Pope John Paul Gold Coin Vatican Rome Jesus Christ Religion Church Italy Prayer

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Pope John Paul Gold Coin Vatican Rome Jesus Christ Religion Church Italy Prayer:
$10.57

Pope John Paul IIComerative Coin
Magnificent Stunning Commemoration CoinDepicts Pope John Paul II with the words \"Joannes Pavlus II\" Pontifex Maximus\"
The Back has an image of St. Peters Square in the Vatican City and has the word \"Roma\"The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about an ounceI bought this myself on a visit to Vactican CityIn Good Condition
Starting at a Penny...With ..If your the only buyer you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!!
A Beautiful coin and Lucky Charm Souvenirto Keepsake of a Great Man
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TheCountries I Send to Include Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize *Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL) * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria *Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo *Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL) * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia* Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania* Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia *Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique *Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) *Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority *Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL) * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal *Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL) *Sint Maarten (NL) * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo *Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * ZimbabweVatican city (Citta del Vaticano), the papal residence, was built over the tomb of Saint Peter. The Vatican\'s position as a sovereign state within a state was quaranteed by the Lateran Treaty of 1929, marked by the building of a new road, the Via della Conciliazione. This leads from huge St Peter\'s basilica to Castel Sant\' Angelo, a monument to a far grimmer past.
Vatican is the smallest state in the world, based in Rome in Italy.
Inside the Vatican city we can find 11 Vatican Museums with the restored Michelangelo\'s Sistine Chapel, and Vatican Gardens, an enchanted place, a system of large and small gardens, fountain, fish pool and enclousure for rabbits. They date back to medieval times when vineyards and orchards extended to the north of the Apostolic Palace.
You can buy online tickets for top attractions, museums, and tours atVatican tickets website. Reserve your place and skip the waiting line.
Vatican radio station broadcasts all over the world in 29 languages, it has it\'s television station, the dialy newspaper, post office with Vatican stamps, shops, offices and publishing house. All signposted, in highly-sophisticated system of organisation.More than a thousand residents are responsible for the smooth, day-to-day running of this nerve centre of official Christianity, with of course the Pope at its head, all guarded by the Swiss guard.
Vatican City State[1]
Stato della Città del Vaticano[2]

Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: \"Inno e Marcia Pontificale\" (Italian)
\"Pontifical Anthem and March\"
Location of Vatican City (green)
in Europe (dark grey) — [Legend]
Capital Vatican City
41°54.2′N 12°27.2′E
Official language(s) Italian[3][4]
Ethnic groups Italians
Swiss (Swiss Guards)
Others[5]
Government Ecclesiastical[5] sacerdotal[6]
absolute elective theocracy[7][8]
- Pope Benedict XVI
- President of the Governorate
Giuseppe Bertello
Legislature Pontifical Commission
Independence from the Kingdom of Italy
- Lateran Treaty 11 February 1929
Area
- Total 0.44 km2 (250th)
0.17 sq mi
- Water (%) 0
Population
- July 2011 estimate 832[9] (236th)
- Density 1877/km2 (6th)
4,859/sq mi
Currency Euro (€)[10][11] (EUR)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Drives on the right[note 1]
ISO 3166 code VA
Internet TLD .va
Calling code +379[12]Vatican City topics
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Papal symbols and rituals
The pope (Latin: papa from Greek: πάππας pappas,[1] a child\'s word for \"father\"),[2] also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus \"greatest bridge-builder\"), is the Bishop of Rome, and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.[3] The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the supposed apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom Jesus is said to have given the Keys of Heaven and the powers of \"binding and loosing\", naming him as the \"rock\" upon which the church would be built. The pope is also head of state of Vatican City,[4] a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved within Rome. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.[5]
The office of the pope is the papacy. His ecclesiastical jurisdiction, the Diocese of Rome, is often called \"the Holy See\"[6] or \"the Apostolic See\", the latter name being based on the belief that the Bishop of Rome is the apostolic successor to Saint Peter.[7] The pope is considered one of the world\'s most powerful people because of his diplomatic and cultural influence.[8][9][10]
