Margaret Thatcher 24Kt Gold Bar Prime Minister of United Kingdom London Royal UK

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Margaret Thatcher 24Kt Gold Bar Prime Minister of United Kingdom London Royal UK:
$10.63

Margaret ThatcherCommemorative Gold BarBritians First Woman Leader
It has an image of the Great Leader on one side with her name and the words \"The iron Lady\" which was her nickname.It also has the day she was born 13.10.1925 & the day she died 8.4.2013The Reverse side is the union jack with a crown in the middleThe Dimension are 43mm x 30mm x 3mm
Weights 1 oz,Comes in air-tight acrylic holder
A Beautiful coin and Magnificent KeepsakeSouvenirof A Great Woman
In Excellent Condition
Sorry about the poor quality photos. They dont do the coin justice which looks a lot better in real life
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Margaret Thatcher\'s political career has been one of the most remarkable of modern times. Born in October 1925 at Grantham, a small market town in Eastern England, she rose to become the first (and for two decades the only) woman to lead a major Western democracy. She won three successive General Elections and served as British Prime Minister for more than eleven years (1979-90), a record unmatched in the twentieth century.During her term of office she reshaped almost every aspect of British politics, reviving the economy, reforming outdated institutions, and reinvigorating the nation\'s foreign policy. She challenged and did much to overturn the psychology of decline which had become rooted in Britain since the Second World War, pursuing national recovery with striking energy and determination.
In the process, Margaret Thatcher became one of the founders, with Ronald Reagan, of a school of conservative conviction politics, which has had a powerful and enduring impact on politics in Britain and the United States and earned her a higher international profile than any British politician since Winston Churchill.
By successfully shifting British economic and foreign policy to the right, her governments helped to encourage wider international trends which broadened and deepened during the 1980s and 1990s, as the end of the Cold War, the spread of democracy, and the growth of free markets strengthened political and economic freedom in every continent.
Margaret Thatcher became one of the world\'s most influential and respected political leaders, as well as one of the most controversial, dynamic, and plain-spoken, a reference point for friends and enemies alike.
1925-1947: GRANTHAM & OXFORDMargaret Thatcher at a friend\'s house, summer 1935.Margaret Thatcher\'s home and early life in Grantham played a large part in forming her political convictions. Her parents, Alfred and Beatrice Roberts, were Methodists. The social life of the family was lived largely within the close community of the local congregation, bounded by strong traditions of self-help, charitable work, and personal truthfulness.
The Roberts family ran a grocery business, bringing up their two daughters in a flat over the shop. Margaret Roberts attended a local state school and from there won a place at Oxford, where she studied chemistry at Somerville College (1943-47). Her tutor was Dorothy Hodgkin, a pioneer of X-ray crystallography who won a Nobel Prize in 1964. Her outlook was profoundly influenced by her scientific training.
But chemistry took second place to politics in Margaret Thatcher\'s future plans. Conservative politics had always been a feature of her home life: her father was a local councillor in Grantham and talked through with her the issues of the day. She was elected president of the student Conservative Association at Oxford and met many prominent politicians, making herself known to the leadership of her party at the time of its devastating defeat by Labour at the General Election of 1945.
Chronology for 1925-1947 | Return to Top1950-1951: CANDIDATE FOR DARTFORDMargaret Thatcher in her mid-twenties.In her mid-twenties she ran as the Conservative candidate for the strong Labour seat of Dartford at the General Elections of 1950 and 1951, winning national publicity as the youngest woman candidate in the country.
She lost both times, but cut the Labour majority sharply and hugely enjoyed the experience of campaigning. Aspects of her mature political style were formed in Dartford, a largely working class constituency which suffered as much as any from post-war rationing and shortages, as well as the rising level of taxation and state regulation. Unlike many Conservatives at that time, she had little difficulty getting a hearing from any audience and she spoke easily, with force and confidence, on issues that mattered to the voters.
Chronology for 1950-1951 | Return to Top1951-1970: FAMILY & CAREERThe Thatcher family – Denis, Margaret and twins, Mark and Carol.It was in Dartford too that she met her husband, Denis Thatcher, a local businessman who ran his family\'s firm before becoming an executive in the oil industry. They married in 1951. Twins — Mark and Carol —were born to the couple in 1953.
