William McKinley Presidential Inauguration Ticket 1901 Teddy Roosevelt

William McKinley Presidential Inauguration Ticket 1901 Teddy Roosevelt

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William McKinley Presidential Inauguration Ticket 1901 Teddy Roosevelt :
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Large, well-kept andhistoricallysignificant ticket to the secondinauguration of William McKinley, March 4, 1901.
United States presidential inaugurationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaPresidential inauguration at the western front of theU.S. Capitol(Barack Obama, 2009)Presidential inauguration at the Eastern front of the U.S. Capitol (Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965)Inauguration Day 2005: PresidentGeorge W. Bushand First LadyLaura Bushlead the inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House

Theinauguration of the president of the United Statesis a ceremonial event marking the commencement of a new four-year term of apresident of the United States. The day a presidential inauguration occurs is known as \"Inauguration Day\" and occurs on January 20 (or 21st if the 20th is a Sunday). Prior to theTwentieth Amendment, the date was March 4, the day of the year on which theConstitution of the United Statesfirst took effect in 1789; the last inauguration to take place on the older date wasFranklin D. Roosevelt\'s first one on March 4, 1933. The most recent public presidential inauguration ceremony, the swearing in of PresidentBarack Obamato begin his second four-year term in office, took place on Monday, January 21, 2013.

The only inauguration element mandated by theUnited States Constitutionis that the president make anoath or affirmationbefore that person can \"enter on the Execution\" of the office of the presidency. However, over the years, various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades, speeches, and balls.

From the presidency ofAndrew Jacksonthrough that ofJimmy Carter, the primary Inauguration Day ceremony took place on the Capitol\'s EastPortico.[1]Since the 1981 inauguration ofRonald Reagan, the ceremony has been held at the Capitol\'s West Front. The inaugurations ofWilliam Howard Taftin 1909 and Reagan in 1985 were moved indoors at the Capitol because of cold weather. TheWar of 1812andWorld War IIcaused two inaugurations to be held at other locations inWashington, D.C.

When George Washington was inaugurated, the oath was administered byRobert Livingston, Chancellor of New York State, in 1789, and byWilliam Cushing, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, in 1793. Since Chief JusticeOliver Ellsworthswore in PresidentJohn Adams, no chief justice has missed an Inauguration Day. When Inauguration Day has fallen on a Sunday, the chief justice has administered the oath to the president on the Sunday privately and then again the next day publicly.

When a new president takes over mid-term due to the death or resignation of a president, the oath of office is administered but formal, public inauguration events have not been held.

Contents[hide]
  • 1Inaugural ceremonies
    • 1.1Organizers
    • 1.2Locations
    • 1.3Dates
      • 1.3.1Sunday exceptions
    • 1.4Attendees
  • 2Ceremony elements
    • 2.1Oaths of office
    • 2.2Inaugural address
    • 2.3Religious elements and poems
  • 3Other elements
    • 3.1Congressional luncheon
    • 3.2Presidential Procession to the White House
    • 3.3Inaugural Parade
    • 3.4Prayer service
    • 3.5Security
    • 3.6Presidential medals
  • 4List of inaugural ceremonies
  • 5See also
  • 6References
  • 7Further reading
  • 8External links

Inaugural ceremonies[edit]Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt, 1905

The inauguration for the first U.S. president,George Washington, was held on April 30, 1789, atFederal HallinNew York City[2]where he was sworn in byRobert Livingston, theChancellor of the State of New York.[3]In 1801,Thomas Jeffersonbecame the first to be sworn in as president in Washington, D.C., which officially became thefederal capitalonly on June 11, 1800.[4]Inauguration Day was originally on March 4, four months after election day, but this was changed to noon on January 20 by theTwentieth Amendmentin 1933.[4]

The inaugural celebrations usually last ten days, from five days before the inauguration to five days after. However, in 1973, the celebrations markingRichard Nixon\'s second inaugurationwere marred by the passing of former PresidentLyndon B. Johnsontwo days after the inauguration. The celebrations came to an end as Washington began preparations for thestate funeralfor Johnson. Because of the construction work on the center steps of the East Front, Johnson\'s casket was taken up the Senate wing steps of the Capitol when taken into the rotunda tolie in state.[5]When it was brought out, it came out through the House wing steps of the Capitol.[5]