The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in world history.[11] The popes in ancient times helped in the spread of Christianity and the resolution of various doctrinal disputes.[12] In the Middle Ages, they played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs.[13][14][15] Currently, in addition to the expansion of the Christian faith and doctrine, the popes are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, charitable work, and the defense of human rights.[16][17]
Popes, who originally had no temporal powers, in some periods of history accrued wide powers similar to those of temporal rulers. In recent centuries, popes were gradually forced to give up temporal power, and papal authority is now once again almost exclusively restricted to matters of religion.[12] Over the centuries, papal claims of spiritual authority have been ever more firmly expressed, culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility for rare occasions when the pope speaks ex cathedra—literally \"from the chair (of Saint Peter)\"—to issue a formal definition of faith or morals
Popes of the Catholic Church
1st–4th centuries
Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleuterus Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I5th–8th centuries
Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III
9th–12th centuries
Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Gregory VI Clement II Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III
13th–16th centuries
Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII
17th century–present
Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II Benedict XVI21st century

Benedict XVI
Francis

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world\'s largest Christian church, with more than one billion members worldwide.[1] It is among the oldest institutions in the world and has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation.[2] The Catholic hierarchy is led by the Pope and includes cardinals, patriarchs and diocesan bishops. The Church teaches that it is the one true Church founded by Jesus Christ,[3][4] that its bishops are the successors of Christ\'s apostles and that the Pope is the sole successor to Saint Peter who has apostolic primacy.[5][note 1][6][note 2][note 3]
Catholic doctrine maintains that the Church is infallible when it dogmatically teaches a doctrine of faith or morals.[7][8][9][note 4] There are a variety of doctrinal and theological emphases within the Catholic Church,[10] including the Eastern Catholic Churches and religious communities such as the Jesuits, the Franciscans and the Dominicans.
The Catholic Church is Trinitarian and defines its mission as spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ,[11] administering the sacraments[12] and exercising charity.[13] Catholic worship is highly liturgical, focusing on the Mass or Divine Liturgy during which the sacrament of the Eucharist is celebrated. The Church teaches that bread and wine used during the Mass become the body and blood of Christ through transubstantiation. The Catholic Church practises closed communion and only baptised members of the Church in a state of grace are ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist.[14]
Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world. Catholic spiritual teaching emphasises spread of the Gospel message and growth in spiritual discipline through the spiritual works of mercy.
The Church holds the Blessed Virgin Mary, as mother of Jesus Christ, in special regard and has defined four specific Marian dogmatic teachings, namely her Immaculate Conception without original sin, her status as the Mother of God,[15] her perpetual virginity and her bodily Assumption into Heaven at the end of her earthly life.[16][note 5] Numerous Marian devotions are also practisedOrganisation
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Outline Index Schools Glossary Philosophers Movements PublicationsBlessed Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the second-longest serving Pope in history and the first non-Italian since 1523.John Paul II was acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. Some[who?] say he was instrumental in ending communist party control of his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. Conversely, he denounced the excesses of capitalism. John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church\'s relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised by progressives for upholding the Church\'s teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women, and by traditionalists for his support of the Church\'s Second Vatican Council and its reform, he was also widely praised for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances.He was one of the most-travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he beatified 1,340 people and canonised 483 saints, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. A key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was \"to place his Church at the heart of a new religious alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims and Christians in a great [religious] armada\".[1][2] 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed venerable by his successor Pope Benedict XVI and was beatified on 1 May 2011.