In the 1950s Margaret Thatcher trained as a lawyer, specialising in taxation. She was elected to Parliament in 1959 as Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley, a north London constituency, which she continued to represent until she was made a member of the House of Lords (as Baroness Thatcher) in 1992. Within two years, she was given junior office in the administration of Harold Macmillan and during 1964-70 (when the Conservatives were again in Opposition), established her place among the senior figures of the party, serving continuously as a shadow minister. When the Conservatives returned to office in 1970, under the premiership of Edward Heath, she achieved cabinet rank as Education Secretary.
Chronology for 1951-1970 | Return to Top1970-1974: EDUCATION MINISTERMargaret Thatcher & Edward Heath: October 1970.Margaret Thatcher had a rough ride as Education Minister. The early 1970s saw student radicalism at its height and British politics at its least civil. Protesters disrupted her speeches, the opposition press vilified her, and education policy itself seemed set immovably in a leftwards course, which she and many Conservatives found uncomfortable. But she mastered the job and was toughened by the experience.
The Heath Government itself took a beating from events during its tenure (1970-74) and disappointed many. Elected on promises of economic revival through taming the trade unions and introducing more free market policies, it executed a series of policy reverses — nicknamed the \'U turns\' — to become one of the most interventionist governments in British history, negotiating with the unions to introduce detailed control of wages, prices, and dividends. Defeated at a General Election in February 1974, the Heath Government left a legacy of inflation and industrial strife.
Chronology for 1970-1974 | Return to Top1975: ELECTED CONSERVATIVE LEADER
Many Conservatives were ready for a new approach after the Heath Government and when the Party lost a second General Election in October 1974, Margaret Thatcher ran against Heath for the leadership. To general surprise (her own included), in February 1975 she defeated him on the first ballot and won the contest outright on the second, though challenged by half a dozen senior colleagues. She became the first woman ever to lead a Western political party and to serve as Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons.
Chronology for 1975 | Return to Top1975-1979: LEADER OF THE OPPOSITIONCradling the calf: 1979 General Election campaign.The Labour Government of 1974-79 was one of the most crisis-prone in British history, leading the country to a state of virtual bankruptcy in 1976 when a collapse in the value of the currency on the foreign exchanges forced the government to negotiate credit from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF imposed tight expenditure controls on the government as a condition of the loan, which, ironically, improved Labour\'s public standing. By summer 1978, it even looked possible that it might win re-election.
But over the winter of 1978/79, Labour\'s luck ran out. Trade union pay demands led to an epidemic of strikes and showed that the government had little influence over its allies in the labour movement. Public opinion swung against Labour and the Conservatives won a Parliamentary majority of 43 at the General Election of May 1979. The following day, Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Chronology for 1975-1979 | Return to Top1979-1983: PRIME MINISTER – FIRST TERM
The new government pledged to check and reverse Britain\'s economic decline. In the short-term, painful measures were required. Although direct taxes were cut, to restore incentives, the budget had to be balanced, and so indirect taxes were increased. The economy was already entering a recession, but inflation was rising and interest rates had to be raised to control it. By the end of Margaret Thatcher\'s first term, unemployment in Britain was more than three million and it began to fall only in 1986. A large section of Britain\'s inefficient manufacturing industry closed down. No one had predicted how severe the downturn would be.
But vital long-term gains were made. Inflation was checked and the government created the expectation that it would do whatever was necessary to keep it low. The budget of spring 1981, increasing taxes at the lowest point of the recession, offended conventional Keynesian economic thinking, but it made possible a cut in interest rates and demonstrated this newly found determination. Economic recovery started in the same quarter and eight years of growth followed.
Political support flowed from this achievement, but the re-election of the government was only made certain by an unpredicted event: the Falklands War. The Argentine Junta\'s invasion of the islands in April 1982 was met by Margaret Thatcher in the firmest way and with a sure touch. Although she worked with the US administration in pursuing the possibility of a diplomatic solution, a British military Task Force was despatched to retake the islands. When diplomacy failed, military action was quickly successful and the Falklands were back under British control by June 1982.