Inauguration Day is afederal holidayobserved by only the federal employees who work in the District of Columbia;MontgomeryandPrince George\'sCounties in Maryland;ArlingtonandFairfaxCounties in Virginia, and the cities ofAlexandriaandFairfaxin Virginia, and who are regularly scheduled to perform non-overtime work on Inauguration Day. There is no in-lieu-of holiday for employees and students who are not regularly scheduled to work or attend school on Inauguration Day. The primary reason for the holiday is to relieve traffic congestion that occurs during this major platform under construction forWoodrow Wilson\'s first inauguration in 1913

Since 1901, all inaugural ceremonies at theUnited States Capitolhave been organized by theJoint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies.[6]

TheU.S. militaryhave participated in Inauguration Day ceremonies sinceGeorge Washington\'s, because the president iscommander-in-chiefof the armed forces. Since the first inauguration ofDwight D. Eisenhowerin 1953, that participation has been coordinated by the Armed Forces Inaugural Committee (now called theJoint Task Force-Armed Forces Inaugural Committee).

The Presidential Inaugural Committee (PIC) is the legal entity that raises and distributes funds for events other than the ceremony, such as the balls and parade.[7]

Locations[edit]

Most inaugural ceremonies were held at theCapitol Building.Washingtongave his first address atFederal Hallin New York City and his second address inCongress HallinPhiladelphia.Adamsalso gave his in Congress Hall in Philadelphia.Jeffersongave both of his addresses at theUnited States Capitolin Washington, D.C. Due to the restoration work on the Capitol, James Monroe\'s 1817 inauguration ceremonies took place outside theOld Brick Capitol.[8]Franklin D. Roosevelt\'s fourth address was given at theWhite House. Depending on the weather, the ceremonial swearing-in is held outside or inside of the Capitol building.

Outdoor ceremonies were traditionally held at the Eastern front of the U.S. Capitol. In June 1980, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies decided to move the ceremony to the west side of the Capitol, to save money and provide more space for spectators.Ronald Reaganwas the first president inaugurated on the west front in January 1981, and an \"urban legend\" later developed that he had personally requested the move, to face toward his home state of California. All outdoor inaugurations since have taken place on the Capitol\'s western front.[9]

Dates[edit]Invitationto the January 20, 2009,inauguration of President Barack Obama

Public inaugural ceremonies have been held on five differentcalendar datesin the year: April 30, March 4 and 5, and January 20 and 21. Washington gave his first address on April30, 1789, and his second one on March 4, 1793, which was the commencement date for presidential terms. This March 4 date was changed to January 20 by theTwentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Sunday exceptions[edit]

From 1793 to 1933, the inaugurations were held on March 4, with only four exceptions. Because March 4 fell on a Sunday, PresidentsMonroe(2nd inauguration),Taylor,HayesandWilson(2nd inauguration) each gave an address on Monday, March 5. Since 1937, addresses have been given on January 20 with only three exceptions (other than following a premature end to the presidential term): PresidentsEisenhower,Reagan, andObamaeach gave an address on Monday, January 21 (2nd inauguration for each). The most recent inauguration day that fell on a Sunday was January 20, 2013; the next will be on January 20, 2041.

Attendees[edit]

In addition to the public, the attendees at the ceremony generally include Members of Congress, Supreme Court justices, high-ranking military officers, former presidents, living Medal of Honor recipients, and other dignitaries.

The outgoing president customarily attends the inauguration, barring those cases where succession was due to his death. There have been four exceptions:

    John Adams did not attend Jefferson\'s inauguration.
  • John Quincy Adams did not attend Jackson\'s inauguration.
  • Andrew Johnson did not attend Grant\'s inauguration.
  • Woodrow Wilson did not attend Harding\'s inauguration (but did ride to the Capitol with him).

Richard Nixon left Washington, D.C., before his resignation took effect and did not attend the swearing-in ceremony of Gerald Ford, who had no inauguration.

Ceremony elements[edit]

Inauguration procedure is governed by tradition rather than the Constitution, the only constitutionally required procedure being the presidential oath of office (which may be taken anywhere, with anyone in attendance who can legally witness an oath, and at any time prior to the actual beginning of the new president\'s term).[10]Traditionally, the president-elect arrives at the White House and proceeds to the inaugural grounds at theUnited States Capitolwith the incumbent president. Only three incumbent presidents have refused to accompany the president-elect:John Adams,John Quincy Adams, andAndrew Johnson.[10]Around or after 12 noon, the president takes the oath of office, usually administered by theChief Justice of the United States, and then delivers the inaugural address.

