NORWICH YARMOUTH,NORFOLK MAP-RARE ELLIS MARTIN COVERS,EDWARDIAN ORDNANCE 1914

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NORWICH YARMOUTH,NORFOLK MAP-RARE ELLIS MARTIN COVERS,EDWARDIAN ORDNANCE 1914:
$17.42

VINTAGEMAP- SOLD FOR £14 ONLY- NO sale- NO POSTAGE FEE FOR 2ND CLASS UK.

seller\'scode: 020520152

ARARE EDWARDIAN SERIES LINEN BACKED ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP

FOREARLY CYCLISTS AND MOTOR TOURERS

WITHA FAMOUS ELLIS MARTIN PICTORIAL COVER

NORWICH,CROMER, GREAT YARMOUTH, SWAFFHAM, WALSHAM AND NORTH NORFOLK

NUMBERAND NAME: “19 (of the 1/2” series)

NORWICH ANDGREAT

YARMOUTH”

HALFAN INCH TO THE MILE

featuring:

THENORFOLK BROADS, CROMER, HAPPISBURGH,THORPE MARKET,

EASTDEREHAM,NORWICH, GREAT YARMOUTH, GREATMASSINGHAM, REEPHAM,

THRUXTON, WALSHAM,BLAKENEY,REEDHAM, HOLKHAM,WEST RAYNHAM,SHERINGHAM,THE

NORFOLK BROADS.

AMAP PUBLISHED IN 1914 FROM AN EDWARDIAN SURVEY- AND WITH THE ARMS ONTHE COVER MONOGRAMMED “E.R” (which is Edward VII in this context)

ELLISMARTIN COVER:

Restoreddue to loss at top corners, off white, brown and green. \"ER\" (EdwardVII) at top, Royal Arms at bottom. Ellis Martin image is monogrammed“EM” at bottom left.

“EllisMartin was born in 1881 and died in 1977. He wasthe house designer of the OrdnanceSurvey from about 1918 (aged 37)through to the 2ndWar in 1939.” With this map one cannow correct that statement to “ He was a house artist of theOrdnance Survey from as early as 1913 and so worked for them beforethe Great War as well as after it.”His greatly respected covers have becomecollectors items in their own right and his employment was a push bythe OS to popularise their maps- both for commercial reasons and outof a sense of moral duty after (andbefore)the Great War.

EllisMartin signed these early pictures on the bottom left EM.

ThisImage:

TheRoyal Arms are unusually at the bottom. Green is the backgroundcolour for the cover with all Ellis Martins work being in Burnt Umberon a buff coloured base. There is a highly decorative border in theEdwardian Style and his picture is within this. It shows a countryroad and a road sign. A large open car stops to gauge the correctroute. Trees form the background and chestnuts overhand the roadfrom the left. The road is lit with sunlight and the trees cast deepshadows halfway across it. It looks a decent country road but not tarmaced at this date. The car has a chauffeur in a peaked cap drivingand three lady passengers, one in the front and two in the back. Ithas running boards and, though probably generic, looks much like an1910 Rolls Royce tourer. The sign post is white and wordless- anaesthetic decision on this scale. “ER” appear above the imagebut oddly this is in the very early years of the reign of George V. I think this might be because George V gave his cartographic patronage to Bartholomew, so to keep their royal arms the OS had to show that the appontment came in the reign of the previous monarch. Theimage might be woodcut but I understand he worked in India ink- fromwhich the image was lithographed. The EM signature lasted \'til the1930s when he began signing with his full name.

EllisMartin, before the First World War, produced posters and advertisingdesigns for Selfridge\'s and W.H. Smith and others (andthe evidence of this series proved he also worked for the OrdnanceSurvey) When the Great War broke out he went to France withthe Royal Engineers and the Tank Corps, as an artist sketching thelandscapes over which the army and its heavy vehicles would have tomove. When the war ended, (actuallybefore it started) Martin was invited to join the OrdnanceSurvey which was struggling to enter the growing market in maps forordinary people; and within a year ( of 1918)the OS was reporting the highest map sales in its history. Martinhelped make Ordnance Survey a household name; his cover designs aremuch collected today. He was 96 when he died as recently as 1977.

WHATIS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST ABOUT THIS MAP?

Thisis a clean map and the sheet is in good condition for itsrarityandage and in the best quality linen backed form. It has a backed andmended cut at bottom left which has caused no loss of mapsurface.

Thecover has been restored at corners, the back cover has a private library lablefrom an historical society. \"MHS\"

Here is a snapshot ofNorfolk published as the 1st World War breaks out and surveyed in the14 years prior to that. So this is essentially Edwardian Norfolk.

It is unusual for OrdnanceSurvey to be in this form:

Orographically coloured or Topopgraphically coloured(colour depicting coloured relief of the geology)

Aimed at early motorists- so perhaps an Edwardian or George V period idea to take on the Ordnance Survey\'s more “commercial”cartographic rivals: Gall and Inglis, Bacon, Bartholomew, Johnston.

It has a very unusual,possibly unique orographic bar at bottom right showing only threeheight bands: 0-100 ft; 30 ft 200 ft, and above 300ft. EvenLincolnshire, with the Wolds surpasses these altitude bands.

Having noted that, it isinteresting how much of the county is above 200 ft: a great belt fromCranford north west to Docking and from Harpley north east to Cromer.

Here are the NorfolkBroads of the Edwardian era: more extensive? Less extensive; lesseroded? managed or not? Tidal or fresh water? These are artificialwater ways and bodies of water and the natural tendency must be forthem to re-establish as reed, moss and peat- so it is interesting howthe Edwardian Broads differ from those of today - whether they were less or more managed.

Erosion: the uniquecoastline of Norfolk erodes and accretes and it is interesting tocompare this Edwardian survey with today, and whether the fathomcontours in any way hint at a former coastline. The sand and mud bars on the coast suggest that those of the north accrete to the west and those of the south east accrete to the south- so maximum erosion must be in the centre of the arced coast- about Happisburgh

In the hydrography thecluster of submarine mounds off Hemsby is intriguing and the early 20th century lightships marked: St Nicholas lightship off Yarmouth;Cockle Lightship off Hemsby and Haisboro\' Lightship off Trimingham.

RAILWAYS

Here are the Railways ofthe period 1900-Ist World War and the map names the companies.

RAILWAY NETWORK.

Norfolk in this period isdominated by the London and North Eastern Railway with an importanteast west line of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway- thisruns into the map at Hillington- crosses the L&NER atfareham-ignoring it, and splits at Melton Constable: North toCromer, South east to Cromer via Ingworth and Walsham to completethe loop, and south to Hellesdon and Norwich with a terminus in thewest of the city also South east to Great Yarmouth.

Weaving about this networkis the L& NER and the N & S Jt R C- which presumably is theNorfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway Company. This is no easy tounderstand because it is difficult to trace a continuous line of thiscompany south into Suffolk. The N&SJRC Starts in Cromes and runssouth to Overstrand, Mundesley, then inland to North Walsham where itmust share tracks with the LNER for no lines out of Walsham aremarked N&SJRC..

LNER lines enter Norwichfrom thetfoird and from Ipswich, this latter must have been the oldGreat Eastern mainline. The LNER runs east to Great Yarmouthsplitting at Reedham and Brundall making a loop either side ofHalvergate. South from Yarmouth the LNER runs to Beccles off the mapand along the Suffolk Coast. A branch links the Thetford and Ipswichlines in the south of the map.