The electorate was impressed. Few British or European leaders would have fought for the islands. By doing so, Margaret Thatcher laid the foundation for a much more vigorous and independent British foreign policy during the rest of the 1980s.When the General Election came in June 1983, the government was re-elected with its Parliamentary majority more than trebled (144 seats).
Chronology for 1979-1983 | Return to Top1983-1987: PRIME MINISTER – SECOND TERMMargaret Thatcher & Ronald Reagan at Camp David, 22 December 1984.The second term opened with almost as many difficulties as the first. The government found itself challenged by the miners\' union, which fought a year-long strike in 1984-85 under militant leadership. The labour movement as a whole put up bitter resistance to the government\'s trade union reforms, which began with legislation in 1980 and 1982 and continued after the General Election.
The miners\' strike was one of the most violent and long lasting in British history. The outcome was uncertain, but after many turns in the road, the union was defeated. This proved a crucial development, because it ensured that the Thatcher reforms would endure. In the years that followed, the Labour Opposition quietly accepted the popularity and success of the trade union legislation and pledged not to reverse its key components.
In October 1984, when the strike was still underway, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) attempted to murder Margaret Thatcher and many of her cabinet by bombing her hotel in Brighton during the Conservative Party annual conference. Although she survived unhurt, some of her closest colleagues were among the injured and dead and the room next to hers was severely damaged. No twentieth-century British Prime Minister ever came closer to assassination.
British policy in Northern Ireland had been a standing source of conflict for every Prime Minister since 1969, but Margaret Thatcher aroused the IRA\'s special hatred for her refusal to meet their political demands, notably during the 1980-81 prison hunger strikes.
Her policy throughout was implacably hostile to terrorism, republican or loyalist, although she matched that stance by negotiating the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 with the Republic of Ireland. The Agreement was an attempt to improve security cooperation between Britain and Ireland and to give some recognition to the political outlook of Catholics in Northern Ireland, an initiative which won warm endorsement from the Reagan administration and the US Congress.
The economy continued to improve during the 1983-87 Parliament and the policy of economic liberalisation was extended. The government began to pursue a policy of selling state assets, which in total had amounted to more than 20 per cent of the economy when the Conservatives came to power in 1979. The British privatisations of the 1980s were the first of their kind and proved influential across the world.
Where possible, sale of state assets took place through offering shares to the public, with generous terms for small investors. The Thatcher Governments presided over a great increase in the number of people saving through the stock market. They also encouraged people to buy their own homes and to make private pension provision, policies which over time have greatly increased the personal wealth of the British population.
The left wing of the Conservative Party had always been uneasy with its chief. In January 1986, enduring divisions between left and right in the Thatcher Cabinet were publicly exposed by the sudden resignation of the Defence Minister, Michael Heseltine, in a dispute over the business troubles of the British helicopter manufacturer, Westland. The fallout from the \'Westland Affair\' challenged Margaret Thatcher\'s leadership as never before. She survived the crisis, but its effects were significant. She was subjected to heavy criticism within her own party for the decision to allow US warplanes to fly from British bases to attack targets in Libya (April 1986).There was talk of the government and of its leader being \'tired\', of having gone on too long.
Her response was characteristic: at the Conservative Party\'s annual conference in October 1986, her speech foreshadowed a mass of reforms for a third Thatcher Government.With the economy now very strong, prospects were good for an election and the government was returned with a Parliamentary majority of 101in June 1987.
Chronology for 1983-1987 | Return to Top1987-1990: PRIME MINISTER – THIRD TERMMargaret Thatcher & Gorbachev at RAF Brize Norton, 7 December 1987.The legislative platform of the third-term Thatcher Government was among the most ambitious ever put forward by a British administration. There were measures to reform the education system (1988), introducing a national curriculum for the first time. There was a new tax system for local government (1989), the Community Charge, or \'poll tax\' as it was dubbed by opponents. And there was legislation to separate purchasers and providers within the National Health Service (1990), opening up the service to a measure of competition for the first time and increasing the scope for effective management.
