SWEET BUCOVINA ROMANIA Painted Monastery MONASTERIES Bukovina MICLEA Romanian

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SWEET BUCOVINA ROMANIA Painted Monastery MONASTERIES Bukovina MICLEA Romanian:
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SWEET BUCOVINA

By Ion Miclea

Foreword by Miu Dobrescu

Studies and Comments by Radu Florescu

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Bucharest, Romania: Editura Sport-Turism, 1977.

Oversized hardcover w/jacket / 521 illustrations / Clean and tight / Illustrated endpapers / Jacket is heavily chipped, edgeworn; cello peeling /

Huge, heavy volume featuring the stunning painted monasteries of Bucovina.

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The eightRomanianOrthodox Churchesof Moldavia are located inSuceava County, northernMoldavia, and were built approximately between 1487 and 1583.

Since 1993, they have been listed byUNESCOas aWorld Heritage Site. Church of the ResurrectionSucevița Monasterywas added to the site in 2010.

NameVillageBuiltChurch of the Beheading of St. John the BaptistArbore1503Church of theAssumption of the Virginof the formerHumor MonasteryHumor1530The Church of the Annunciation of theMoldovița MonasteryMoldovița1532Church of the Holy Roodof PătrăuțiPătrăuți1487Church ofSt. Nicholasand theCatholiconof theProbota MonasteryProbota1531Saint John the New MonasterySuceava1522Church of St George of the formerVoroneț MonasteryVoroneț1487Church of the ResurrectionSucevița MonasterySucevița1583

Other remarkable churches in the area are:

Map of the most important northEastern Moldavian monasteries

NameVillageBuiltChurch of the Descent of the Holy SpiritDragomirna MonasteryDragomirna1609Church of the TransfigurationSlatina MonasterySlatina1554-61
Eastern Carpathiansand the adjoining plains.

Historically part ofMoldavia, the territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1775 to 1918, anadministrative divisionof theHabsburg Monarchy, theAustrian Empire, andAustria–Hungary. AfterWorld War I,Romaniaestablishedcontrolover Bukovina. In 1940, as a result of theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the northern half of Bukovina wasannexedby theSoviet Union.

Name[edit]

The nameBukovinacame into official use in 1775 with theregion\'s annexationfrom thePrincipality of Moldaviato the possessions of theHabsburg Monarchy, which becameAustrian Empirein 1804, andAustria-Hungaryin 1867.

The officialGermanname,die Bukowina, of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), was derived from thePolishformBukowina, which in turn was derived from the Ukrainian word, Буковина (Bukovyna), and the commonSlavicform ofbuk, meaningbeechtree (бук[buk] as, for example, inUkrainianor, even,Buchein German).[1][2]Another German name for the region,das Buchenland, is mostly used in poetry, and means\"beech land\", or\"the land of beech trees\". In Romanian, in literary or poetic contexts, the nameȚara Fagilor(\"the land of beech trees\") is sometimes used.

Nowadays, in Ukraine the name is unofficial, but is common when referring to theChernivtsi Oblastas over 2/3 of theoblastis the northern part of Bukovina. In Romania the termNorthern Bucovinais sometimes synonymous with the entire Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, and(Southern) BucovinatoSuceava Countyof Romania (although 30% of the present daySuceava Countycovers territory outside of the historical Bukovina.)

In English, an alternative form isThe Bukovina, increasingly an archaism, which, however, is found in older literature.

History[edit]

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The territory of Bukovina had been part ofMoldaviasince the 14th century. It was first delineated as a separate district in 1775, and was made a nominal duchy within the Austrian Empire in 1849.

Background[edit]Further information:Moldavia,Romania in the Early Middle AgesandOrigin of the RomaniansBukovina within historic Moldavia over time

TheMoldavianhad state appeared by the mid-14th century, eventually expanding its territory all the way to theBlack Sea. Bukovina and neighboring regions were the nucleus of the Moldavian Principality, with the city ofSuceavaas its capital from 1388 (afterBaiaandSiret). The name ofMoldavia(Moldova) is derived from a river (Moldova River) flowing in Bukovina.