A line runs to Dereham,upto Holkham and off the map to Hunstanton and at Dereham a line runssouth west to Downham Market off the map- via Swaffham. From NorthElmham a line runs east to Wroxham and there meets the line northeast from Norwich to Walsham and Cromer which is uniquely served byall the railway companies: M&GNJR, LNER and N&SJRC. The linesouth from Norwich is called the Eastern Union line, so this might bethat on which the N&SJRC runs to meet its Suffolk lines.

HYDROGRAPHY

The river Wensumdominates the map running south and east into Norwich where it meetsthe Yare which oddly becomes the Blackwater in its upper westernreaches. The River Wissey is part of a quite different system- risingyards from the Yare it flows west into the Fens and eventually thesystem draining into the Wash. The Wensum has a very similar name to the Wantsum-in Kent and one wonders if this could ever have been a channel from Burnham Market to Yarmouth as the Kentish Wantsum was from Reculver to Sandwich.

The Tas which flows northto the Yare south of Norwich is probably a back formation from thename Tasburgh- because the name is not cognate with any other river. It is a famous river because the Iceni\'s Capital was on its banks. The Rivers Ant Burre and Thurne are the Norfolk Broads rivers, andthe Thurne is particularly odd because it seems to flow west into theBurre having once flowed east into the sea at Horsey. There are alsoisolated Broads on the lower Yare.

Breydon Water behindYarmouth is tidal and not a broad (now) – the Broads in northSuffolk at the south east corner of the map, Flixton, Fritton, arenot called Broads- but “Decoys”- and some of the outlying broadshave been incorporated into the landscaped gardens of great houses atBlickling, Wolterton, Gunton Park. Rockland Broad seems the mostsouthern- south of the Yare. The Ant is another strange river, risinga few yards from the Sea and flowing inland to the Burre system-There must be a danger of this entire fresh water system being overwhelmed and lost tocoastal erosion in the east. Hinckling Wall- east of the Broard andVillage suggests that the sea may have reached further inland once.Obviously, the river systems seen on this map have changed in thepast- by human activity, erosion, and accretion. Note how the mouthof the Yare gravitates south leaving Breydon Water, its formerestuary as an inland tidal pool.

OTHER PARTICULARLYINTERESTING FEATURES OF THIS MAP.

Why so many great estatesand halls in North Norfolk?- perhaps the many \"decoys\" is the answer shooting- particularly of migrating wild fowl.

Happisburgh is seen hereon the coast in the middle of the coastal quadrant- It is here thatthe oldest European human footprints and tools have been found of800,000 years ago. On this map those tools and footprints would havebeen still undiscovered and on dry land,for their discovery was due to later coastalerosion. These people were much earlier than the peoples of Clacton, Swanscombe, Hoxne who were living in the Hoxnian war period between the Anglian and Wolstonian ice ages. They are also much older than the \"out of Africa date\" for Homo Sapien Sapien which is alleged to be 66,000 years ago.

The Border between Suffolkand Norfolk seems to follow a dry river course, that which wasby-passed by the New Cut to Reeham Ferry. Interesting that whenwaterway borders change the border does not, so you can follow theancient courses of rivers by following county and \"hundred\" borders- thisphenomenon can be seen on the Stour near Dedham in the south ofSuffolk too. Here one is looking at an old dry course of the Yare.

This border is also the course of the Ancestral Thames, which had followed the Chilterns and then turned north to meet the Scheldt and Rhine. Somewhere off this coast the Ancestral Thames met the Ancestral Bytham River which occupied the rough modern courses of the Ouse and Avon. All the courses of these East Midlands and south Eastern streams was greatly \"re-engineered\" by the Anglian Ice sheet which reached down to the River Crouch. the other two great ice sheets, the Wolstonian (probably) and the Devensian (definitely) did not reach this far south. The Wolstonian is a bit ambiguous because its southern ice reached as far south as Wolston village near Coventry- so that might have partly covered this map area.

This map uses a 4 milegrid, not the 1 km. National Grid.

Peddars Way- an ancientroad cutting north west across the map heads straight for Gore Pointat Holme Next The Sea- which must have been an ancient port. Southwards itseems to head for Ipswich and by-passes Norwich- Perhaps Norwich wasnot an ancient city. The Iceni capital was at Caistor St Edmunds onthe Tas, it is marked on this map. So this map was the seat on theIceni Revolt and it is interesting that it was nationwide and timedto coincide with the Roman attack on Anglesey. Caistor then becomesVenta Icenorum after the revolt and Norwich only comes about after theRoman occupation.

Interestingly there aretwo Keswicks on this map- one near Happisburgh and one by Caistor-the famous Keswick is in Cumberland.

Odd that Blackwater isnever an old name. Here it is a local name for the Upper Yare, InEssex it is a modern name for the Badua or Panta.

Devils Dyke runs duenorth in the west of the map-note that if you extrapolate it- itintersects Peddars Way at Harpley.

West Acre and Castle Acre:named after the Crusades and the place in the Holy land or themeasurement?

Brick Kilns north ofShipdham.

Shipdham: this prefixalways means “sheep”, never “ship”.

“Remains of AncientForest” marked at Brancaster Bay, so it must be assumed that theRoman port at the north end of Peddar\'s Way, must be out to sea.

A road east of UpperSheringham, north of East Beckham, inland from Beeston reaches 327ft- the highest point in the county? And strangely near the coast.

The many mills ofWickhampton suggest it might be below sea level here- a spot-heightmarked “.2ft” which might be -2 feet.

Notice that the\" -by\" namesare densest between the sea and the Broads – the implication isthat despite Dane Law, Danish settlements were largely on marginaland aquatic sites which had been ignored by Anglo-Saxons- There isnot much evidence of Danes replacing Anglo Saxons and it is alsointeresting that Danish names are more prominent in North Essex andSuffolk than they are here.

The road cartography hereshows the enormous importance of Norwich- 9 major and 13 secondaryroads converge on the city like spokes of a wheel.

Gresham\'s School is markednear Holt

Overstrand is an oddlyDutch sounding place name. At Sidestrand on this map you can see theold church on the coast – the village having been moved back due toerosion. Overstrand is exactly the same distance from the Dutch coast as it is from London. Oddly there is a 1st World War aeroplane named afterOverstrand.

MAP STATS.

OLDMAPSHOP.CO.UK IS MY SOURCE FOR ON LINE CARTOIGRAPHIC HISTORY

MAP:GOOD, backed cut division atbottom left. Linen backed SCALE: ½ inch to the mile BLACK GRID- 4mile grid. OVERALL SIZE: Roughly30 by 2 inches FOLDED INTO: 21 sections COVERS : 4 ¼ inches by 7 ½ inches, card, green brown off white, Edwardianpattern, Marked ER – restored covers MAP CONDITION
VINTAGE- BOARDS – ORIGINALFLOATING BOARDS – RESTORED LINEN BACKED OR PAPER? BESTQUALITY LINEN BACKED MAP PIN HOLES AT JUNCTIONS OF FOLDS? YES EDGE NICKS: SOME THIS MAP: GOOD WITH ONE BACKED DIVISION THISCOVER: VERY INTERESTINGHISTORIC WITH RESTORATION PUBLISHED BY: Director General ofOrdnance Survey from: SOUTHAMPTON HAMPSHIRE THE NORTH WEST CORNER OF THIS MAP IS AT: HOLME NEXT THE SEA THE NORTH EAST CORNER OF THIS MAP IS AT: SEA DUE NORTH EAST OF MUNDESLEY THE SOUTH EAST CORNER OF THIS MAP IS AT: CORTON IN SUFFOLK THE SOUTH WEST CORNER OF THIS MAP IS AT: NORTHWOLD THE CENTRE OF THIS MAP IS AT: CAWSTON.