All three measures were deeply controversial. The Community Charge, in particular, became a serious political problem, as local councils took advantage of the introduction of a new system to increase tax rates, blaming the increase on the Thatcher Government.(The system was abandoned by Margaret Thatcher\'s successor, John Major, in 1991.) By contrast, the education and health reforms proved enduring. Successive governments built on the achievement and in some respects extended their scope.
The economy boomed in 1987-88, but also began to overheat. Interest rates had to be doubled during 1988. A division within the government over management of the currency emerged into the open, Margaret Thatcher strongly opposing the policy urged by her Chancellor of the Exchequer and others, of pegging the pound sterling to the Deutschmark through the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). In the process, her relations with her Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Lawson, were fatally damaged, and he resigned in October 1989.
Behind this dispute there was profound disagreement within the government over policy towards the European Community itself. The Prime Minister found herself increasingly at odds with her Foreign Secretary, Sir Geoffrey Howe, on all questions touching European integration. Her speech at Bruges in September 1988 began the process by which the Conservative Party — at one time largely \'pro-European\' — became predominantly \'Euro-sceptic\'.
Paradoxically, all this took place against a backdrop of international events profoundly helpful to the Conservative cause. Margaret Thatcher played her part in the last phase of the Cold War, both in the strengthening of the Western alliance against the Soviets in the early 1980s and in the successful unwinding of the conflict later in the decade.
The Soviets had dubbed her the \'Iron Lady\' — a tag she relished — for the tough line she took against them in speeches shortly after becoming Conservative leader in 1975. During the 1980s she offered strong support to the defence policies of the Reagan administration.
But when Mikhail Gorbachev emerged as a potential leader of the Soviet Union, she invited him to Britain in December 1984 and pronounced him a man she could do business with.She did not soften her criticisms of the Soviet system, making use of new opportunities to broadcast to television audiences in the east to put the case against Communism.Nevertheless, she played a constructive part in the diplomacy that smoothed the break-up of the Soviet Empire and of the Soviet Union itself in the years 1989-91.
By late 1990, the Cold War was over and free markets and institutions vindicated. But that event triggered the next stage in European integration, as France revived the project of a single European currency, hoping to check the power of a reunited Germany. As a result, divisions over European policy within the British Government were deepened by the end of the Cold War and now became acute.
On November 1 1990 Sir Geoffrey Howe resigned over Europe and in a bitter resignation speech precipitated a challenge to Margaret Thatcher\'s leadership of her party by Michael Heseltine. In the ballot that followed, she won a majority of the vote. Yet under party rules the margin was insufficient, and a second ballot was required. Receiving the news at a conference in Paris, she immediately announced her intention to fight on.
But a political earthquake occurred the next day on her return to London, when many colleagues in her cabinet — unsympathetic to her on Europe and doubting that she could win a fourth General Election — abruptly deserted her leadership and left her no choice but to withdraw. She resigned as Prime Minister on November 28 1990. John Major succeeded her and served in the post until the landslide election of Tony Blair\'s Labour Government in May 1997.
Chronology for 1987-1990 | Return to TopBIOGRAPHY: CONCLUSION
After 1990 Lady Thatcher (as she became) remained a potent political figure. She wrote two best-selling volumes of memoirs - The Downing Street Years (1993) and The Path to Power (1995) - while continuing for a full decade to tour the world as a lecturer. A book of reflections on international politics - Statecraft - was published in 2002. During the period she made some important interventions in domestic British politics, notably over Bosnia and the Maastricht Treaty.
In March 2002, following several small strokes, she announced an end to her career in public speaking. Denis Thatcher, her husband of more than fifty years, died in June 2003, receiving warm tributes from all sides. After his death her own health deteriorated further and faster, causing progressive memory loss, and she died in London on 8 April 2013. She was honoured at a ceremonial funeral in St Paul\'s Cathedral nine days later.
Margaret Thatcher remains an intensely controversial figure in Britain. Critics claim that her economic policies were divisive socially, that she was harsh or \'uncaring\' in her politics, and hostile to the institutions of the British welfare state. Defenders point to a transformation in Britain\'s economic performance over the course of the Thatcher Governments and those of her successors as Prime Minister. Trade union reforms, privatisation, deregulation, a strong anti-inflationary stance, and control of tax and spending have created better economic prospects for Britain than seemed possible when she became Prime Minister in 1979.
