daily transaction. In archaic/pre-numismatic times iron was valued for making durable tools and weapons, and its casting in spit form may have actually represented a form of transportablebullion, which eventually became bulky and inconvenient after the adoption of precious metals. Because of this very aspect,Spartan legislation famously forbade issuance of Spartan coin, and enforced the continued use of iron spits so as to discourage avarice and the hoarding of wealth. In addition to its original meaning (which also gave theeuphemisticdiminutive \"obelisk\", \"little spit\"), the word obol (ὀβολός, obolós, or ὀβελός, obelós) was retained as a Greek word for coins of small value, still used as such in Modern Greek slang (όβολα, óvola, \"monies\").

The obol was further subdivided into tetartemorioi (singular tetartemorion) which represented 1/4 of an obol, or 1/24 of a drachm. This coin (which was known to have been struck inAthens,Colophon, and several other cities) is mentioned by Aristotle as the smallest silver coin.:237 Various multiples of this denomination were also struck, including the trihemitetartemorion (literally three half-tetartemorioi) valued at 3/8 of an obol.:

Denominations of silver drachma Image Denomination Value Weight Dekadrachm 10 drachmas 43 grams Tetradrachm 4 drachmas 17.2 grams Didrachm 2 drachmas 8.6 grams Drachma 6 obols 4.3 grams Tetrobol 4 obols 2.85 grams Triobol (hemidrachm) 3 obols 2.15 grams Diobol 2 obols 1.43 grams Obol 4 tetartemorions 0.72 grams Tritartemorion 3 tetartemorions 0.54 grams Hemiobol 2 tetartemorions 0.36 grams Trihemitartemorion 3/2 tetartemorions 0.27 grams Tetartemorion 0.18 grams Hemitartemorion ½ tetartemorion 0.09 grams Archaic period Archaic coinage Uninscribed electrum coin from Lydia , 6th century BCE. Obverse: lion head and sunburst Reverse: plain square imprints, probably used to standardise weight Electrum coin from Ephesus , 620-600 BC. Obverse: Forepart of stag. Reverse: Square incuse punch.

The first coins were issued in either Lydia or Ionia in Asia Minor at some time before 600 BC, either by the non-Greek Lydians for their own use or perhaps because Greek mercenaries wanted to be paid in precious metal at the conclusion of their time of service, and wanted to have their payments marked in a way that would authenticate them. These coins were made ofelectrum, an alloy of gold and silver that was highly prized and abundant in that area. By the middle of the 6th century BC, technology had advanced, making the production of pure gold and silver coins simpler. Accordingly, KingCroesus introduced a bi-metallic standard that allowed for coins of pure gold and pure silver to be struck and traded in the marketplace.

Coins of Aegina Silver stater of Aegina, 550-530 BC. Obv. Sea turtle with large pellets down center. Rev. incuse square with eight sections. After the end of the Peloponnesian War , 404 BC, Sea turtle was replaced by the land tortoise . Silver drachma of Aegina, 404-340 BC. Obverse: Land tortoise . Reverse: inscription AΙΓ[INAΤΟΝ] ([of the] Aeg[inetans]) \"Aegina\" and dolphin.

The Greek world was divided into more than two thousand self-governing city-states (inGreek, poleis), and more than half of them issued their own coins. Some coins circulated widely beyond their polis, indicating that they were being used in inter-city trade; the first example appears to have been the silver stater or didrachm ofAegina that regularly turns up in hoards inEgypt and theLevant, places which were deficient in silver supply. As such coins circulated more widely, other cities began to mint coins to this \"Aeginetan\" weight standard of (6.1 grams to the drachm), other cities included their own symbols on the coins. This is not unlike present dayEuro coins, which are recognisably from a particular country, but usable all over theEuro zone.