NORWICHAND YARMOUTH

NORFOLK

ORDNANCESURVEY

13 OLDTRAVEL SERIES

EDWARDIANFORM

WITH

ELLISMARTIN COVERS

FINELINEN BACK.

A surprisingly early dated motor map

AVERY INTERESTING OROGRAPHIC AND TRAVEL VERSION OF AN OS MAP- RARE

(noterestoration on cover and reinforcement on division at bottom left)

XXXXXX

Following notes arenot essential reading for the purchase of the item- they are addedfor interest if wanted:

TheFirst OS Maps:

Thefirst Trigonometrical Survey was in 1791; beginning, near modernHeathrow Airport, on Hounslow Heath- so Surrey, Berkshire andMiddlesex may well have been some of the earliest surveyed regions.In 1784 General William Roy measures out that first baseline of whatwould become the Ordnance Survey. It ran across Hounslow Heath,passing through Feltham. General Roy is commemorated locally in thename of a public house. The Ministry of Defence Geographic Centrestill has a base in Feltham, used as a government mapping office.

Mapswere drawn then engraved for publication. The early presses were inthe Tower of London. The first plates were engraved copper - cold cutwith a burin. A burin being the engraver\'s cutting tool. Electrotypeswere introduced in about 1850, as the copper plates began to wearout. Colonel Mudge was the first Director of the Ordnance Survey.Benjamin Baker was the first printmaker. Mudge was charged with mapmaking for military purposes and Kent was the county of most concern;it was later, under Colby his successor, that the idea of rolling theSurvey out from Kent northwards to cover the whole country cameabout. In 1863 the sale of the maps was made more commercial; JamesGardner managed the operation from 163 Regent Street London. Theprinter at that time was Mr Ramshaw. Railways first appeared in 1842,so it is possible to find maps or copies of them with railways beforeelectrotyping- but generally the two phenomena came in together. DrHarley noted that “No copy of a pre-electrotype maps with railwayshas actually been located” - they are a kind of Holy Grail of O.S.mapping. From 1882 onwards revision became more frequent as newtowns, railways and features burgeoned. The First Series OrdnanceSurvey was finished in 1873 and the last map of the series was thatof the Isle of Man. The maps were not then intended for popularuse and one sheet cost the equivalent of two day\'s average wages. Theprint runs of the 1st series were modest: never more than 1,000. Itwas this that gave an opening for Bartholomew to popularise theSurvey with 1/2 inch Reduced Ordnance Surveys. They were forced tochange their title to \"Half in Reduced Survey\" in 1911 whenthe Copyright Act was reinforced.

Onelectrotypes in the period 1852+ the original engraver and directorwere still cited usually Lieut. Col. Mudge or Colby of the RoyalEngineers and Mr Benjamin Baker. Sometimes a “writer” is named attop right. They generally state “At the Ordnance Survey Office inthe Tower”. The numbering of the Sheets is always in RomanNumerals. Although the history books say this electrotyping was1852+ all those I have personally touched have been 1872-73. Oftenseveral plates were tipped together forming quite huge linen backedsheets often about 26 inches by 50 inches- nearly always seendissected and mounted in sections by London bespoke map preparers.The old Series 1 was monochrome but bespoke preparations often havewatercolour wash as ordered. To give some notion of timing: theSeries 1 map of Sussex is dated 1813 and that of Hereford is dated1832. The series was rolled out from the South East as stated.

RAILWAYS:

IstSeries OS maps showed railways on the revised electrotyped platesintroduced from the 1850s onwards. Railway Companies are un namedfrom Serioes 7 onwards- that is: from the 1950s; before that date,railway companies were named by their lines – LMSR, LNER, GWR,Southern Railway etc.. After that date- the network became BritishRailways and no name was necessary. Pre and Post World War 2 mapsgive the regional railway companies, and name individual lines.

Railwayclosures can, be old- several closed prior to the 2ndWorld War, a few earlier in the century. The manner for mappingclosed and closing railways seems to have be:

1.Open; 2. Open but not public carriage; 3.Track marked stations inWhite; 4. Track bed marked in dashed line, cuttings shown, stationsomitted; 5. Cuttings only as geographical features. 5. Much later,Pathfinder 2 1/2” maps show “track of old railway” as agreen-way when it had become a leisure feature of the landscape.

Closedstations are marked white, open stations are red. A closed series ofstations does not prove a closed line which might be open for freighttraffic only, or passenger traffic which now by-passes these oldhalts. War time maps seem sometimes to show stations closed for theduration which were re-opened after the War.

CANALS

Disusedcanals are similarly marked as disused, dry canal beds, and laterjust remnant bridges and surviving reaches. Unlike railways, thecanal network has seen its closures being slowly reversed- a recentexample is the Wey and Aran tends to use red for major roads, where as Military maps tended touse ochre- a major aesthetic difference. Interestingly, even onearlier maps, where all references are in miles, the grid is notImperial but Metric. The Kilometre square seems to be much earlier inOS surveying than in popular use. Indeed there is no popular use ofthe Kilometre as an English land measure- but it is probably that thesurvey never used anything else in the 20th century. For example on a1959 sheet one finds a kilometre measure, a mile measure, a kilometregrid but all references of distance where routes leave the map edgeare in miles. The trend towards citing metric distance was reversedin the later Pathfinder series, it was part of a generalsocio-political change in which enthusiasm for ever closer Europeanstandardisation ebbed and the impetus to change popular usage washalted .

Thereseems to have been a major aesthetic change in the 1960 Survey whenthe detail on the maps was simplified and drawn in a bolder manner.Prior to that, civilian OS and military OS were generally similar,though the gridding methods were different. The Civilian Map Grid wasBlack not Purple or Blue. The Military field sheet-map was almostalways smaller than the Civilian one, and used non-standard coloursand paper- because many printers were coopted for the War time work.

REDACTION

Ithas been alleged that OS add deliberate errors to maps to guardagainst copyright infringement- and it is fun to try to spot these-if they exist. War time maps exclude sites of military significance,Airbases were usually redacted but Army camps were generally not.Naval Ports were left blank and white. One local 1 inch war sheets,churches were unmarked as were other important buildings which mighthave been useful to an enemy for navigation. Perhaps barracks andcamps were unamended because they dated from the Pre war period andwould have been readily available to an enemy from older maps.Airfield were a different matter.

THE FULL RANGE OF SCALES USED

Thefollowing were listed in a 1908 O.S. cover as being the publishedmaps of the time:

“Townmaps on a scale of ten feet or five feet to a mile; General CadastralMap on a scale of 1/2500 or 25 inches to the mile; General map on ascale of 6 inches to the mile; General map on the scale of one mileto an inch; .General map on the scale of two miles to an Inch;General map on the scale of four miles to an inch; General Map of theUnited Kingdom 1/1000000 or 16 miles to an inch; The 10ft, 5 ft and 6inch maps are black only; A full sheet is 36” X 24”, a ¼ sheetis 18” x 12”; The 1, 4, & 10 mile maps are published in blackalso; Contours are on 1 and 2 mile maps; Special maps of certaindistricts are published; All small scale maps can be had, mounted onlinen, unmounted, flat, folded in covers, or cut into sections andmounted on linen; Geographical maps are 6inch to the mile or 1 mileto an inch or 4 miles to an inch.”