In the 15th century,Pokuttya, the region immediately to the north, became the subject of disputes between the Principality of Moldavia and thePolish Kingdom. Pokuttya was inhabited by Ruthenians (predecessors of modern Ukrainians) andHutsuls; the latter also reside in western Bukovina. In 1497 a battle took place at theCosmin Forest(the hilly forests separatingChernivtsiandSiretvalleys), at whichStephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of KingJohn I Albert of Poland. The battle is known in Polish popular culture as \"the battle when the knights have perished\".

SuceavaFortress

In this period, the patronage of Stephen the Great and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted monasteries and others. With their renowned exteriorfrescoes, these monasteries remain some of the greatest cultural treasures ofRomania; some of them areWorld Heritage Sites, part of thepainted churches of northern Moldavia. Stephen also settled the firstRutheniansin Bukovina with the hope of having a loyal and more numerous population that would contribute with taxes.[citation needed]InSuceava, in the 16th century, two percent of the population (i.e. about 500–1000 people) was Ruthenian.[citation needed]

In 1513, Moldavia started to pay annual tribute to theOttoman Empire, but remained autonomous and was governed as before by a nativeVoivod/ Prince, also known asDomnitororHospodar(Lordin English).

In May, 1600Mihai Viteazul (Michael the Brave), united the two Romanian principalities and Transylvania under his leadership.

For short periods of time (during wars), the Polish Kingdom occupied parts of northern Moldavia. However, the old border was re-established each time, as for example on 14 October 1703 the Polish delegate Martin Chometowski acknowledges \"Between us andWallachia(i.e. Moldavia) God himself setDniesteras the border\" (Inter nos et Valachiam ipse Deus flumine Tyras dislimitavit).

Monument inIași(1875) dedicated toGrigore III Ghicaand Moldavia\'s loss of Bukovina

In the course of theRusso-Turkish War of 1768–1774, the Ottoman armies were defeated by theRussian Empire, that occupied the region during 15 December 1769 – September 1774, and previously during 14 September–October 1739. Bukovina was the reward the Habsburgs received for aiding the Russians in that war. PrinceGrigore III GhicaofMoldaviaprotested and was prepared to take action to recover the territory, but was assassinated, and a Greek-Phanariotforeigner was put on the throne ofMoldaviaby the Ottomans.

Austrian Empire[edit]Main article:Duchy of BukovinaSee also:Treaty of Küçük KaynarcaandEarly Modern Romania

TheAustrian Empireoccupied Bukovina in October 1774. Following the firstpartition of Polandin 1772, the Austrians claimed that they needed it fora road between Galicia and Transylvania. Bukovina was formally annexed in January 1775. On 2 July 1776, at Palamutka, Austrians and Ottomans signed a border convention, Austria giving back 59 of the previously occupied villages, and remaining with 278 villages.

Coat of arms of the Duchy of Bukovina

Bukovina was a closed military district (1775–1786), then the largest district,KreisCzernowitz(after its capitalCzernowitz) of the Austrian constituentKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria(1787–1849). On 4 March 1849, Bukovina became a separate AustrianKronland\'crown land\' under aLandespräsident(not aStatthalter, as in other crown lands) and was declared theHerzogtum Bukowina(a nominal duchy, as part of the official full style of the Austrian Emperors). In 1860 it was again amalgamated with Galicia, but reinstated as a separate province once again 26 February 1861, a status that would last until 1918.[3]

In 1849 Bukovina got a representative assembly, theLandtag(diet). TheMoldaviannobility had traditionally formed the ruling class in that territory. In 1867 with the re-organisation of the Austrian Empire as theAustro-Hungarian Empireit became part of theCisleithanianor Austrian territories of Austria-Hungary, and remained so until 1918.

Late-19th to early-20th centuries[edit]Main article:Early Modern RomaniaBukovina in 1901Czernowitz

The 1871 and 1904 jubilees held atPutna Monastery, near the tomb ofŞtefan cel Mare, have constituted tremendous moments for Romanian national identity in Bukovina. Since gaining its independence,Romaniaenvisioned to incorporate this historic province which, as a core of Moldavian Principality, was of a great historic significance to itshistoryand contained many prominent monuments of itsartand architecture.[4]

Despite the influx of migrants encouraged under the Austrian rule, Romanians continued to be the largest ethnic group in the province until 1880, when Ruthenians (Ukrainians) outnumbered the Romanians 5:4. According to the 1880 census there were 239,690 Ruthenians andHutzuls, or roughly 41.5% of the population of the region, while Romanians were second with 190,005 people or 33%, a ratio that remained more or less the same untilWorld War I. Ruthenian is an archaic name forUkrainian, while theHutsulsare a regional Ukrainian subgroup.