Critics and supporters alike recognise the Thatcher premiership as a period of fundamental importance in British history. Margaret Thatcher accumulated huge prestige over the course of the 1980s and often compelled the respect even of her bitterest critics. Indeed, her effect on the terms of political debate has been profound. Whether they were converted to \'Thatcherism\', or merely forced by the electorate to pay it lip service, the Labour Party leadership was transformed by her period of office and the \'New Labour\' politics of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown would not have existed without her. Her legacy remains the core of modern British politics: the world economic crisis since 2008 has revived many of the arguments of the 1980s, keeping her name at the centre of political debate in Britain.
boudicaBoudicca (1st Century AD) Boudicca was a Royal Member of the Iceni tribe (modern day Norfolk). She was chosen as leader of the Britons in their revolt against the Roman occupation. Initially successful, her army of 100,000 sacked Colchester and then London. Her army was later defeated.
King Arthur (6th Century). Legendary King of the Britons who defended Britain against Saxon invaders, uniting the country. Sources are vague, but he may have been based in Wales.
King Alfred (849 – 899) Born in Wantage, Alfred was King of Wessex and also titled himself king of the Anglo-Saxons. An educated and enlightened King, who defended Britain against the Vikings.
Robin_HoodRobin Hood (early medieval England) A legendary figure who owes as much to popular fiction as historical accuracy. Considered by legend to be a heroic outlaw based around the Forest of Sherwood, near Nottingham, during the reign of Richard III.
Thomas Beckett (1118 – 1170) Archbishop of Canterbury during the time of Henry II. Initially a friend of Henry II, his opposition to King Henry II as Archbishop of Canterbury made him an opponent of the King. Beckett was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by supporters of the king.
King Henry V (1386 – 1422) Second monarch from the House of Lancaster. Henry V is most famous for leading the English to a decisive victory at the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the ongoing one hundred years war with France.
john-dunstableJohn Dunstable (1390 – 1453) English composer of polyphonic music.
Cromwell-ThomasThomas Cromwell (1485-1540) Right-hand man of Henry VIII – Helped Henry to marry Anne Boleyn and split the Church of England from Rome. Cromwell led the dissolution of the monasteries and played a key role in the English Protestant Reformation.
King Henry VIII (1491 – 1547) Tudor English King. To marry his 2nd wife – Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII split the Church of England from Rome, a key element in the English Protestant Reformation.
William Tyndale (1494–1536 ) Tyndale, born in Gloucestershire, was one of the first persons to print the Bible in English. He worked on translating the Bible into English even when it was deemed to be an illegal act. He was executed for blasphemy after years of evading capture.
Anne_boleynAnne Boleyn (1501-1536) 2nd wife to Henry VIII. Anne Boleyn was influential in forcing Henry VIII to break with Rome and set up the Church of England. Anne Boleyn refused to be Henry’s mistress – only Queen. She was crowned Queen in 1533, but after failing to produce a male heir, Boleyn was executed in 1536.
Sir_Walter_RaleighSir Walter Raleigh (c.1552 – 1618) Raleigh was an English explorer, adventurer, historian and poet. He was an influential figure at the court of Elizabeth I, and a noted explorer of the New World. He was a key figure in the English settlements and colonisation in North America – especially in Virginia.
Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth took the throne after a period of turmoil. However, her reign proved a stabilising influence, and importantly saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the emergence of England as a global power. During her reign, an increased number of explorations were made to the ‘New World’ in America.
William_ByrdWilliam Byrd (1543 – 1623) English composer of the Renaissance. He helped the development of Anglican church music, and also secular vocal music.
Sir Francis Drake (1540-1596) English admiral and explorer, born in Tavistock, Devon. He made several voyages to the Americas and carried out the second circumnavigation of the world.
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Born in Stratford Upon Avon – the foremost writer and poet of the English language. His plays, such as Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet have had a huge impact on culture, language and literature around the world.