ONEINCH MAPS OF THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY:

SERIES 3 - one inch

The1 inch Contoured Road maps had a pictorial cover, often on abrick red ground with black and fawn designs with the borders. Theartist most seen was Ellis Martin and he worked in either pen and inkor woodblock on scenes of travellers by car or cycle. He signs EM atthe bottom corner of the early 1920s design, and his full name on the1930s version. The Full Survey dates for these maps up until 1930swas often surprisingly early : 1870s +. The format was 7” by 4 1/2”folded and the maps were often dissected, though OS used the term“mounted in sections”. Such were the economics of the time that aprice could be printed on the map cover. Integral pricing lasteduntil Series 7, by which time appliqué labels to alter printedprices were common. A contoured road map of 1919 in dissected formwas 3/6d. Its covers were in concertina form. The grid was 2” andnumbered west to east and lettered south to north. The numbers andletters named the squares of the grid not the lines of it. Each gridblock was of 4 square miles. Road were unnamed and railways showedtheir company names. The ½ inch series used an olive green coverinstead of Brick Red. Ellis Martin illustrated these too- His mostfamous 1” design showed a tweed-clad cyclist studying his map witha pipe in his mouth; his 1/2” touring map design was of an opentopped Rolls Royce like car with 3 passengers and a driver.

Amap found from this series had the following interestingcharacteristics: Intaglio blue printing for the hydrography, intagliobrown printing for the uplands, intaglio Black line printing for theroads and towns and names, red contours like a Belgian InstituteCartographique Militaire map, which it resembled in severalcharacteristics. It had litho printed green for woods and lithoprinted orange for roads. Windmills, workhouses and smithies weremarked throughout; thus there was an supposition that horse drawncarriages would be the normal form of conveyance. Hydrography at seahad contours marked in feet not fathoms and a very fine coastalhydrographic shading used parallel blue engraved lines whichconverged towards the coast line, to shade the coastal waters darker.The railways named older pre regional companies – LB&SCR inthis case. It was linen backed and the sheet was about 30 inches by20 inches between floating white linen covered boards- a mostattractive but rarely seen series. (Map described was No. 137-Brighton Lewes Eastbourne).

EDWARDIAN“WITH LAYERS” TOPOGRAPHIC 1/2 INCH MAPS

This series is rare andexperimental. It was an early form of lithgographic mapping- butsome aspects suggest mixed media.

The base map, with the linework and printing is fine, precise-andmay not belithographic; otherthicker blacks appearon the map.Theremay be an electrotypeengraved base andanother block toned black plate.

The toning on the landscape:which the OS called “With Layers” is “topographic shading”or what Bartholomew called it “orographic”,; it has a matrix: aletterpress characteristic. The sea has the appearance of having been masked out and spayed on- it is a lithographic process. I donot believe this process lasted any period of time and the reliefshaded tourist maps of later years- of which this must be a kind ofprototype- did not look like this. Bartholomew had used layeredshading, from green to ochres, umbers and purples. The OS chose touse a range based on Burnt Sienna- with no full green- the sea leveltone is a pale sea-green in an open letterpress matrix; The reasonwhy they did this was to preserve true green for the forests andthese are seen across the maps- as green graphic trees.

There are no submarinecontours- the sea is generally toned towards the coast. Thetowns have blocks of buildings in black: like Series 6 maps and not like the hatching of anengraved electrotype map.Engraving,heliography,electrotype, does not block printing forink retssin the cutor etched lines, not on the highlights.

Thisseries 1894-1908 are seen in pictureque areas- they are theprototypes of the later lithographic tourist maps.

THEEARLY ELLIS MARTIN COVER DESIGN

EllisMartin was the first professional cover artist employed by theOrdnance Survey. The purpose was to popularise the maps, the effectwas startling. The highest ever map sales were achieved in the year1921 and Ellis Martin\'s colourful covers were largely responsible.Usually set within a red brown cover and an elaborate festooned leafborder; the Royal Arms crowned the image. The picture by EllisMartin- showed a man in Tweed Cap, pipe in mouth, and cyclinggaiters, sat on sloping grass studying a map from a hill-side withhis bicycle propped to his right- In front of him is a genericidealised English landscape. In the distance is a bay andcliffs. In the middle distance a viaduct crosses a river and hillsdescend to its valley. At the base of the hill woodland frames theimage. The artist signs the 1920s covers “EM” at bottom right.One would guess from the mark making that the original was an inkdrawing rather than woodblock. Of the Popular Edition of 1919-1921Nicholas Crane, historian and broadcaster noted\" This representsthe last view of Britain before it was over-run\" (by themotorcar) Timeshift, BBC Sept 2015.

Series5 - 1 inch

Generally,these have a blue cover and on them the famous Ellis Martin cover isupdated to show a man of the 1930s- the cycle is gone as is the hat,and the Tweed jacket. His hair is in the short sided manner of the1930s. He still smokes his pipe but now has a short sleeved cardigan,a shirt with sleeves rolled up and a ruck sack on his back- Thecyclist has become a hiker. Otherwise the landscape of the image isunchanged, as is the rest of the cover lay out. The artist signsthese 1930s covers “Ellis Martin”. Series 5 maps are often ofmore localised areas than Series 4. They are seldom seen; perhapstheir production was quickly compromised and curtailed by theoutbreak of war. The implication here is that the golden age of cycletouring is over- This man may be a car driver- his exploration of thecountryside is on foot. Series 5 maps were often large- 40 incheswide.

6thSERIES 1 inch

6thSeries Northern England and Wales maps were based on the Survey forthe 4th edition; but Southern England and Wales, (South ofBirmingham), were based on the 5th edition. From the 5th series onthe maps were based on Lithographic masters (stone or zinc)- earlierthese had been engraved. So, interestingly, Northern England andWales 6th Series were still based on engraved masters, where as 6thseries Southern England and Wales maps were based on masters whichwere already lithographic. In this 6th series M.O.T. road numberswere marked in red. Parish boundaries were re-established after aperiod of omission. Briefly a rather thick brown parish line wastried which compromised streams and other marks- this was quicklyabandoned- I cite the Snowdon Map of 1918-1947 an an example of itsuse.

OnSeries 6 maps,the 1 kilometre National Grid was used for the firsttime. Work on the series began in the 1930s and was interrupted bywar when all the effort of the OS went into Overseas mapping an WarOffice sheets. Then much preparatory work was lost in bombing raidsand, having been halted in an unfinished state, many of the plateshad not been photographed. Thus the maps which appeared as the “NewPopular Edition Series 6\" in 1940- 1947 were much less “new”than had been intended as a result of the war damage to theChessington or Southampton offices and the terrible oversight in notphotographing working plates. When they first appeared the priceswere: paper flat 2/6d; Paper folded 3/-; Linen backed and folded 5/-;Mounted in sections on linen 10/6d. Scottish maps use the samemeridian and projection as England and Wales for the first time.Symbols appeared for National Trust, YHA, Wireless Masts, PylonLines, and Telephone Call Boxes. The only 6th Series Tourist map forwhich the reproduction material was not destroyed by enemy action wasthat of the Lake District. The other Tourist maps were recreated fromscratch after the war. As most 6th Series are published fromSouthampton, perhaps it was there that the Ordnance Survey lost somuch in Bombing raids.

7thSERIES - 1 inch

Thesemaps generally appeared soon but not immediately after the war. The1945-47 maps were Series 6. Series 7 was thefirst truly Post War survey- the survey revision work had mainly beencarried out from 1946 to 1957- and the publications were initiallyfrom 1952 to 60- revised up until near the end of the decade.