Athenian coins, however, were struck on the \"Attic\" standard, with a drachm equaling 4.3 grams of silver. Over time, Athens\' plentiful supply of silver from the mines atLaurion and its increasing dominance in trade made this the pre-eminent standard. These coins, known as \"owls\" because of their central design feature, were also minted to an extremely tight standard of purity and weight. This contributed to their success as the premier trade coin of their era. Tetradrachms on this weight standard continued to be a widely used coin (often the most widely used) through the classical period. By the time ofAlexander the Great and hisHellenistic successors, this large denomination was being regularly used to make large payments, or was often saved for hoarding.

Classical period A Syracusan tetradrachm (c. 415–405 BC)
Obverse: head of the nymph Arethusa , surrounded by four swimming dolphins and a rudder
Reverse: a racing quadriga , its charioteer crowned by the goddess Victory in flight. Tetradrachm of Athens, (5th century BC)
Obverse: a portrait of Athena , patron goddess of the city, in helmet
Reverse: the owl of Athens, with an olive sprig and the inscription \"ΑΘΕ\", short for ΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΝ, \"of the Athenians \"

TheClassical period saw Greek coinage reach a high level of technical and aesthetic quality. Larger cities now produced a range of fine silver and gold coins, most bearing a portrait of their patron god or goddess or a legendary hero on one side, and a symbol of the city on the other. Some coins employed a visual pun: some coins fromRhodes featured arose, since the Greek word for rose is rhodon. The use of inscriptions on coins also began, usually the name of the issuing city.

The wealthy cities of Sicily produced some especially fine coins. The large silver decadrachm (10-drachm) coin fromSyracuse is regarded by many collectors as the finest coin produced in the ancient world, perhaps ever. Syracusan issues were rather standard in their imprints, one side bearing the head of the nymphArethusa and the other usually a victoriousquadriga. Thetyrants of Syracuse were fabulously rich, and part of theirpublic relations policy was to fundquadrigas for theOlympic chariot race, a very expensive undertaking. As they were often able to finance more than one quadriga at a time, they were frequent victors in this highly prestigious event.

Syracuse was one of the epicenters of numismatic art during the classical period. Led by the engravers Kimon and Euainetos, Syracuse produced some of the finest coin designs of antiquity.

Hellenistic period Gold 20-stater of Eucratides I , the largest gold coin ever minted in Antiquity. Drachma of Alexandria , 222-235 AD. Obverse: Laureate head of Alexander Severus , KAI(ΣΑΡ) MAP(ΚΟΣ) AYP(ΗΛΙΟΣ) ΣЄY(ΑΣΤΟΣ) AΛЄΞANΔPOΣ ЄYΣЄ(ΒΗΣ). Reverse: Bust of Asclepius .

The Hellenistic period was characterized by the spread of Greek culture across a large part of the known world. Greek-speaking kingdoms were established in Egypt andSyria, and for a time also inIran and as far east as what is nowAfghanistan and northwesternIndia. Greek traders spread Greek coins across this vast area, and the new kingdoms soon began to produce their own coins. Because these kingdoms were much larger and wealthier than the Greek city states of the classical period, their coins tended to be more mass-produced, as well as larger, and more frequently in gold. They often lacked the aesthetic delicacy of coins of the earlier period.

Still, some of theGreco-Bactrian coins, and those of their successors in India, theIndo-Greeks, are considered the finest examples ofGreek numismatic art with \"a nice blend of realism and idealization\", including the largest coins to be minted in the Hellenistic world: the largest gold coin was minted byEucratides (reigned 171–145 BC), the largest silver coin by the Indo-Greek kingAmyntas Nikator (reigned c. 95–90 BC). The portraits \"show a degree of individuality never matched by the often bland depictions of their royal contemporaries further West\" (Roger Ling, \"Greece and the Hellenistic World\").