Papacy began 16 October 1978Papacy ended 2 April 2005(26 years, 168 days)Predecessor John Paul ISuccessor Benedict XVIOrdersOrdination 1 November 1946by Adam Stefan SapiehaConsecration 28 September 1958by Eugeniusz BaziakCreated Cardinal 26 June 1967Personal detailsBirth name Karol Józef WojtyłaBorn 18 May 1920Wadowice, Republic of PolandDied 2 April 2005 (aged 84)Apostolic Palace, Vatican CityNationality PolishPrevious post Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków, Poland (1958–1964)Titular Bishop of Ombi (1958–1964)Archbishop of Kraków, Poland (1964–1978)Cardinal-Priest of San Cesareo in Palatio (1967–1978)Motto Totus Tuus meaning \"totally yours\"Signature Coat of arms SainthoodFeast day 22 OctoberBeatified 1 May 2011Saint Peter\'s Square, Vatican Cityby Pope Benedict XVIPatronage World Youth Day (Co- Patron)
Pope John Paul IIBiography · October 1978 Conclave · Teachings (encyclicals) · Relations with Eastern Orthodox Church · Pastoral trips (list of visits) · Health · Funeral (list of dignitaries) · Places named after him · 2005 Conclave · Beatification
Book:Pope John Paul II[hide] v t eNotable figures of the Cold WarSoviet Union Joseph Stalin Vyacheslav Molotov Andrei Gromyko Nikita Khrushchev Anatoly Dobrynin Leonid Brezhnev Alexei Kosygin Yuri Andropov Konstantin Chernenko Mikhail Gorbachev Nikolai Ryzhkov Eduard Shevardnadze Gennady Yanayev Boris YeltsinUnited States Harry S. Truman George Marshall Joseph McCarthy Dwight D. Eisenhower John Foster Dulles John F. Kennedy Robert F. Kennedy Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Robert McNamara Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George Shultz Caspar Weinberger George H. W. BushPeople\'s Republic of China Mao Zedong Zhou Enlai Hua Guofeng Deng Xiaoping Zhao ZiyangJapan Hirohito Shigeru Yoshida Ichirō Hatoyama Nobusuke Kishi Eisaku Satō Kakuei Tanaka Takeo Miki Takeo Fukuda Masayoshi Ōhira Zenko Suzuki Yasuhiro Nakasone Noboru Takeshita Sōsuke Uno Toshiki KaifuWest Germany Konrad Adenauer Walter Hallstein Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut KohlUnited Kingdom Winston Churchill Clement Attlee Ernest Bevin Anthony Eden Harold Macmillan Alec Douglas-Home Kim Philby Harold Wilson Edward Heath James Callaghan Margaret ThatcherItaly Alcide De Gasperi Palmiro Togliatti Giulio Andreotti Aldo Moro Enrico Berlinguer Francesco Cossiga Bettino CraxiFrance Charles de Gaulle Alain Poher Georges Pompidou Valéry Giscard d\'Estaing François MitterrandFinland Urho KekkonenSpain Francisco Franco Luis Carrero-Blanco Juan Carlos I Adolfo Suárez Felipe GonzálezPortugal António de Oliveira Salazar Marcelo Caetano Álvaro Cunhal Salgueiro Maia Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho António de Spínola Vasco Gonçalves António Ramalho Eanes Mário Soares Francisco de Sá Carneiro Aníbal Cavaco SilvaPeople\'s Republic of Poland Bolesław Bierut Władysław Gomułka Edward Gierek Wojciech Jaruzelski Pope John Paul II Lech WałęsaCanada William Lyon Mackenzie King Louis St. Laurent John Diefenbaker Lester Pearson Pierre Trudeau Joe Clark John Turner Brian Mulroney Kim CampbellPhilippines Benigno Aquino, Jr. Corazon Aquino Juan Ponce Enrile Gringo Honasan Nur Misuari Jose Maria Sison Diosdado Macapagal Ferdinand Marcos Imelda Marcos Fidel V. RamosAfrica José Eduardo dos Santos Jonas Savimbi (Angola) Patrice Lumumba Mobutu Sese Seko (Congo/Zaire) Agostinho Neto Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia) Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) Julius Nyerere (Tanzania) Idi Amin (Uganda) Muammar Gaddafi (Libya) Siad Barre (Somalia)Eastern Bloc Enver Hoxha (Albania) Todor Zhivkov (Bulgaria) Alexander Dubček (Czechoslovakia) Walter Ulbricht Erich Honecker (East Germany) Mátyás Rákosi Imre Nagy János Kádár (Hungary) Nicolae Ceauşescu (Romania) Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)Latin America Juan Domingo Perón Jorge Rafael Videla Leopoldo Galtieri (Argentina) Getúlio Vargas Luís Prestes Leonel Brizola João Goulart Castelo Branco (Brazil) Salvador Allende