OnSeries Severn Maps the war-time airfields were marked- usually justwith the work “Airfield” an no details. 2 1/2” maps are neededfor full runway and taxiway details. For this reason, Series 7 mapsare better for war research than the contemporary Series 6 pieces.This series is particularly useful for historians of the RAF FighterCommand and Bomber Command , USAAF, RCAF, RNZAF and RAAF.

Thereare two formats. The earlier ones, from the end of the war have afolded format of 7 ¾ inches by 5 inches, they look noticeabledumpier and thicker. The later format was 8 ¼ inches by 5 inches.The sheet sizes were standard and did not alter- the difference layin the folding, with the 1950 era maps having the map details orlegend strip at the bottom folded-in before the main map was folded.The later format included the whole sheet in the main folds. Anotherage differentiator is the use of gloss covers. Generally these werelater. Thus there are three instantly recognisable types for the 7thseries Post War: (a.) Dumpy, matt cover with legend folded in; and(b.) Larger folded size, matt cover, whole sheet folded together. c.Large folded size, gloss cover, whole sheet folded together. By the7th Series, therailways were nationalised under British Railways and so the oldcompany names disappeared. Closures had begun but Series 7 shows thefull network, even if stationed are marked white - that is: closed.One cannot tell if a line so marked was fully closed or open tofreight traffic only. It should be noted that the popular notion of“Beeching Cuts” is a simplification; it is quite apparent onSeries 6 maps that many lines were already closing in the 1940s.

OnSeries 7 maps, Britainis seen before the motorway network. The Old fighter aerodromes arestill shown, but not necessarily the operational ones. Thefollowing aesthetic changes from Series 6 can be seen: Woodland isapple green, not lime green. Urban areas are grey blocked, not blackblocked. “A” roads are thinner, less vermilion, more crimson andthey are numbered in red not black. “B” Roads are thinner, lessochre and more yellow and remain unnumbered. Tidal banks, bays andhydrographic features are marked in blue letters, not black. Contoursare thinner and look lighter. Streams and rivers seem a littlebrighter blue- cobalt rather than tertiary. Orchards and plantationshave a lighter and more widely spread symbol of trees in grey. Pricesare no longer printed on the map legend. Towards the end of the 1960sthe 1 inch series was printed in a plain red gloss cover with blacklettering-this late series had a provisional look.

7thSeries ½ Inch Green Covered OS maps:

An unusual. Perhapsprovisional OS series. They used classic OS cartography with a verylight toning in three colours and tan contour lines and colour alsoused for land-use so the series does not have the geological or“orographic” colouring of OS road maps and Bartholomew maps. Thisseems to be an experimental colouring form and it may not haveendured long in published OS series. This series gives a very fineoverall perspective of a region. Some detail was lost due to scale-notably orchards and plantations and minor stream names. But thehydrographic structure generally shows up better on this broaderscale. There are aspects of the 1/2” series of the 1950s whichsuggests a much older template. Perhaps the Green ½ inch maps lookedback to an earlier manner- perhaps that of the 1930s or even 1920s.Roads maintain a standard form irrespective of map scale- thus theydominate a 1/2 inch map more than a 1 inch map. This is a generalcharacteristic of all small scale maps. Airportsare generally absent- either due to war-time redaction which has notbeen reversed, or an older template which pre-dated theyestablishment. There are 51 in the series with Shetland being No 1.and Kent No 51. A standard sale price was 3/- for the paper map.

Victorian¼ inch Maps:

Thesewere reduced from 2 standard sheets- such as “Kent and East Sussex-sheets 20 & 24”. They were small scale, measuring about 20inches by 24 inches with usually simple red cloth covers whichfloated. They had no contours and showed hills with umber shading.They had a 10 minute Mercator grid- and showed roads in burnt orange,woodland in green and the sea without submarine contours in a greenblue which toned darker towards the coast. Railway companies werenamed: they were travelling maps for carriage tours, cycle tours ortrain journeys. They took Liverpool LWMMT as the datum. Typical datesfor the late Victorian-Edwardian series would be: Revised 1887-1894;Railways correct to 1905. They are particularly good for studying therelative growth of towns, woodland cover (usually reduced by today\'smeasure) and overall coastal change. Their form and presentation is aprecursor of the Tourist Maps.

¼”Pre War, 3RD Edition Pocket Maps – For Motorcyclists ( &motorists):

Thesehad boarded covers-which concertina the map between them. Front coverin black and tertiary blue on fawn with classic image of a motorcyclist studying his map by a road sign, in a peaked tweed cap,goggles, a double breasted tweed jacket and a Pre-1st War machinewith a camphor lamp on a bracket square tank. Boards measure 7 ½”by 4 ¼” with G.R. Royal Arms (George V) at bottom front cover.Published from Southampton. Director General of the period cited:Colonel Commandant E M Jack CMG DSO. The map on linen cost 3/-, orPaper 2/-. The Grid is 2”; squares representing 8 miles or 64square miles; one of the last non-metric grids published by theOrdnance Survey. All the Inter-War railways were named; jointlyoperated railway lines are marked as such. These are Geographicalmaps and show contours with graded colour , like a Bartholomew Map.The two publishers were in direct competition but Bartholomew used a½ inch to the mile scale. Bartholomew covered more local regions-such as “Essex”; and Bartholomew were endorsed by the CyclistTouring Club whose logo appeared on their map. Ordnance Survey optedfor the smaller scale and pitched the map at motor-cyclists. They aresimilar to the large format blue covered 1/4” maps but have thecounty names printed in bold black lettering and have grid letters Ato M down the sides, and numbers 1-15 across the bottom; a nonestandard system with no reference to the National Grid. Featuresmarked include: Mineral Railways, Tramways, Battles, Lightships andLighthouses and Seaplane Stations and aerodromes. These maps areoften interestingly annotated by motorcyclists of the period.Numbering was as for the 1/4” 3rd Series large maps with the letter“A” added: 1A to 12A, but missing out 5A. The Index Map suggeststhat they may not have been issued for Scotland- and also shows thatNos. 1, 3, 10, 11 (Borders, North Yorkshire, Cornwall & Devon,and the South) were not produced in this compact series. Map detailsstate that these were“Heliozincographed” which is “PhotoLithographed” . “Helio” means “using light” (i.e:photographically transferred) and “zincographed” means zinc-platelithography. (“litho” means stone, the material of the firstblocks.) Ordnance Survey and Bartholomew\'s were rivals for the drivermarket and used similar formulae. It was a battle which Bartholomewprobably won on cost and quantity. It is interesting how muchextraneous sea was included on some (example: Isle of Man-North WestEngland). This shows that any one O.S. Version is a by-product of agreater survey and project; the original raison d\'etre having beenmilitary- not sight seeing by motor cycle.