Oaths of office[edit]Main article:Oath of office of the President of the United StatesBill Clintontakes theoath of officefrom Chief JusticeWilliam Rehnquistduring his1993 presidential inaugurationon January 20, 1993.First inauguration of Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993)Video of theFirst inauguration of Bill Clinton.First inauguration of Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993)MENU0:00audio only versionProblems playing these files? Seemedia help.

Since 1937, the vice president-elect takes the oath of office at the same ceremony as the president-elect; before then, the vice presidential oath was administered in the Senate. The vice-president-elect takes the oath first. Unlike the president, theUnited States Constitutiondoes not specify anoath of officefor the vice president. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789; the current form, which is also recited bySenators,Representatives, and other government officers, has been in use since 1884:

“I, AB, do solemnly swear (oraffirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[11]”

Immediately after the vice-presidential oath, theUnited States Marine Bandwill perform fourruffles and flourishes, followed byHail, Columbia.

At noon, the new presidential and vice presidential terms begin. At about that time, the president-elect takes the oath of office, traditionally administered by theChief Justice of the United States, using the form mandated in Article II, Section 1 of theUnited States Constitution:

“I <name> do solemnly swear (oraffirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

According toWashington Irving\'s biography of George Washington, in the first inauguration, President Washington added the words \"so help me God\" after accepting the oath. This is confirmed by Donald R. Kennon, Chief Historian, United States Capitol Historical Society.[12]However, the only contemporaneous source that fully reproduced Washington\'s oath completely lacks the religious codicil.[13]The first newspaper report that actually described the exact words used in an oath of office, Chester Arthur\'s in 1881,[14]repeated the \"query-response\" method where the words, \"so help me God\" were a personal prayer, not a part of the constitutional oath. The time of adoption of the current procedure, where both the chief justice and the president speak the oath, is unknown.

There is no requirement that any book, or in particular a book of sacred text, be used to administer the oath, and none is mentioned in the Constitution. With the use of the Bible being customary for oaths, at least in the 18th and 19th centuries, a Bible was generally used. Several presidents were sworn in on theGeorge Washington Inaugural Bible.[citation needed]On some occasions, the particular passage to which it was opened has been recorded, as below.John Quincy Adamswas sworn in on a book of laws.[15]At his 1963 swearing aboardAir Force One,Lyndon Johnsonwas sworn on a Catholicmissalthat belonged to his predecessor.[16][17]In addition,Franklin Pierceis definitely known to haveaffirmedrather than sworn by using a Law Book. There are conflicting reports concerningHerbert Hoover, but the use of a Bible is recorded and suggests that he swore in the usual fashion.Barack Obamaused theLincoln Biblefor his oaths in 2009 and 2013.[18]In 2013 Obama also used a Bible that belonged toMartin Luther King, Jr..[19]

Four ruffles and flourishes played before \"Hail to the Chief\"MENU0:00Problems playing this file? Seemedia help.

The presidential oath has been administered by 15 chief justices, oneassociate justice, and two New York state judges (including only those administered at the inauguration).

Immediately after the presidential oath, theUnited States Marine Bandwill perform fourruffles and flourishes, followed byHail to the Chief, while simultaneously, a21-gun saluteis fired usingartillery piecesfrom the Presidential Guns Salute Battery,3d United States Infantry Regiment \"The Old Guard\"located in Taft Park, north of the Capitol. The actual gun salute begins with the firstruffle and flourish, and \'run long\' (i.e. the salute concludes afterHail to the Chiefhas ended).

Inaugural address[edit]Inaugural address of Barack ObamaMENU0:00The first inaugural address, in full, made byBarack Obamaafter beingswornin as theforty-fourthPresident of the United States on January 20, 2009. (Duration: 18 minutes, 58 seconds)Problems playing this file? Seemedia help.

Newly sworn-in presidents usually give aspeechreferred to as an inaugural address. UntilWilliam McKinley\'s first inaugural address in 1897, the president elect traditionally gave the address before taking the oath; McKinley requested the change so that he could reiterate the words of the oath at the close of his address.John Tyler,Millard Fillmore,Andrew JohnsonandChester A. Arthurgave no address, but addressed Congress four months later.[10]In each of these cases, the incoming president wassucceedinga president who had died in office, and was not elected as president in the next election.Gerald Fordaddressed the nation via broadcast after taking the oath, but he characterized his speech as \"Not an inaugural address, not afireside chat, not a campaign speech—just a little straight talk among friends.\"[20]Fifty-four addresses have been given by thirty-seven presidents.George Washington\'s second address was the shortest (135 words), andWilliam Henry Harrisondelivered the longest (8,495 words).