Under Austrian rule Bukovina remained ethnically mixed: predominantlyRomanianin the south,Ukrainian(commonly referred to asRutheniansin the Empire) in the north, with small numbers of andGermans,PolesandJewsin the towns. The 1910 census counted 800,198 people, of (Jews12.86% and a fewCroat,Romani,Serbian, andTurkish.Romanianswere still present in all settlements of the region, but their number decreased in the villages in the north. Many of Bukovina\'s Germans, and a few Romanians, emigrated in 19th and 20th century to North America.[5][6][7]

In 1783, by animperial decreeGreek Orthodoxeparchies in Bukovina andDalmatiaform an Archbishopric with its seat inCzernowitz, later raised to the rank ofMetropolitanate.[8]Some friction appeared in time between the Serb archbishops, and the Romanians complaining thatOld Slavonicis favored toRomanian, and that family names are beingslavicized. In spite of Romanian-Slav frictions over the influence in the localOrthodoxclerical hierarchy, there was no Romanian-Ukrainian inter-ethnic tension, and both cultures developed in educational and public life. Moreover, at the end of the 19th century, the development ofUkrainian culturein Bukovina surpassedGaliciaand the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities.

In the early 20th century, a group of scholars surrounding the AustrianArchduke Franz Ferdinandcreated a plan (that never came to pass) ofUnited States of Greater Austria. The specific proposal was published in Aurel C. Popovici\'s book “Die Vereinigten Staaten von Groß-Österreich“ [The United States of Greater Austria], Leipzig, 1906. According to it, most of Bukovina (including Czernowitz) would form, withTransylvania, a Romanian state, while the north-western portion (Zastavna, Kozman, Waschkoutz, Wiznitz, Gura Putilei, and Seletin districts) would form with the bigger part ofGaliciaa Ukrainian state, both in a federation with 13 other states under the Austrian crown.[9][10]

Kingdom of Romania[edit]Main articles:Kingdom of RomaniaandGreater RomaniaDemographic composition of Bukovina in 1930, with the 1940 border drawn in the centre.

InWorld War I, several battles were fought in Bukovina between theAustro-Hungarian,German, andRussianarmies, which resulted in the Russian army being driven out in 1917.

With the collapse ofAustria-Hungaryin 1918, both the localRomanian National Counciland theUkrainian National Councilbased in Galicia claimed the region. A Constituent Assembly on 14/27 October 1918 formed an Executive Committee, to whom the Austrian governor of the province handed power. The Executive Committee called aGeneral Congress of Bukovinafor 15/28 November 1918, where 74 Romanians, 13 Ruthenians, 7 Germans, and 6 Poles were elected (this is the linguistic composition, and Jews were not recorded as a separate group). A popular enthusiasm sprang throughout the region, and a large number of people gathered in the city to wait for the resolution of the Congress.[11][12]

The Congress elected the Romanian Bukovinian politicianIancu Flondoras chairman, and voted for the union with theKingdom of Romania, with the support of the Romanian, German, Jewish, and Polish representatives, and the opposition of the Ukrainian ones. The reasons stated were that, until its takeover by the Habsburg in 1775, Bukovina was the heart of thePrincipality of Moldavia, where the\"gropniţele domneşti\"(voivods\' burial sites) are located, and\"dreptul de liberă hotărâre de sine\"(right of self-determination).[13]

After an official request byIancu Flondor, Romanian troops swiftly moved in to take over the territory, against Ukrainian protest.[14]Although local Ukrainians attempted to incorporate parts of northern Bukovina into the short-livedWest Ukrainian People\'s Republic, this attempt was defeated by the Polish and Romanian troops. Romanian control of the province was recognized internationally in theTreaty of St. Germainin 1919.

During theinterwar periodRomanian authorities directedRumanizationpolicies at the Ukrainian population of the region.Romanian languagewas introduced into ethnic minority schools in 1923, and by 1926 all Ukrainian schools in Bukovina were closed.

At the same time, the Ukrainian enrollment in theCernăuţi Universityfell from 239 out of 1671, in 1914, to 155 out of 3,247, in 1933, while Romanian enrollment in the same period increased several times to 2,117 out of 3,247.[15]This was partly due to some extent to attempts to switch to mostly Romanian language, but chiefly to the fact that the university was one of only five in Romania, and was considered prestigious.