Augusto Pinochet (Chile) Fidel Castro Che Guevara (Cuba) Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua) Marcos Pérez Jiménez Rómulo Betancourt (Venezuela) Manuel Noriega (Panama) Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán (Guatemala)Muslim World Nur Muhammad Taraki Hafizullah Amin Babrak Karmal Mohammad Najibullah Ahmad Shah Massoud (Afghanistan) Gamal Abdel Nasser Anwar Sadat (Egypt) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Mosaddegh Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran) Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein (Iraq) Menachem Begin (Israel) Michel Aflaq Salah Jadid Hafez al-Assad (Syria)South and East Asia Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangladesh) U Nu Ne Win (Burma) Pol Pot (Cambodia) Indira Gandhi Jawaharlal Nehru (India) Sukarno Suharto Mohammad Hatta Adam Malik (Indonesia) Kim Il-sung (North Korea) Syngman Rhee Park Chung-hee (South Korea) Muhammad Ayub Khan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Pakistan) Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Ching-kuo (Taiwan) Ho Chi Minh (North Vietnam) Ngo Dinh Diem (South Vietnam)Category Portal Timeline of events[hide] v t ePopes of the Catholic Church1st–4th centuries Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleuterus Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I
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Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII17th century–present Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II Benedict XVIBook Category Pope Portal Catholicism Portal List of popes[hide] v t eHistory of the Catholic ChurchGeneral History of the Catholic Church History of the Papacy History of the Roman Curia Catholic Ecumenical Councils Timeline of the Catholic Church History of Christianity Role of the Catholic Church in Western civilization Art in Roman Catholicism Catholic religious institutes Christian monasticism Papal StatesChurch beginnings Jesus Twelve Apostles Saint Peter Paul the Apostle Saint Stephen John the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Apostolic Fathers 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Kissinger (1987) François Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl (1988) Frère Roger (1989) Gyula Horn (1990) Václav Havel (1991) Jacques Delors (1992) Felipe González Márquez (1993) Gro Harlem Brundtland (1994) Franz Vranitzky (1995) Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (1996) Roman Herzog (1997) Bronisław Geremek (1998) Anthony (Tony) Charles Lynton Blair (1999) William Jefferson (Bill) Clinton (2000) György Konrád (2001) The euro (2002) Valéry Giscard d\'Estaing (2003) Pat Cox (2004) Extraordinary prize: Pope John Paul II (2004) Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (2005) Jean-Claude Juncker (2006) Javier Solana (2007) Angela Merkel (2008) Andrea Riccardi (2009) Donald Tusk (2010) Jean-Claude Trichet (2011) Wolfgang Schäuble (2012)[hide] v t eTime Persons of the YearJimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. 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Bush (2000)Complete roster 1927–1950 1951–1975 1976–2000 2001–present[hide] v t eFall of CommunismCommunism Liberalization and Democratization Criticism of communism Anti-communismInternal conditions Brezhnev stagnation Cultural Revolution Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc information dissemination Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Samizdat Shortage economy TotalitarianismInternational relations Active measures Cold War List of socialist countries Predictions of Soviet collapse Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican oppositionReforms of socialism Socialism with Chinese characteristics Perestroika Glasnost Democratisation Sinatra Doctrine Doi MoiEvents by country Eastern Bloc countriesAlbania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union YugoslaviaFormer Soviet Republics: Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kirghistan Moldova Russia Tajikstan