Religious elements and poems[edit]The ReverendDonn Moomawdelivers theinvocationat thefirst inauguration of Ronald Reagan, 1981

Since 1937, the ceremony has incorporated two or more prayers. Musical works and poetry readings have been included on occasion.[21]

Further information:Prayers at United States presidential inaugurationsFurther information:Poems at United States presidential inaugurationsOther elements[edit]See also:United States presidential inaugural ballsCongressional luncheon[edit]

Since 1953, the president and vice president have been guests of honor at a luncheon held by the leadership of theUnited States Congressimmediately following the inaugural ceremony. The luncheon is held in Statuary Hall and is organized by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, and attended by the leadership of both houses of Congress as well as guests of the president and vice president. By tradition, the outgoing president and vice president do not attend.

Presidential Procession to the White House[edit]

SinceThomas Jefferson\'s second inaugural on March 4, 1805, it has become a tradition for the president to parade downPennsylvania Avenuefrom the Capitol to theWhite House. The only president not to parade down Pennsylvania Avenue wasRonald Reaganin his second inauguration in 1985, due to freezing cold temperatures made dangerous by high winds. Reagan paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue during his first inauguration, in 1981, amid the celebrations that broke out across the country because of news just minutes into his term that the52 American hostages held in Iranfor the previous 444 days had been released. In 1977,Jimmy Carterwalked from the Capitol to the White House, although for security reasons, subsequent presidents have walked only a part of the way.

Inaugural Parade[edit]The Inaugural Parade onPennsylvania Avenuepasses the presidential reviewing stand in front of theWhite Housein January 2005.

Following the arrival of the presidential entourage to the White House, it is customary for the president, vice-president, their respective families and leading members of the government and military to review anInaugural Paradefrom an enclosed stand at the edge of theNorth Lawn. The parade, which proceeds along the 1.5 miles of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the stand and the Front Lawn in view of the presidential party, features both military and civilian participants from all 50 states and the District of Columbia; this parade largely evolved from the post-inaugural procession to the White House, and occurred as far back as thesecond Jefferson inauguration, when shipmen from theWashington Navy Yardand musicians accompanied Jefferson on foot as he rode on horseback from the Capitol to the White House. This was expanded in 1837 with horse-drawn displays akin to parade floats being paraded with the president, and the 1847 inaugural ceremonies, including the procession, parade and festivities, were the first to be organized by an official organizing committee. However, the 1829 inauguration of Andrew Jackson saw serious overcrowding of the White House by well-wishers during the \"Open House\" held following the inauguration. The 1885 inauguration of Grover Cleveland saw the post-inaugural Open House evolve into a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House. Since 1885, the presidential review has included both military and civilian contingencies. The 1953 Parade was the largest and most elaborate ever staged.[22]The presidential review has also made milestones, with the 1865 parade being the first to include African-Americans, the 1917 parade being the first to include female participants, and the 2009 parade being the first to include openly lesbian and gay participants.

Prayer service[edit]

A tradition of a national prayer service, usually the day after the inauguration, dates back toGeorge Washingtonand sinceFranklin Delano Roosevelt, the prayer service has been held at theWashington National Cathedral.[23]This is not the same as the Inaugural Prayer, a tradition also began by Washington, when on June 1, 1789, Methodist Bishops Francis Asbury and Thomas Coke, Rev. John Dickins, the pastor of Old St. George\'s (America\'s oldest Methodist Church) and Major Thomas Morrell, one of President Washington’s former aide-de-camps called upon Washington in New York City.[24]This tradition resumed in 1985 with President Reagan and continues under the auspices of a Presidential Inaugural Prayer Committee based at Old St. Georges.

Security[edit]

The security for the inaugural celebrations is a complex matter, involving theSecret Service,Department of Homeland Security, Federal Protective Service (DHS-FPS), all five branches of theArmed Forces, theCapitol Police, theUnited States Park Police(USPP), and theMetropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia(MPDC). Federal law enforcement agencies also sometimes request assistance from various other state and local law-enforcement agencies throughout the United States.