In the decade following 1928, as Romania tried to improve its relations with theSoviet Union, Ukrainian culture was given some limited means to redevelop, though the gains were sharply reversed in 1938.[citation needed]

According to the 1930 Romanian census,Romaniansmade up 44.5% of the total population of Bukovina and Ukrainians (including Hutsuls) 29.1%.[16]However, in the northern part of the region, Romanians made up only 32.6% of the population, with Ukrainians slightly outnumbering Romanians.

Second World War[edit]Main article:Romania during World War IIBukovina as divided in 1940: Soviet to the north, Romanian to the southAdministrative map of theGovernorate of Bukovinaas of May 1942.

Following theRibbentrop-Molotov Pact, theJune 1940 Soviet Ultimatumdemanded fromRomaniathe northern part of Bukovina, a region borderingGalicia(the latter annexed by theSoviet Unionat 1939Poland\'s partition in 1939). The Soviet demand for Bukovina surprisedNazi Germany, though it did not formally oppose it. In the first Soviet ultimatum addressed to the Romanian government, the partly Ukrainian populated northern Bukovina was \"demanded\" as a minor\"reparation for the great loss produced to the Soviet Union andBassarabia\'s population by twenty-two years of Romanian domination ofBassarabia\". On 28 June 1940, the Romanian government evacuated Northern Bukovina, and theRed Armymoved in, with the new Soviet-Romanian border being traced less than 20 kilometres (12 miles) north ofPutna Monastery.

In 1940,Chernivtsi Oblast(⅔ of which is Northern Bukovina) had a population of circa 805,000, out of which 47.5% were Ukrainians and 28.3% were Romanians, with Germans, Jews, Poles, Hungarians and Russians comprising the rest.[citation needed]The strong Ukrainian presence was the official motivation for inclusion of the region into theUkrainian SSRand not into the newly formedMoldavian SSR. Whether the region would have been included in theUkrainian SSR, if the commission presiding over the division had been led by someone else than the Ukrainian communist leaderNikita Khrushchev, remains a matter of debate among scholars.[citation needed]In fact, some territories with a mostly Romanian population (e.g.Hertza Region) were allotted to the Ukrainian SSR.

In the course of the1941 attack on the Soviet Unionby theAxis forces, theRomanian Third Armyled by GeneralPetre Dumitrescu(operating in the north) and theFourth Romanian Army(operating in the south) re-occupied Northern Bukovina, as well asHertsa district, andBassarabia, during June–July 1941. However, then it continued the war, and occupied during 1941–1944 proper Soviet territories in the south ofUkrainian SSR—theOdessa Oblast, and parts ofMykolaivandVinnytsiaoblasts.

During 1940–1950, major demographic changes occurred in northern Bukovina. These demographic shifts are explained by several separate but concurrent phenomena:

fleeing of a part of the population to Romania (mainly, but not exclusively, ethnic Romanians)
repatriation of Germans, Hungarians and Poles
systematic repression, mass deportation and exterminations by the Soviet regime (again mainly, although not exclusively, directed against Romanians)
deportation of the Jewish population by the Romanian authorities to theTransnistria Governorate.

In the first year of Soviet occupation, the population of the region decreased by more than 250,000. According toNKVDorders, tens of thousands of Romanian families were deported toSiberiaduring this period,[17]with 12,191 people deported on 2 August 1940 (less than a month after the occupation),[17]and another 2,057 persons deported to Siberia in December 1940, together with their families.[18]The largest action took place on 13 June 1941, when about 13,000 people were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan.[19]

Until the repatriation convention[citation needed]of 15 April 1941, NKVD troops killed hundreds of Romanian peasants of Northern Bukovina as they tried to cross the border into Romania in order to escape from Soviet authorities. This culminated on 1 April 1941 with theFântâna Albă massacre.

Almost the entireGerman population of northern Bukovinawascoerced to resettlein 1940–1941 to the parts of Poland then occupied by Nazi Germany, during 15 September 1940 – 15 November 1940, after this area was occupied by the Soviet Union. About 45,000 ethnic Germans had left Northern Bukovina by November 1940.[20]This figure, higher than the size of the German minority, included also a couple thousand Romanians, Ukrainian, etc., posing as Germans to flee the Soviet rule.[citation needed]

In July 1941, the new Romanian military government counted at least 36,000 missing persons.