¼INCH MAPS: 4TH EDITION

Theseare large and blue-beige covered with the Royal Arms at the top frontcover. There were two series, one for Scotland and one for Englandand Wales. Scotland numbered 1-9 from the Borders to Shetland, andEngland and Wales numbered 1-12 from the Borders to SE England.Number 1 was shared between the two series and covered the wholeborder from Solway to Berwick. Oddly, there was no Map 5 in theEnglish Series and so England and Wales were covered by 11 maps. Map10- Cornwall and Devon is different from the rest in that it did notoverlap any other of the series at all. Scottish maps 8 and 9 werepublished together (Shetland and Orkney). The size folded was a large12 ½” x 5”. The sheets were about 33” by 27” , with thelegend border folded in separately, but they varied. Some, likeShetland, were much smaller. They were printed either portrait orlandscape depending on which suited the geography best. They also hasa sheet of city maps inside the back cover. This town map sheet was22” x 12”, black and red on white and printed on recto and verso;it sometimes contained other information, for example: Sheet 4 showsMersey Tunnel Charge. Typical dates were: Full Revision 1919- printed1946 (4) so the print date equated with the 6th series 1” but theMaster used was much earlier and would have been engraved orelectrotyped- not lithographic. These maps have “orographic”colour gradation to show altitude and contour, they also have roadnumbers; it is apparent that they were going head to head withBartholomew for the traveller and tourist and came up with a verysimilar manner of map making, but a very different large format-attractive but seemingly clumsy. In War time, these ¼ maps aresometimes found marked by flyers- particularly, on suspects, by AirTransport and Delivery pilots. These maps have Level Crossingspredominantly marked in red because pilots followed railway lines andused level crossings as points of reference.

Original1940s Prices; Paper flat 3/-; Paper folded 5/-; Mounted on linen andfolded 8/-; An Outline only edition 3/-.

2½ INCHES SERIES

The2 ½ inch small sheets are the best maps for local history,archaeological study and place-name study. They use black, blue andochre, not full OS colour and will show individual buildings, trees,local names but not all field names. They are either uncovered, bluepaper covered or blue glazed card covered. They measure about 18 ½inches by 19 ½ inches and the black grids on them are 1 ½ inches or4 cm across. They show and area of about 6 miles by 6 miles (36square miles), which is 100 km squared. The are number with 2 lettersand 2 digits: such as TQ35. Each large area of the country, such asTQ is divided into 80 of these very local 2 ½ inch map blocks. Themaps give farm names; they mark, but do not name, fields.

2½ Inch 2nd Series (Green)

Thisis a transitional series between the Blue single area format and thePathfinder double area format. The Cover graphics are as the gloss1st series 1:25000 maps showing a magnifying glass over a map. 1965is a standard copyright date. The series anticipates Pathfinder inthat the sheet is doubled longitudinally and the symbol legend is atthe left. But the manner and printing quality is similar to the 1stSeries without the “satin” feel or stark bleached paper of thelater maps. The verso is plain, footpaths are bold and green;buildings are grey and individually drawn, ancient sites are wellmarked, field boundaries are black: This is more rarely seen series-very pleasant maps on good paper. The standard price was 8 shillingsand 6d a sheet.

Pathfinder 2 ½inch Maps

These were introduced circa1980 and had a different format- They were larger, covering two ofthe old 2 ½” maps: Thus, for example, the Oxford map is markedSP40/50 and covered the old maps SP40 and SP50. Early Pathfinders hadno other letter or number codes, but soon a new numbering systemaccompanied the Old letter and number grid: Example: “MONTGOMERY909 : SO29/30.” One change is the return of Imperial scales, For atime from roughly 1960 onwards maps were described only as 1:25000,now “2 ½ inch to the Mile” makes a re appearance – perhaps bydemand, because this means something; where as 1:25000 is ratherabstract. The versi were now plain, which they had not been in theProvisional 1:25000 series, and the covers became Green and Rose Pinkwith Black and White lettering. Their printing differed from earlier2 1/2” as well: Wooded areas became block green with tree symbolsin black- previously they had been white with tree symbols in a grey.Symbols for trees differentiated between Coniferous, Broad leaf,Coppice and Orchard- Orchards alone retained the white background.The fonts changed too: Pathfinder lettering was Roman Capital SansSerif and light. Older maps were Italic Capital and bold. Fieldboundaries where lined in a bold manner; previously they had beenlight grey. The orange contours lines were toned down and footpaths/bridleways marked in a bolder green. Watercourses were a lighter blueand perhaps simplified with minor ponds being unmarked. The Foldformat also changed from 24cm x 12cm to 24 cm x 12.5cm: seeminglyminor but giving the folded map a markedly stockier look. The borderswere changed: previously they had been white, now they were the samepale green as the woodland with an outer border in white. The paperturned from cream to white.

Underlying all these subtlechanges was a shift in emphasis- old 2 ½ inch maps were documents ofrecord with emphases on roads, altitude and water sources; perhapsland ownership and use was uppermost in the cartographer\'s mind. ThePathfinder\'s emphasis was on walking access- this had an advantage inthe mapping of railways . Previously closed or closing railways usedto undergo a gradual disappearance ending up with vague cuttingsymbols in the landscape. - but on these walking maps, they becameboldly displayed in white with black lined edges; they had, withsocial change, become green-ways and important aspects of thecountryside.

Local farm names wereretained: but there appears to have been a change in the marking oftumuli and barrows which were now named but not marked with thatcircle of short dashes which had made then so prominent on the olderseries.

Overallthe effect is of a higher key map with less geological emphasis andmore right of way or leisure emphasis. The change from Capital BoldItalic to Light Roman Sans Serif, seemingly trivial, made a very bigaesthetic difference.

2½ inch and its 1:25000 equivalent

Arethese the same? Technically no. The maths works out as follows: 1mile = 1760 yards, which is 5880 feet or 63360 inches. Divided by 2.5= 1: 25,344. Which is the actual scale use on the map: 1:25,000, or1:25,344? The 1:25,344 is the correct figure, the reference to milesis a convenient approximate for users. The 2 1/2 inch series wasundertaken initially between 1945 and 1962- it was an entirely PostWar exercise.

GeologicalSurvey and Ordnance Survey

Therelationship between the two Surveys was close. The BASE MAPS of theGeological Survey of Great Britain were always Ordnance maps, be theynational or local. The definitive Great Britain Survey by the GSGB of1948 , which was produced in 2 sheets (North and South), was 10 milesto the inch and used a grey OS base map. The Ordnance Survey retainedprimary copyright on these maps, not the GSGB. The Ordnance Surveypublished a large scale pair of sheets showing the Ancient Sites ofBritain to accompany the Geological Survey- same format, also Northand South, numbered 1 & 2, and using a grey-blue map base withorographic colour in ochre shades. These maps were veryprofessionally produced with robust linen backs and were roughly 40inches by 32 inches- as were the two sheet Geological Survey maps.The image on the covers of the two Great Britain Geological Surveymaps of 1948 was very much in the manner of Ellis Martin but wassigned “RTR” at bottom right: It showed a similar idealisedEnglish landscape with two geologists at work with hammer and map.

Acharacteristic of the accompanying 1951 Ancient Britain sheets wastheir conservatism- perhaps including only sites verified andsurveyed by themselves- Piltdown was one unfortunate inclusion.

TheRAF did not convert to metric- using nautical miles. Also the RAFoften did not receive its maps via the G.S.G.S. W.O. (General Staff,Geographical Service, War Office) but often directly from theOrdnance Survey. The Air Ministry used some standard OS maps such asthe 3 sheet 10 mile to the inch series and the ¼ inch series. Largerscale civilian maps were not suitable for flying but some Series 6 1” maps bear prominent red crosses on level crossings- suggestingthat they had an auxillary use for flyers- perhaps for the ATA- manyof whose flyers were women.

Interestingly,Army military bearings conform neither to True North nor to GridNorth. On many of these maps, MILITARY details are often printedunder the map- on some, letters subdivide the chart. Some look cutdown but were issued without margins with coordinates printed acrossthe middle of the map. The General scale for the local Military mapsof the 2nd War is 1 mile to the inch. They are in full OScolour, but due to the many scratch printers used, the colouring isnon-standard and the paper quality is War Standard. Smaller scalegeneral maps are often found with air navigators\' hand written marks-They must have been used by Air Transport Corps. Maps known to havebeen from Cranwell show that the RAF used 1” extracts for generalcartographic training and examination.