Guy Fawkes (1570-1606) Born in York, Fawkes was a Catholic conspirator in the great ‘Gun Powder Plot’ in which dissidents planned to blow up Parliament and King James. However, the plot was discovered and Fawkes executed.
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Born in Huntingdon, Cromwell was an English military and political leader of the Parliamentarians during the English civil war. After the defeat of the monarchy, Cromwell became Lord Protector. Follower of a puritanical Protestantism.
Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Physicist, mathematician, alchemist, and philosopher. Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, and studied at Univ of Cambridge. He is widely considered the greatest scientist of all time. His scientific breakthroughs led to significant increases in our understanding of gravity, optics and mathematics.
writerJohn Locke (1632 – 1704) Locke was a leading philosopher and political theorist, who had a profound impact on liberal political thought. He is credited with ideas, such as the social contract – the idea government needs to be with the consent of the governed.
John Harrison (1693 – 1776) Clockmaker and inventor of measuring longitude. Born in Foulby, Yorkshire.
Captain-cookCaptain James Cook (1728 – 1779) Born Middlesborough, Cook was an English seaman who led many ground-breaking voyages into uncharted seas in the Pacific. Cook mapped islands and lands from New Zealand to Hawaii.
Thomas Paine (1737 – 1809) Born in Thetford, Norfolk. Paine was an English-American writer and political activist. His republican writings proved very influential in encouraging Americans to join the American revolution.
Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823) Born in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Jenner was the pioneer of a smallpox vaccine. Jenner’s breakthrough also enabled many other vaccines to be developed.
William Blake (1757 – 1827) English poet, engraver, artist and mystic. Born in Soho, London. Blake held radical views for his time and was a seminal figure in the Romantic period of the Nineteenth Century.
Lord Nelson (1758 – 1805) Born in Norfolk. Nelson was a British naval officer who gained fame after dying during the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) – one of Britain’s greatest naval victories.
William Wilberforce (1759 – 1833) Born in Hull, Wilberforce was an MP, evangelical Christian, philanthropist and a principle figure in the movement to abolish slavery. His life’s goal was achieved shortly before his death.
mary-wollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) Born in Spitalfields, London. Mary Wollstonecraft was an author who wrote novels and historical treatises. She is best known for her “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” (1792) which was an early argument for the equality of men and women.
Duke of Wellington (1769 – 1852) Born in Ireland, to a wealthy Anglo-Irish family. Wellington defeated Napoleon at the battle of Waterloo (1815). He twice served as Prime Minister for the UK.
William Wordsworth (1770 – 1850) Born in Cockermouth, Wordsworth was a major English romantic poet, with much of his poetry inspired by his native Lake District. Helped usher in the Romantic Age of English literature. English poet laureate 1843-1850.
Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) Novelist from Hampshire. Jane Austen’s novels included Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park and Emma. Austen is one of the most widely read novelists in the English language.
Charles Babbage (1791 – 1871) Mathematician and inventor, born in Marylebone, London. Babbage is best remembered for being the ‘father of computers’ Although many of his early models were not finished, his work laid the foundation for later computers.
Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) Born in Newington Butts, London. Faraday was a scientist who contributed in the fields of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, electrolysis and electro-chemistry. Discovered Carbon and Chlorine.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806 – 1859) Mechanical and civil engineer born in Portsmouth. Brunel played a key role in building the early railway network and built many ground-breaking ships and bridges.
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Naturalist and geologist, born Downe, Kent. Darwin wrote ‘On the Origin of Species‘ (1859) which explained how humans evolved from more primitive animal forms in a process known as evolution and natural selection. Its publication created a storm of debate as it challenged the literal word of the Bible.
Charles Dickens (1812 – 1870) Victorian novelist born Higham, Kent. Dickens created some of the most memorable characters in English Literature, whilst also criticising the worst excesses of Victorian society. Novels included, Oliver Twist and David Copperfield.
Emily Bronte (1818 – 1848) Novelist and poet from Haworth, Yorkshire. Along with her sisters, she had a significant influence on English novels and poetry. She is best remembered for her classic ‘Wuthering Heights‘ (1847(
Queen Victoria (1819 – 1901) Queen of England from 1837 to her death in 1901. During her reign, the British Empire spread across the globe. Victoria herself was made Empress of India. She came to epitomise a century.
Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1910) although born in Italy, she spent many years working in England helping to establish the nursing profession. She used her experiences working as a nurse in the Crimean war to establish better medical practises.
Joseph_ListerJoseph Lister (1827 – 1912) Born in West Ham, London, Lister was a surgeon. He pioneered the use of antiseptic (Carbolic acid) and antiseptic surgery which dramatically improved survival rates.
millicent-fawcettMillicent Fawcett (1846 – 1929) Born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Fawcett was a leading suffragist and campaigner for equal rights for women. She led Britain’s biggest suffrage organisation, the non-violent (NUWSS) She also helped found Newnham College, Cambridge.
annie-besantAnnie Besant (1847-1933) – Born in Clapham London, Besant was a socialist and campaigner for social justice. She was an advocate of women’s rights and later member of the Theosophist society. She also actively campaigned for Indian independence.
Edward_ElgarEdward Elgar (1857 – 1934) Music composer. Born Broadheath, Worcestershire. Famous works include Enigma Variations (1899) and Symphony No. 2. Elgar wrote significant works of English musical identity, e.g. Pomp and Circumstance, (including unofficial English national anthem – Land of Hope and Glory)
Lord Baden Powell (1857 – 1941) Born Paddington, London, Powell was the founder of the World Scouting Movement and Chief Scout of the world. He was also a member of the British army and was involved in the Siege of Mafeking.
emily-pankhurstEmmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) – Born in Moss Side, Manchester, Pankhurst was an influential leader of the British suffragette movement. Emily Pankhurst dedicated her life to the promotion of women’s rights including violent protest.
Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965) Born Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire Churchill was Prime Minister 1940-45, successfully leading Great Britain against Nazi Germany. Churchill held many ministerial posts in Liberal and Conservative governments
John M Keynes (1883 – 1946) Economist, born Cambridge. Keynes was the outstanding economist of his generation. His classic work ‘The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) offered solutions to the Great Depression and led to the creation of macroeconomics. He was also involved in the Versailles Peace Treaty (1919), resigning in protest at its harsh terms.
Bernard Montgomery (1887 – 1976) Born in Alton, Hampshire. Montgomery was a British General during World War Two. Montgomery led the successful British action at El-Alamein. He also led British divisions during the liberation of Europe.
T.E. Lawrence (1888 – 1935) Born in Wales, Lawrence grew up in Oxford. An archaeologist who, as a British officer, led the Arab revolt against Ottoman Empire in Arabia during the First World War.
Sir Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) Comic and actor, born in Walworth, London. Chaplin was one of the first media stars of the Twentieth Century. Chaplin moved to Hollywood where he became famous for his silent movies and comic talent.
J R R Tolkien (1892 – 1973) Author, philologist and poet born in South Africa, and brought up in Birmingham. He became an Oxford don who wrote The Hobbit, and the epic trilogy ‘Lord of the Rings‘. Lord of the Rings made him one of the best-selling authors of the Twentieth Century, spawning a new genre of fantasy.
dorothy-hodgkinDorothy Hodgkin (1910-1994) – Born in Cairo, Egypt. Hodgkin studied at Sommerville College, Oxford University. She was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry (1964) for her work in developing X-ray crystallography. She also discovered the structure of both penicillin and later insulin.
Rosalind_FranklinRosalind Franklin (1920 – 1958) Born in Notting Hill, London, Franklin was a British Chemist who made significant contributions to understanding the structure of DNA and RNA.
Margaret Thatcher (1925 – 2013) Born in Grantham, Thatcher was British Prime Minister from 1979-1990. She oversaw a period of rapid social and economic change in Britain. She was a conviction politician unafraid to speak her mind and pursue her ideology.
Queen Elizabeth II rosa-parks(1926 – ) Born Mayfair, London, first daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. She ascended to the throne in 1952 and is the longest serving British monarch.
Sir Roger Bannister (1929 -) Born Harrow, London – doctor and athlete. Bannister was the first athlete to break the four-minute mile at Iffley Road track, Oxford.