Presidential medals[edit]

Beginning with George Washington, there has been a traditional association with Inauguration festivities and the production of apresidential medal. With the District of Columbia attracting thousands of attendees for inauguration, presidential medals were an inexpensive souvenir for the tourists to remember the occasion. However, the once-simple trinket turned into an official presidential election memento. In 1901, the first Inauguration Committee on Medals and Badges was established as part of the official Inauguration Committee for the re-election of President McKinley. The Committee saw official medals as a way to raise funding for the festivities. Gold medals were to be produced as gifts for the president, vice president, and committee chair; silver medals were to be created and distributed among Inauguration Committee members; and bronze medals would be for sale for public consumption. McKinley\'s medal was simple with his portrait on one side and writing on the other side.[25]

Unlike his predecessor, when Theodore Roosevelt took his oath of office in 1905, he found the previous presidential medal unacceptable. As an art lover and admirer of the ancient Greek high-relief coins, Roosevelt wanted more than a simple medal—he wanted a work of art. To achieve this goal, the president hiredAugustus Saint-Gaudens, a famous American sculptor, to design and create his inauguration medal. Saint-Gaudens\'s obsession with perfection resulted in a forestalled release and the medals were distributed after the actual inauguration. However, President Roosevelt was very pleased with the result.

Saint-Gaudens\' practice of creating a portrait sculpture of the newly elected president is still used today in presidential medal creation. After the president sits for the sculptor, the resulting clay sketch is turned into a life mask and plaster model. Finishing touches are added and the epoxy cast that is created is used to produce the die cuts. The die cuts are then used to strike the president\'s portrait on each medal. The most recent Presidential Inauguration Medal released was for President Obama in 2013.[26]

The Smithsonian InstitutionandThe George Washington Universityhold the two most complete collections of presidential medals in the United States.

List of inaugural ceremonies[edit]

This is a list of the 57 inaugural ceremonies. Also noted (parenthetically) are the nine presidencies for which inaugurations were not celebrated. For a list of the 73 events when the presidential oath of office has been taken, seeOath of office of the President of the United States.