OnGSGS WO maps, OS survey details are often given- original surveyscan be as early as 1865-78 and first publication often circa 1876-82-then constantly revised until these War Time printings by the WarOffice Geographical Service.

Onetends to find, when dated, that the GSGS OS maps with purple grid are1930s surveys printed in War Revision of 1940 and the GSGS Blue Gridare generally 1940-42 prints of the 1940 War Revision.

Thereis considerable difference in colour on OS War maps. Generally theolder and linen backed ones tend to use deeper lithographic colourand the paper and later maps tend towards muted lithographic colour.Tidal flats are shown in ochre on the former and often grey stippledon the latter. The blues of the fresh water and tidal water show thegreatest difference between the series: quite intense and ultramarineon some (earlier)- more tertiary on others (later).

MilitaryMaps have no covers, but are folded sheets, linen backed or paper and- often with a pencil reference on the verso. Often those that wereused in the field had the edges folded back. A few were varnished-seemingly with cellulose- this was done to paper maps without linenbacking. The standard size of the War Chart without margins isroughly 27 inches by 19 inches.

ADMIRALTYprintings of the 1 inch OS -Seventh Series:

Theseare uncommon, use a cover indistinguishable from Civilian OrdnanceSurvey, but their linen backing is more robust and the printingdetails give the civilian publication date, normal reprint dates andthen the words : “PRINTEDBY THE HYDROGRAPHER OF THE NAVY” witha date. It might be assumed that these were coastal charts used forinshore water duties, maybe boat rescue, Air-Sea Rescue, fisheriesand Coastguards. But one was found for Appleby Westmorland: it had nosea at all and no lakes of note- so their use is something of amystery. Generally, cooperation between Admiralty Charts and OrdnanceSurvey was long-standing and sometimes cited on the map sheet: seenotes of Jersey Maps. Themain grid is National Grid and is set from Point 00,south west ofLands End. But there are also a grid in degrees north and east-westof Greenwich marked with a light cross- the grid has 5\' squares (fiveminutes: a minute being a 60th of a degree). This \"truelongitude-latitude grid\" is also marked on land but is difficultto see- it becomes a major feature of the hydrography. On land thiscross might be confused with a symbol for a site of antiquity or achurch without a spire: but it is longer and lighter than those.

RAFMAPS: THESE USUALLY USED THE ¼ INCH TO THE MILE SCALE: They tend tocite the Ordnance Survey but not the General Staff geographicalService. War Office. They often use purple in an orographic manner(graded to express altitude). This must be something to do withcolours in night vision and reduced light. They cite some interestingfeatures which were important for aeronautical navigation such asGolf courses and white horses. They show sea lights and aeriallights, mark the air stations and “landing grounds” and havesymbols for sea plane stations, airship hangars and airship mooringposts. They also cite, in red bombing ranges, shelling ranges, andartillery. They unlike GSGS maps are always marked “Secret” or“Not for Publication”, in red and have lists of elaborate signcodes for light beacons. These are not common.

ORDNANCESURVEY FOR SCOTLAND.

Insome series this is treated as a different survey with differentlettering and numbering systems. On War Maps this is the case (1”small sheet, blue, purple grid) and when a map crosses the Border-for example the sheet “ Solway-Gretna-Longtown”- it has twonumbers, one for the Scottish Survey and one for the English andWelsh Survey. However, how much the two Surveys were ever independentis a debatable point and will be noticed that the Ordnance Survey ofScotland Maps are published by the Director General from eitherChessington Surrey or Southampton, Hampshire. The covers on VintageOS maps were different; the English and Welsh Surveys showed theRoyal Arms not the English Arms, the Scottish Survey showed the LionRampant, not the Quartered Arms of the Monarch in Scotland, whichwould have been the Lion Rampant 1st and 3rd, Three Lions 2nd andHarp 4th with the supporters of the Scottish Arms; the implicationmight be that the Ordnance Survey of England and Wales was underRoyal Patronage, where as that of Scotland was not. From Series 7onwards Scottish OS maps used the same hinged cover system as EnglishOS maps- prior to that Series Scottish maps had a concertina coversystem. Scottish series 7 maps still retain the Lion Rampant arms.

ORDNANCESURVEY OF IRELAND:

Thiswas headquartered at Dublin and had some differences with the Englandand Wales Survey. They prefered the floating cover system of theScottish Survey. They tended to default to Anglo Irish as a languagerather than Irish and thus one gets the impression that many placenames are transcribed and the gaelic is not at all pure. The datumwas 21 feet below a mark on the Poolbeg lighthouse in Dublin Bay- sothis was a true Irish Survey. They either ignore fathoms andbathymetric data altogether or use fathoms for both coastal watersand inland loughs- this the British Surveys did not do. They producedvery fine electrotypes with letterpress at the turn of the century-often 1” maps were quite local and about 30 inches by 14 inches.The hydrography was particularly good using linear shading pulledfrom a blue intaglio plate. After the Revolution the Southern IrishOrdnance Survey continued for many years to sell (perhaps produce)Pre Revolution sheets still dated and ascribed to the OSI and printedat Southampton, and still in electrotype. These even appeared in thecovers of the Learscailioct Eireann to which they suffixed the wordsin brackets (Ordnance Survey) One is not a translation of the other-the Irish translates better as “Map Survey of Ireland”. But intheir address they continued to use the old United Kingdom term“Oifig na Suirveireacta Ordonais”. They were based at Pairc anFionn-Uisce (Phoenix Park- Fionn Water) Baile atha Cliat (Dublin).The standard of the UK Ordnance maps was maintained until the 1940sbut Post War the lithography was not good. I think the country reliedmuch more on the Bartholomew\'s Irish Sheets- which were very good-than did the residual UK. The Northern Irish Survey broke off fromthe Learscailioct Eireann and continued with a more UK style Ordnancemap series- but their folded format for their one inch maps was muchbigger than those of England, Wales and Scotland.

JERSEY

The1914 Jersey Survey produced a non-standard 2 inch to the mile mapwhich used contours and a tan shading to display the geology of theisland. It referred back to 1900-01. The covers were pictorialshowing a scene from the Island. Prehistoric sites and old forts wereshown and the Jersey Railway was an important feature of the Easternside of the island. The map was corrected in later years withreference to the Admiralty charts and this, plus the manner ofprinting and presentations- suggests that it was always envisaged asan aid to sailors and as a map for visitors. The rocks of the Jerseycoast and the marine lights were recorded in a manner reminiscent ofthe detail of a marine chart. The map was folded and had hingedcovers, and a smaller format when closed.

SCILLYISLANDS

Arare map, the example described is 1933- Scale 2 ½ inches to themile, geologically coloured-with ochre and light shading to representthe hills, orange contour lines. Map 25 ½ “ x 22 inches- allcoloured roads are ochre- either solid or dashed- minor tracksuncoloured. This is called a Special District relief Map- Woodland isgreen. The Admiralty is cited for the submarine contours. The grid is1-4 of longitude from west to east and A to C of latitude from northto south. Grid squares are 5 ¾ inches or perhaps 3 miles in eachdirection. Drawn on a Transverse Mercator projection- the boundariesmarked at sea are parish borders. Published from Southampton inhinged fawn card covers with a red block printed Royal Arms called“Fifth Relief Edition Isles of Scilly” under the auspices of theMinistry of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Alater Scilly Isles Survey was in 1/4” scale and it is interestinghow much difference there was between the names on this map and thoseof the earlier one.