The most striking new feature of Hellenistic coins was the use of portraits of living people, namely of the kings themselves. This practice had begun in Sicily, but was disapproved of by other Greeks as showinghubris (arrogance). But the kings ofPtolemaic Egypt andSeleucid Syria had no such scruples: having already awarded themselves with \"divine\" status, they issued magnificent gold coins adorned with their own portraits, with the symbols of their state on the reverse. The names of the kings were frequently inscribed on the coin as well. This established a pattern for coins which has persisted ever since: a portrait of the king, usually in profile and striking a heroic pose, on the obverse, with his name beside him, and a coat of arms or other symbol of state on the reverse.

Minting

All Greek coins werehandmade, rather than machined as modern coins are. The design for the obverse was carved (inincuso) into a block of bronze or possibly iron, called adie. The design of the reverse was carved into a similar punch. A blank disk of gold, silver, or electrum was cast in a mold and then, placed between these two and the punch struck hard with a hammer, raising the design on both sides of the coin.

Coins as a symbol of the city-state

Coins of Greek city-states depicted a uniquesymbol or feature, an early form ofemblem, also known asbadge in numismatics, that represented their city and promoted the prestige of their state. Corinthian stater for example depicted pegasus the mythological winged stallion, tamed by their heroBellerophon. Coins ofEphesus depicted thebee sacred toArtemis. Drachmas of Athens depicted theowl of Athena. Drachmas ofAegina depicted achelone. Coins ofSelinunte depicted a \"selinon\" (σέλινον - celery). Coins ofHeraclea depictedHeracles. Coins ofGela depicted a man-headed bull, the personification of the riverGela. Coins ofRhodes depicted a \"rhodon\" (ῥόδον[8] - rose). Coins ofKnossos depicted thelabyrinth or the mythical creatureminotaur, a symbol of theMinoan Crete. Coins ofMelos depicted a \"mēlon\" (μήλον -apple). Coins ofThebes depicted a Boeotian shield.

Corinthian stater with pegasus Coin of Rhodes with a rose Didrachm of Selinunte with a celery Coin of Ephesus with a bee Stater of Olympia depicting Nike Coin of Melos with an apple Obolus from Stymphalia with a Stymphalian bird Coin of Thebes with a Boeotian shield Coin of Gela with a man-headed bull, the personification of the river Gela Didrachm of Knossos depicting the Minotaur Commemorative coins Dekadrachm of Syracuse [disambiguation needed]. Head of Arethusa or queen Demarete. ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΟΝ (of the Syracusians), around four dolphins

The use ofcommemorative coins to celebrate a victory or an achievement of the state was a Greek invention. Coins are valuable, durable and pass through many hands. In an age without newspapers or other mass media, they were an ideal way of disseminating a political message. The first such coin was a commemorative decadrachm issued byAthens following the Greek victory in thePersian Wars. On these coins that were struck around 480 BC, the owl of Athens, the goddessAthena\'s sacred bird, was depicted facing the viewer with wings outstretched, holding a spray of olive leaves, theolive tree being Athena\'s sacred plant and also a symbol of peace and prosperity. The message was that Athens was powerful and victorious, but also peace-loving. Another commemorative coin, a silver dekadrachm known as \" Demareteion\", was minted atSyracuse at approximately the same time to celebrate the defeat of theCarthaginians. On the obverse it bears a portrait ofArethusa or queen Demarete.

Ancient Greek coins today

Collections of Ancient Greek coins are held by museums around the world, of which the collections of theBritish Museum, theAmerican Numismatic Society, and theDanish National Museum are considered to be the finest. The American Numismatic Society collection comprises some 100,000 ancient Greek coins from many regions and mints, from Spain and North Africa to Afghanistan. To varying degrees, these coins are available for study by academics and researchers.

There is also an active collector market for Greek coins. Several sale houses in Europe and the United States specialize in ancient coins (including Greek) and there is also a large on-line market for such coins.

Hoards of Greek coins are still being found in Europe, Middle East, and North Africa, and some of the coins in these hoards find their way onto the market. Coins are the only art form from the Ancient world which is common enough and durable enough to be within the reach of ordinary collectors.

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