DatePresidentLocationOath Administered by[27]Document Sworn OnInaugural AddressesNotes[28]ArticleApril 30, 1789George WashingtonBalcony ofFederal Hall
New York, New YorkRobert Livingston
Chancellor of New YorkWashington Bibleopened at random toGenesis 49:13due to haste.[29]George Washington\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration of George WashingtonMarch 4, 1793George WashingtonSenateChamber
Congress Hall
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaWilliam Cushing
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesUnknown[30]George Washington\'s Second Inaugural AddressShortest inaugural address (135 words)Second inauguration of George WashingtonMarch 4, 1797John AdamsHouseChamber
Congress Hall
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaOliver EllsworthUnknown[30]John Adams\' Inaugural AddressFirst oath administered by the Chief JusticeInauguration of John AdamsMarch 4, 1801Thomas JeffersonSenate Chamber,U.S. CapitolJohn MarshallUnknown[30]Thomas Jefferson\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst time Marine Band played (done in every inauguration since);
First time address printed on the morning of the inauguration (the National Intelligencer);
First inauguration not attended by outgoing president;
First to walk to and from swearing-in ceremony (instead of carriage)First inauguration of Thomas JeffersonMarch 4, 1805Thomas JeffersonSenate Chamber, U.S. CapitolJohn MarshallUnknown[30]Thomas Jefferson\'s Second Inaugural AddressSecond inauguration of Thomas JeffersonMarch 4, 1809James MadisonHouseChamber, U.S. CapitolJohn MarshallUnknown[30]James Madison\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration of James MadisonMarch 4, 1813James MadisonHouse Chamber, U.S. CapitolJohn MarshallUnknown[30]James Madison\'s Second Inaugural AddressFirst Inaugural Ball (Long\'s Hotel, tickets $4)Second inauguration of James MadisonMarch 4, 1817James MonroeIn front ofOld Brick CapitolJohn MarshallUnknown[30]James Monroe\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst oath and inauguration held outdoorsFirst inauguration of James MonroeMarch 5, 1821James MonroeHouse Chamber, U.S. CapitolJohn MarshallUnknown[30]James Monroe\'s Second Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration to fall on a Sunday - switched to MondaySecond inauguration of James MonroeMarch 4, 1825John Q. AdamsHouse Chamber, U.S. CapitolJohn MarshallA book of US law[31]John Quincy Adams\'s Inaugural AddressFirst president to wear long trousers instead of knee breechesInauguration of John Quincy AdamsMarch 4, 1829Andrew JacksonEast Portico, U.S. CapitolJohn MarshallUnknown[30]Andrew Jackson\'s First Inaugural AddressSecond inauguration not attended by outgoing presidentFirst inauguration of Andrew JacksonMarch 4, 1833Andrew JacksonHouse Chamber, U.S. CapitolJohn MarshallUnknown[30]Andrew Jackson\'s Second Inaugural AddressLast oath administered by Marshall (nine total, from Adams to Jackson);
First time two Inaugural balls were held (Carusi\'s and Central Masonic Hall)Second inauguration of Andrew JacksonMarch 4, 1837Martin Van BurenEast Portico, U.S. CapitolRoger B. TaneyBible open toProverbs 3:17[30][32]Martin Van Buren\'s Inaugural AddressFirst president not born a British subject;
First time President & President-elect rode to the Capitol together for inaugurationInauguration of Martin Van BurenMarch 4, 1841William H. HarrisonEast Portico, U.S. CapitolRoger B. TaneyUnknown[30]William Henry Harrison\'s Inaugural Addressfirst president to arrive in Washington, D.C. by train;
First official inaugural planning committee;
Longest Inaugural address (8,445 words)Inauguration of William Henry Harrison(1841)(John Tyler, no public celebration)William CranchFirst of eight Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the PresidentInauguration of John TylerMarch 4, 1845James K. PolkEast Portico, U.S. CapitolRoger B. TaneyUnknownJames K. Polk\'s Inaugural AddressFirst Inauguration covered by telegraph;
First inauguration known to be illustrated in a newspaper (Illustrated London News)Inauguration of James K. PolkMarch 5, 1849Zachary TaylorEast Portico, U.S. CapitolRoger B. TaneyUnknownZachary Taylor\'s Inaugural AddressSecond case of rescheduling from Sunday to Monday;
Three inaugural balls heldInauguration of Zachary Taylor(1850)(Millard Fillmore, no public celebration)William CranchSecond of eight Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the PresidentInauguration of Millard FillmoreMarch 4, 1853Franklin PierceEast Portico, U.S. CapitolRoger B. TaneyLaw book[30][33]Franklin Pierce\'s Inaugural AddressOath affirmed (not sworn);
First speech recited entirely from memory;
Inaugural ball cancelled;