Turkmenistan Ukraine UzbekistanOther countriesAfghanistan Angola Benin Cambodia China People\'s Republic of the Congo Cuba Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South YemenCommunist leaders Ramiz Alia Hafizullah Amin Heydar Aliyev Yuri Andropov Aung San Siad Barre Leonid Brezhnev Fidel Castro Nicolae Ceauşescu Konstantin Chernenko Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Hua Guofeng Erich Honecker Enver Hoxha János Kádár Nikita Khrushchev Kim Il-sung Milouš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech Jaruzelski Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Denis Sassou Nguesso Saparmurat Niyazov Kaysone Phomvihane Heng Samrin Tôn Đức Thắng Walter Ulbricht Phoumi Vongvichit Deng Xiaoping Todor ZhivkovAnti-communist leaders Corazon Aquino Sali Berisha Vladimir Bukovsky George H.W. 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Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values.[1] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature.The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system, but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect[citation needed]. Most religions have organized behaviors, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural), and/or scriptures. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture.The development of religion has taken different forms in different cultures. Some religions place an emphasis on belief, while others emphasize practice. Some religions focus on the subjective experience of the religious individual, while others consider the activities of the religious community to be most important. Some religions claim to be universal, believing their laws and cosmology to be binding for everyone, while others are intended to be practiced only by a closely defined or localized group. In many places religion has been associated with public institutions such as education, hospitals, the family, government, and political hierarchies. Anthropologists John Monoghan and Peter Just state that, \"it seems apparent that one thing religion or belief helps us do is deal with problems of human life that are significant, persistent, and intolerable. One important way in which religious beliefs accomplish this is by providing a set of ideas about how and why the world is put together that allows people to accommodate anxieties and deal with misfortune.\"[2]Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[3] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[4] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
Four largest religions Adherents % of world population Article[circular reference]World population 6.99 billion[23] Figures taken from individual articles:Christianity 2.1 billion – 2.2 billion 33% – 34% Christianity by countryIslam 1.5 billion – 1.6 billion[24] 22% – 23% Islam by countryBuddhism 500 million – 1.9 billion[25] 7% – 29%[25] Buddhism by countryHinduism 1.0 billion – 1.1 billion 15.2% – 16.2% Hinduism by countryTotal 5.1 billion – 6.8 billion[25] 77% – 99%[25]
ReligionMajor groups Abrahamic Bahá\'í Faith Christianity Anglicanism Catholicism Orthodoxy Protestanism Druze Islam Sunni Shia Sufi Judaism Conservative Karaite Orthodox Reform Samaritanism MandaeismIndian Ayyavazhi Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Vajrayana Hinduism Shaktism Shaivism Smartism Vaishnavism Jainism SikhismIranian Ahl-e Haqq Bahá\'í Faith Manichaeism Mazdak Mithraism Yazidi Zoroastrianism ZurvanismEast Asian Confucianism Shinto Taoism Zen Hoa Hao Cao DaiCentral Asian TengriismYoruba Aladura Candomblé Santería UmbandaRecent Cheondoism Discordianism Eckankar I-Kuan Tao Neopaganism New Age New Thought Raëlism Rastafari Scientology Seicho-no-Ie Tenrikyo Thelema Unification Church Unitarian Universalism WiccaIndigenous African Afro-American Indigenous Australian Chinese Finnish-Estonian Gurung Javanese Malagasy Native American Odinani Philippine Tibetan (Bön) Polynesian VodouAncient religions Prehistoric PaleolithicNear East Egyptian Mesopotamian SemiticIndo-European