Sir Michael Caine (1933-) Actor and writer, born Rotherhithe, London. Caine has featured in over 100 films, including some of the most famous films of his generation, such as Zulu, The Italian Job, and A Bridge too far.
Julie Andrews (1935 – ) Singer and actress, born Walton on Thames. Famous for her lead role in ‘Mary Poppins‘ (1964) – Awarded Academy Award for best actress. She also starred in the classic film ‘The Sound of Music‘ (1965)
John Lennon (1940 – 1980) Born in Liverpool, England, Lennon was a key member of the Beatles, writing many songs and being a key personality of the band. After the Beatles broke up in 1970, Lennon continued with a highly successful solo career, until his murder in 1980.
Cliff_RichardCliff Richard (1940 – ) Singer and musician. Born in Lucknow, British India. Richard spent most of his life in the UK. He has led one of longest rock ‘n’ roll careers in show-business.
Bobby Moore (1941 – 1993) Born Barking, Essex, Moore was a footballer who played for West Ham and England. He captained England during the 1966 World Cup triumph. He was widely regarded as a true gentleman on and off the pitch.
Paul_McCartneyPaul McCartney (1942 – ) Musician from Liverpool. McCartney wrote many of the Beatles hit singles with John Lennon. After the split of the Beatles, he continued his music career with The Wings and solo.
Stephen Hawking (1942 – ) Born in Oxford, Hawking is an English theoretical physicist. Despite suffering from motor-neurone disease, Hawking has made many important scientific discoveries and helped to explain science to the general public.
George_HarrisonGeorge Harrison (1943 – 2001) Musician from Liverpool. One of four key members of the Beatles. George Harrison also led a solo career and had an interest in Hindu meditation.
Elton_JohnElton John (1947 – ) Born Pinner, Middlesex, Elton John is a pianist and singer. One of the best-selling artists of all time. His single “Candle in the Wind” sold over 33 million copies in 1997 – one of the best-selling singles of all time.
Richard Branson (1950 – ) Businessman and entrepreneur, born Blackheath, London. A high school drop out, Richard Branson founded the multinational Virgin group of more than 400 companies, including Virgin mobile, Virgin Airways and Virgin trains.Tony Blair (1953 – ) Born Edinburgh, Scotland, Blair was British Prime Minister from 1997 – 2007. Blair was elected on a platform of great optimism after 18 years of Conservative rule. His leadership became controversial after supporting the US led invasion of Iraq.
Tim Berners-Lee (1955 – ) Computer scientist, born in London. Berners-Lee is credited with the creation of the world wide web (WWW) which enabled transfer of documents across the internet.
Sebastian Coe (1956 – ) Athlete, born Hammersmith, London. Coe was a British Olympic medalist winner at 800m. Sebastian Coe also became a Conservative MP and later led London’s successful offer for the 2012 Olympics
Princess Diana (1961-1997) Born Sandringham, Diana married Prince Charles and gained a high profile for her humanitarian work and the support she gave to various charities. After her marriage broke down, she continued to remain in the public limelight until her untimely death, whilst chased by the paparazzi in Paris.
Boris Johnson (1964 – ) Born New York, Johnson became Mayor of London and one of the best-known politicians in the country. He is famous for his slightly eccentric behaviour, which hasn’t inhibited his political career.
David_CameronDavid Cameron (1966 – ) Born in London, Cameron is leader of the Conservative party and Prime Minister since 2010. Cameron led the UK into a referendum on EU membership and resigned as PM after the UK voted to leave in June 2016.
David Beckham (1975 – ) Born Leytonstone, London Beckham is a footballer, who is one of England’s most capped players. He won many domestic honours with Manchester United and Real Madrid. He is equally as famous off the pitch due to his show biz lifestyle with his wife Victoria Beckham.

On 23-Nov-17 at 20:31:08 GMT, seller added the following information:

This bar is 24Kt Gold Layered

On 01-Mar-18 at 19:30:57 GMT, seller added the following information:

Upon inspection the back of the bar is different from the one in the photos

The one you will receive is coloured in red white and blue as below