After the war[edit]Main articles:Communist RomaniaandHistory of MoldovaBukovina within Ukraine

In 1944 theRed Armydrove theAxis forcesout and re-established the Soviet control over the territory. Romania was forced to formally cede the northern part of Bukovina to theUSSRby the 1947Paris peace treaty. The territory became part of theUkrainian SSRasChernivtsi Oblast(province). After the war theSovietgovernment deported or killed about 41,000Romanians.[21]As a result of killings and mass deportations, entire villages, mostly inhabited by Romanians, were abandoned (Albovat, Frunza, I.G.Duca, Buci—completely erased, Prisaca, Tanteni and Vicov—destroyed to a large extent).[22]Men of military age (and sometimes above) were conscripted into the Soviet Army. That did not protect them, however, from being arrested and deported for being \"anti-Soviet elements\".

As a reaction, partisan groups (composed of both Romanians and Ukrainians) began to operate against the Soviets in the woods aroundChernivtsi, Crasna andCodrii Cosminului.[23]In Crasna (in the formerStorozhynetscounty) villagers attacked Soviet soldiers who were sent to \"temporarily resettle\" them, since they feared deportation. This resulted in dead and wounded among the villagers, who had no firearms.

Spring 1945 saw the formation of transports of Polish repatriates who (voluntarily or by coercion) had decided to leave. Between March 1945 and July 1946, 10,490 inhabitants left northern Bukovina for Poland, including 8,140 Poles, 2,041 Jews and 309 of other nationalities.

Overall, between 1930 (last Romanian census) and 1959 (first Soviet census), the population of northern Bukovina decreased by 31,521 people. According to official data from those two censuses, the Romanian population had decreased by 75,752 people, and the Jewish population by 46,632, while the Ukrainian and Russian populations increased by 135,161 and 4,322 people, respectively.

After 1944, the human and economic connections between the northern (Soviet) and southern (Romanian) parts of Bukovina were severed. While the northern part is the nucleus of the UkrainianChernivtsi Oblast, the southern part is tightly integrated with the other Romanian historic regions.

Geography[edit]

The territory of the Romanian (or Southern) Bukovina is located innorthEastern Romaniaand it is part of theSuceava County(plus three localities inBotoșani County), whereas the Ukrainian (or Northern) Bukovina is located inwestern Ukraineand it is part of theChernivtsi Oblast.

Population[edit]Historical population[edit]Demographic composition of Bukovina in 1910

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According to the 1775 Austrian census, the province had a total population of 86,000 (this included 56 villages which were later returned to Moldova). The census only recorded social status and some ethno-religious groups In 1919, I. Nistor claimed thatRomaniansconstituted an overwhelming majority in 1774, roughly 64,000 (85%) of the 75,000 total population. Meanwhile, about 8,000 (10%) wereRuthenians/Ukrainiansand 3,000 (4%) other ethnic groups.[24]On the other hand, an anthroponimical analysis of the Russian census of the population of Moldova in 1774 asserted a population of 68,700 people in 1774, out of which 40,920 (59.6%)Romanians, 22,810RutheniansandHutsuls(33.2%) and 7.2% Jewish,RromaandArmenians.[25]

During the 19th century the Austrian Empire policies encouraged the influx of many immigrants such asGermans, Poles, Jews, Hungarians, andUkrainians(at that time referred to asRuthenians) fromGalicia, as well as Romanians from Transylvania.[26]Official censuses in theAustrian Empire(laterAustria-Hungary) did not record ethno-linguistic data until 1850-1851. The 1857 and 1869 censuses omitted ethnic or language-related questions. \'Familiar language spoken\' was not recorded again until 1880. The Austrian census of 1850-1851 which for the first time recorded data regarding languages spoken, shows 48.50%Romaniansand 38.07%Ukrainians[27]Subsequent Austrian censuses between 1880 and 1910 reveal a Romanian population stabilizing around 33% and a Ukrainian population around 40%.