SPECIALS

Specialmaps are particularly sought after: perhaps the most famous being theEclipse Maps- such as that of 27th June 1927, with its One day evenusage for the Total Eclipse which ran across England and Wales, forwhich a special illustrated cover was drawn: Printers code: 5000/27.

THENATIONAL GRID.

TheSTART POINT is called the “datum” and is a little to the southwest of Lands End and then all thepointsin England and Wales (later Scotland) are pin pointed in reference toeast and north of this point. The datum is fixed so that the ScillyIsles can be included on the survey; essentially the Scilly Islesdefine the position of the datum.

Thefirst pre metric National Grid used 5000 yard squares ( about 2 ¾miles) The datum was 00 off S. W. Cornwall. Thus Fittleworth wasexpressed as 1,110,000 yards east. This system was used to the endof Series 5 maps, that it up until the 2nd World War. It seems thatmilitary (Army) usage in the 1920s prompted the OS to convert tometric measurements. This same point \"00\" later formed thedefault position for a grid of 10 km squares, subdivided into a 1kmgrid, drawn parallel to a North South line through Point 0. Theeastings are then given followed by the northings to pin point anyplace. A 4 letter reference gives you a point within 100metres. a 6letter reference give a point within a metre. On a very local map youcan scrap the 100s of kilometre number- and give just 3 numbers 356-532 for example : square 35.6 east and square 53.2 north. Of courseyou cannot portray a globe accurately in this way and so thedistortions by the time you are in say Berwick, Cromer or Shetlandare quite considerable. This may have been the logic behind Scotlandhaving its own perspective point and grid which seems to have ceasedin series 6. It seems logical that eastings would distort more thannorthings; a northern line from Start Point 0 is correct irrespectiveof its length- though “true north” moves on a planet whichwobbles in its yearly orbit. Longitude line east of Point 0 shouldconverge. The National Grid does not show Mercator grid elongation.The National Grid perhaps shows that cartography is an art ofconvenience,and subjectivity as much as a science. When this systemwas introduced, it was explained in full on the inside of the frontcover- Series 6 was contemporary to its introduction, and all Series6 maps carry this explanation.

Theterm “datum” is also applied to the point from which altitude isdefined. This was at LWMMT Liverpool until 1915, then at LWMMT NewlynTidal Observatory in Cornwall- thus a pre and post 1915 map will havedifferences in measured heights of fells and mountains(the degree towhich Liverpool and Newlyn do not concur). The Irish Ordnance Surveyused LWMMT on the Dublin Bay Lighthouse. In hydrography, the depthof inland waters (lochs and lakes) are measured in feet and coastalwaters in fathoms. The Irish Survey used fathoms for both inlandwaters and coastal waters. Hydrographic depth is rarely given forreservoirs, small lakes and tarns, or altered lakes such as Thirlmereand Haweswater. This may. In part, be because the Bathymetric Surveyof circa 1870-1903 was not repeated. Also reservoirs have no standarddepth. Smaller meres and tarns tend to have a figure which describesthe altitude of the surface of the water above the LWMMT datum.

TouristMaps:

Theseare perhaps the most attractive of the OS series combining“orographic” colour and contour- the early ones were intaglio andthe series was substantially lost in the 2nd World War due to BombingDamage. The Lake District was the only Master which survived thedestruction. The Post War Tourists\' lithographic maps were 1”and the orographic colour is quite different from that ofBartholomew- more high key, brighter. The mapping is “hybrid”,having relief colour, contour and shading- they tended to have thelarge format of 41” by 33 inches and the covers were particularlyattractive in the early 19th century with period graphics evoking theage.

Thefirst Post War versions were interesting- revision 1950-51,publication 1958- amended to 1963. irrational geological shadingfroim three suns casing shadows on the south south east and southwest side of fells. They omitted YHA (perhaps as part of theirongoing feud with Bartholomew\'s who always showed them)- and theyonly produced 7: 4 in England and 3 in Scotland with perhaps the Wyeand Lower Severn being the least usual and unexpected choice. These7 are useful because they catch the old railways prior to closure.Lake District is particularly interesting here as it is known to bethe only post-bombing survivor. Also Bathymetric readings areinteresting: omitting all the “improved” or “artificial”lakes: Haweswater, Thirlmere- suggesting this Bathymetric survey wascontemporary to that of the Scottish Lochs: 1897-1903 and had notbeen re-surveyed since.

Thecovers of the 1960s were a little bland and perhaps did not dojustice to the excellent maps within which aspired to the conditionof art as well as documents of information.

Thetourist series of the 1960s covered these titles: BEN NEVIS AND GLENCOE, CAINGORMS, DARTMOOR, EXMOOR, GREATER LONDON, LAKE DISTRICT, LOCHLOMOND AND THE TROSSACHS, NEW FOREST, NORTH YORK MOORS, PEAKDISTRICT, SNOWDONIA.

Themulti plate coloured intaglio printing of the Early 20th centuryTourist series represents perhaps the most interesting an attractiveof all Ordnance Survey maps.

VeryRare maps: there are several but two are the semi mythical Engravedmaps with railways before electrotyping and the 1927 Eclipse Map withpictorial cover- A map for a one day event.

Trig-Point: Spot Heights. The Ordnance Survey built these between1935 and 1962. In flat land where heigh points were not to behad for survey work the Survey built temporary high points with\"Bilby MAPS:

Thestandard way is: fold the map horizontally, then concertina the maplaterally, Fold in half. (If the lower information border isseparately folded, that is done first.) Scottish OS maps used afloating cover system, as did Bartholomew of Edinburgh. Often thefront and back boards of a concertina-folded map were not on the samehorizontal line of folds. The OS Motorcycle Maps have floating coversas well. Theadvantage of the Scottish system was that one did not get hinge wearon the cover. The disadvantage of the Scottish system was that thereis no spine with map details readable from a library shelf. ScottishOS maps used hinged covers from Series 7 onwards.

BUY HISTORIC MAPS, BUY MAPS AS PRESENTS, STUDY MAPS; SEARCH OLD MAPS; BUY LOCAL HISTORY MAPS; BUY MAPS OF YOUR REGION; YOUR PAST LANDSCAPE, THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE; MAPS OF YOUR REGION IN THE PAST; OLD MAPS;COLLECTABLE MAPS, RARE MAPS; UNIQUE MAP; VICTORIAN MAPS, GEORGIANMAPS, COUNTY MAPS, RAILWAY MAPS, IMPORTANT MAPS; EDWARDIAN MAPS,1920S MAPS, 1930S MAPS, 1940S MAPS, 1950S, MAPS, 1960S MAPS, ORDNANCESURVEY MAPS, BARTHOLOMEW\'S MAPS, CRUCHLEY MAPS, GEORGE BACON MAPS,STANFORD MAPS, GALL AND INGLIS MAPS; MILITARY MAPS, WAR TIME MAPS,GSGS WAR OFFICE MAPS, ENGLISH MAPS, IRISH MAPS , SCOTTISH MAPS,WELSH MAPS,ANNOTATED MAPS,FOOTPATH MAPS, CYCLING MAPS, GEOLOGICAL MAPS, HYDROGRAPHIC MAPS,TRAVELLERS\' MAPS. ANCIENT MAPS, EUROPEAN MAPS, MAPS AS GIFTS.