Vice President ill and sworn in while in CubaInauguration of Franklin PierceMarch 4, 1857James BuchananEast Portico, U.S. CapitolRoger B. TaneyUnknown[30]James Buchanan\'s Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration known to have been photographedInauguration of James BuchananMarch 4, 1861Abraham LincolnEast Portico, U.S. CapitolRoger B. TaneyLincoln Bibleopened at random[30]Abraham Lincoln\'s First Inaugural AddressProcession surrounded by heavily armed cavalry and infantry (war imminent)First inauguration of Abraham LincolnMarch 4, 1865Abraham LincolnEast Portico, U.S. CapitolSalmon P. ChaseBible open toMatthew 7:1,Matthew 18:7,Revelation 16:7[34]Abraham Lincoln\'s Second Inaugural AddressBlacks participated in parade for the first timeSecond inauguration of Abraham Lincoln(1865)(Andrew Johnson, no public celebration)Salmon P. ChaseThird of eight Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the PresidentInauguration of Andrew JohnsonMarch 4, 1869Ulysses S. GrantEast Portico, U.S. CapitolSalmon P. ChaseUnknown[30]Ulysses S. Grant\'s First Inaugural AddressThird inauguration not attended by outgoing president (Johnson remained at White House signing last-minute legislation)First inauguration of Ulysses S. GrantMarch 4, 1873Ulysses S. GrantEast Portico, U.S. CapitolSalmon P. ChaseBible open toIsaiah 11:1-3[35]Ulysses S. Grant\'s Second Inaugural AddressColdest March inauguration (16°F at noon)Second inauguration of Ulysses S. GrantMarch 5, 1877Rutherford B. HayesEast Portico, U.S. CapitolMorrison R. WaiteBible open toPsalms 118:11-13[35]Rutherford B. Hayes\'s Inaugural Address(Inauguration moved to Monday)Inauguration of Rutherford B. HayesMarch 4, 1881James A. GarfieldEast Portico, U.S. CapitolMorrison R. WaiteBible open toProverbs 21:1[35][36]James A. Garfield\'s Inaugural AddressFirst president to review the inaugural parade from a stand built in front of the White HouseInauguration of James A. Garfield(1881)(Chester A. Arthur, no public celebration)John R. BradyFourth of eight Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the PresidentInauguration of Chester A. ArthurMarch 4, 1885Grover ClevelandEast Portico, U.S. CapitolMorrison R. WaiteBible opened at random by Chief Justice toPsalms 112:4-10[37]Grover Cleveland\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration of Grover ClevelandMarch 4, 1889Benjamin HarrisonEast Portico, U.S. CapitolMelville W. FullerBible open toPsalms 121:1-6[35]Benjamin Harrison\'s Inaugural AddressInauguration of Benjamin HarrisonMarch 4, 1893Grover ClevelandEast Portico, U.S. CapitolMelville W. FullerBible open toPsalms 91:12-16Grover Cleveland\'s Second Inaugural AddressSecond inauguration of Grover ClevelandMarch 4, 1897William McKinleyIn front of Original Senate Wing
U.S. CapitolMelville W. FullerBible open to2 Chronicles 1:10[38]William McKinley\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration recorded by a motion picture camera;
First President with glass-enclosed reviewing stand for the paradeFirst inauguration of William McKinleyMarch 4, 1901William McKinleyEast Portico, U.S. CapitolMelville W. FullerBible open toProverbs 16[35]William McKinley\'s Second Inaugural AddressFirst time House joined with Senate for planning (creating the JCCIC)Second inauguration of William McKinley(1901)Theodore RooseveltBuffalo, New Yorkat the Ainsley Wilcox Mansion on Delaware AvenueJohn R. HazelFifth of eight Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the PresidentFirst inauguration of Theodore RooseveltMarch 4, 1905Theodore RooseveltEast Portico, U.S. CapitolMelville W. FullerBible open toJames 1:22-23[35]Theodore Roosevelt\'s Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration with telephone lines installed at the CapitolSecond inauguration of Theodore RooseveltMarch 4, 1909William H. TaftSenate Chamber, U.S. CapitolMelville W. FullerBible open to1 Kings 3:9-11[35]William Howard Taft\'s Inaugural AddressFirst Lady accompanied for first time on ride from the Capitol to the White House following inauguration;
Blizzard required major effort to clear for paradeInauguration of William Howard TaftMarch 4, 1913Woodrow WilsonEast Portico, U.S. CapitolEdward D. WhiteBible open to Psalm 119[35]Woodrow Wilsons First Inaugural AddressInaugural ball suspended for the first time since 1853 (upon Wilson\'s request)First inauguration of Woodrow WilsonMarch 5, 1917Woodrow WilsonEast Portico, U.S. CapitolEdward D. WhiteBible open to Psalm 46[39]Woodrow Wilson\'s Second Inaugural AddressFirst President to take the oath of office on Sunday;
First Lady accompanied for first time both to and from the Capitol;
First time women participated in the paradeSecond inauguration of Woodrow WilsonMarch 4, 1921Warren G. HardingEast Portico, U.S. CapitolEdward D. WhiteWashington Bibleopen to Micah 6:8[35]Warren Harding\'s Inaugural AddressFourth (and most recent) inauguration not attended by outgoing president;
First time a president rode to and from event in an automobileInauguration of Warren G. Harding(1923)(Calvin Coolidge, no public celebration)John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.Sixth of eight Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the President;
Sworn in by his father (a state notary public)First inauguration of Calvin CoolidgeMarch 4, 1925Calvin CoolidgeEast Portico, U.S. CapitolWilliam H. TaftBible open to John 1[30]Calvin Coolidge\'s Inaugural AddressFirst inaugural ceremony broadcast nationally by radio;
First oath administered by a former president (as Chief Justice)Second inauguration of Calvin CoolidgeMarch 4, 1929Herbert C. HooverEast Portico, U.S. CapitolWilliam H. TaftBible open toProverbs 29:18[35]Herbert Hoover\'s Inaugural AddressFirst inaugural ceremony recorded by talking newsreelInauguration of Herbert HooverMarch 4, 1933Franklin D. RooseveltEast Portico, U.S. CapitolCharles E. HughesBible open to