Based on the above anthroponimical estimate for 1774 as well as subsequent official censuses, the ethnic composition of Bukovina changed in the years after 1775 when the Austrian Empire occupied the region. The population of Bukovina increased steadily, primarily through immigration, which Austrian authorities encouraged in order to develop the economy.[28]H.F. Müller gives the 1840 population used for purposes of military conscription as 339,669.[29]According to Alecu Hurmuzaki, by 1848 55% of the population was Romanian. At the same time, the Ukrainian population rose to 108,907 in 1848 and the Jewish population surged from 526 in 1774 to 11,600 in 1848.[24]

In 1843 theRuthenian languagewas recognized, along with theRomanian language, as \'the language of the people and of the Church in Bukovina\'.[26]

According to estimates and the census data ofAustria-Hungary, the population of Bukovina was:

The present demographic situation in Bukovina hardly resembles the one of the times of theAustrian Empire. The northern (Ukrainian) and southern (Romanian) parts became significantly dominated by their Ukrainian and Romanian majorities, respectively, with the representation of other ethnic groups being decreased significantly.

According to theUkrainian Census (2001)data,[34]theUkrainiansrepresent about 75% (689,100) of the population ofChernivtsi Oblast, which is the closest, although not an exact, approximation of the territory of the historic Northern Bukovina. The census also identified a fall in theRomanianandMoldovanpopulations to 12.5% (114,600) and 7.3% (67,200), respectively.Russiansare the next largest ethnic group with 4.1%, whilePoles,Belarusians, andJewscomprise the rest 1.2%. The languages of the population closely reflect the ethnic composition, with over 90% within each of the major ethnic groups declaring their national language as the mother tongue (Ukrainian,Romanian, andRussian, respectively).

The fact thatRomaniansandMoldovanswere presented as separate categories in the census results, has been criticized by theRomanian Community of Ukraine - Interregional Union, which complains that this oldSoviet-era practice, results in the Romanian population being undercounted, as being divided betweenRomaniansandMoldovans.

The Romanians mostly inhabit the southern part of Chernivtsi region, being the majority inHertsaivskyi Raion, while they form the majority with Moldovans in the Ukrainian pluralityHlybotskyi Raion. Moldovans are the majority inNovoselytsia Raion. In the other eight districts, and the city ofChernivtsi,Ukrainiansare in the majority.

The southern, or Romanian Bukovina has a significant Romanian majority (94.8%), largest minority group being the Romani people (1.9%) and Ukrainians, who make up 0.9% of the population (2011 census).

Cities and towns[edit]Northern Bukovina[edit]

Berehomet(Romanian: Berhomete pe Siret)
Boyany(Romanian: Boian)
Chornivka(Romanian: Cernauca)
Chernivtsi(Romanian: Cernăuţi, German: Czernowitz)
Hlyboka(Romanian: Adâncata)
Kitsman(Romanian: Cozmeni; German: Kotzman)
Krasnoyilsk(Romanian: Crasna)
Luzhany(Romanian: Lujeni)
Mikhalcha(Romanian: Mihalcea)
Nepolokivtsi(Romanian: Nepolocăuţi/Grigore-Ghica Vodă)
Novoselytsia(Romanian: Suliţa-Târg/Suliţa Nouă/Nouă Suliţi)
Putyla(Romanian: Putila)
Sadhora(Romanian: Sădăgura; Polish: Sadagóra)
Storozhynets(Romanian: Storojineţ)
Vashkivtsi(Romanian: Văşcăuţi; German: Waschkautz)
Voloka, Hlybotskyi Raion(Romanian: Voloca; Ukrainian: Волока)
Vyzhnytsia(Romanian: Vijniţa; German: Wiznitz)
Zastavna(Romanian: Zastavna)

Southern Bukovina[edit]

Cajvana(Ukrainian: Кажване,Kazhvane)
Câmpulung Moldovenesc(Ukrainian: Кимпулунґ,Kympulung; historic style=\"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em\">Frasin(Ukrainian: Фрасин,Frasyn)
Gura Humorului(Ukrainian: style=\"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em\">Milişăuţi(Ukrainian: Милишівці,Mylyshivtsi)
Rădăuţi(Ukrainian: Радівці,Radivtsi; German: Radautz)
Siret(Ukrainian: Сирет,Syret)
Solca(Ukrainian: Солька,Sol\'ka)
Suceava(Ukrainian: Сучава,Suchava; historic Сочава,Sochava)
Vatra Dornei(Ukrainian: Ватра Дорни,Vatra Dorny)
Vicovu de Sus(Ukrainian: Верхнє Викове,Verkhnye Vykove)