Celtic Germanic Greek Gnosticism Neoplatonism Illyro-thracian Mithraism Roman Slavic Vedic HinduismAspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Clergy Conversion Deities Denomination Faith Fire‎ God Meditation Monasticism monk nun Mysticism Mythology Nature‎ Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Prayer Ritual liturgy sacrifice Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Truth Water WorshipTheism Animism Deism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism TranstheismReligious studies Anthropology Comparative Development Evolutionary origin Evolutionary psychology History Philosophy Neurotheology‎ Psychology Sociology Theology Theories WomenReligion andsociety Agriculture Business Clergy Monasticism Ordination Conversion Evangelism Missionary Proselytism Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Happiness Homosexuality Minorities National church Neo-fascism Political science Populations Schism Science State Theocracy Vegetarianism Violence Persecution Terrorism War WealthSecularismand irreligion Deism Agnosticism Atheism Criticism Church of Satan Deconstruction Irreligion by country Objectivism Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state UnaffiliatedLists Index Outline Timeline Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Mass gatherings New religious movements Organizations Religions and spiritual traditions ScholarsCategory Portal[hide] v t ePhilosophy of religionConcepts in religion Afterlife Euthyphro dilemma Faith Intelligent design Miracle Problem of evil Religious belief Soul Spirit Theodicy Theological vetoConceptions of God Aristotelian view Brahman Demiurge Divine simplicity Egoism Holy Spirit Maltheism Pandeism Personal god Process theology Supreme being Unmoved moverGod in Abrahamic religions Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Mormonism Sikhism Bahá\'í FaithExistence of God For Beauty Christological Consciousness Cosmological Degree Desire Experience Love Miracles Morality Ontological Pascal\'s Wager Proper basis Reason Teleological Natural law TranscendentalAgainst 747 Gambit Atheist\'s Wager Evil Free will Hell Inconsistent revelations Nonbelief Noncognitivism Occam\'s razor Omnipotence Poor design Russell\'s teapotTheories of religion Acosmism Agnosticism Animism Antireligion Atheism Dharmism Deism Divine command theory Dualism Esotericism Exclusivism Existentialism Christian Agnostic Atheist Feminist theology Fundamentalism Gnosticism Henotheism Humanism Religious Secular Christian Inclusivism Monism Monotheism Mysticism Naturalism Metaphysical Religious Humanistic New Age Nondualism Nontheism Pandeism Pantheism Perennialism Polytheism Process theology Spiritualism Shamanism Taoic Theism Transcendentalism more...Religious language Eschatological verification Language game Logical positivism Apophatic theology VerificationismProblem of evil Augustinian theodicy Best of all possible worlds Euthyphro dilemma Inconsistent triad Irenaean theodicy Natural evil TheodicyPhilosophersof religion Albrecht Ritschl Alvin Plantinga Anselm of Canterbury Antony Flew Anthony Kenny Augustine of Hippo Averroes Baron d\'Holbach Baruch Spinoza Blaise Pascal Bertrand Russell Boethius D.Z. Phillips David Hume Desiderius Erasmus Emil Brunner Ernst Cassirer Ernst Haeckel Ernst Troeltsch Friedrich Schleiermacher Friedrich Nietzsche Gaunilo of Marmoutiers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel George Santayana Harald Høffding Heraclitus Immanuel Kant J. L. Mackie Jean-Luc Marion Johann Gottfried Herder Karl Barth Karl Marx Lev Shestov Loyal Rue Ludwig Feuerbach Maimonides Martin Buber Martin Lings Mircea Eliade Paul Tillich Pavel Florensky Peter Geach Pico della Mirandola Reinhold Niebuhr René Descartes René Guénon Richard Swinburne Robert Merrihew Adams Rudolf Otto Søren Kierkegaard Sergei Bulgakov Thomas Aquinas Thomas Chubb Vladimir Solovyov Walter Kaufmann William Alston William James William Lane Craig W.K. Clifford William L. 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