1 Corinthians 13:13[40]

Franklin Roosevelt\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst morning worship service (St. John\'s Church)First inauguration of Franklin D. RooseveltJanuary 20, 1937Franklin D. RooseveltEast Portico, U.S. CapitolCharles E. HughesBible open to I Corinthians 13Franklin Roosevelt\'s Second Inaugural AddressFirst January inauguration (per 20th Amendment)Second inauguration of Franklin D. RooseveltJanuary 20, 1941Franklin D. RooseveltEast Portico, U.S. CapitolCharles E. HughesBible open to I Corinthians 13Franklin Roosevelt\'s Third Inaugural AddressOnly case of 3rd term inauguration (no longer permitted, per 22nd Amendment)Third inauguration of Franklin D. RooseveltJanuary 20, 1945Franklin D. RooseveltSouth Portico, White HouseHarlan F. StoneBible open to I Corinthians 13Franklin Roosevelt\'s Fourth Inaugural AddressOldest oath Bible (1686) and the only one written in a modern foreign language (Dutch);
This bible was used by FDR for all four of his oaths;
No parade or formal celebration (wartime restrictions);
Only case of 4th term inauguration (no longer permitted, per 22nd Amendment)Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt(1945)(Harry S. Truman, no public celebration)Harlan F. StoneSeventh of eight Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the PresidentFirst inauguration of Harry S. TrumanJanuary 20, 1949Harry S. TrumanEast Portico, U.S. Capitol
*First inauguration to be televised[41]Frederick M. VinsonBible open toExodus 20:3-17andMatthew 5:3-11Matthew 5:3–11[42]Harry S. Truman\'s Inaugural AddressFirst televised inaugural ceremonySecond inauguration of Harry S. TrumanJanuary 20, 1953Dwight D. EisenhowerEast Portico, U.S. CapitolFrederick M. VinsonWashington Bibleopen to Psalm 127:1 and a West Point Bible open to II Chronicles 7:14[43]Dwight Eisenhower\'s First Inaugural Address\"Broke precedent by reciting his own prayer after taking the oath, rather than kissing the Bible\"First inauguration of Dwight D. EisenhowerJanuary 21, 1957Dwight D. EisenhowerEast Portico, U.S. CapitolEarl WarrenWest Point Bible open to Psalm 33:12[44][45]Dwight Eisenhower\'s Second Inaugural AddressInauguration held on Monday after Sunday oathSecond inauguration of Dwight D. EisenhowerJanuary 20, 1961John F. KennedyEast Portico, U.S. CapitolEarl WarrenClosed family Bible[46][47]John F. Kennedy\'s Inaugural AddressFirst poet participation (Robert Frost);
First and only Catholic president;
First color televised inaugural ceremonyInauguration of John F. Kennedy(1963)(Lyndon B. Johnson, no public celebration)Air Force OneSarah T. HughesMissal that belonged to President Kennedy[16][17]Last of eight Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the President;
First and only presidential oath taken on an airplane;
First and only woman to administer oath (U.S. District Judge)First inauguration of Lyndon B. JohnsonJanuary 20, 1965Lyndon B. JohnsonEast Portico, U.S. CapitolEarl WarrenClosed family Bible[30][48]Lyndon Johnson\'s Inaugural AddressFirst use of a bullet-proof limousine.Second inauguration of Lyndon B. JohnsonJanuary 20, 1969Richard M. NixonEast Portico, U.S. CapitolEarl WarrenBible open toIsaiah 2:4[40]Richard Nixon\'s First Inaugural AddressOath taken on two Bibles (family heirlooms);
Three-faith prayer serviceFirst inauguration of Richard NixonJanuary 20, 1973Richard M. NixonEast Portico, U.S. CapitolWarren E. BurgerBible open to Isaiah 2:4[49]Richard Nixon\'s Second Inaugural AddressSecond inauguration of Richard Nixon(1974)(Gerald R. Ford, no public celebration)East Room,White HouseWarren E. BurgerOnly Vice President to assume Presidency upon the resignation of the President;
First and only unelected vice president to succeed to presidencyInauguration of Gerald FordJanuary 20, 1977Jimmy CarterEast Portico, U.S. CapitolWarren E. BurgerBible open toMicah 6:8[50][51]Jimmy Carter\'s Inaugural AddressFirst president to walk from the Capitol to the White House in the parade following the swearing-in ceremony;
Only president to have been sworn in using his nickname[52]Inauguration of Jimmy CarterJanuary 20, 1981Ronald ReaganWest Front, U.S. CapitolWarren E. BurgerFamily Bible open to2 Chronicles 7:14[30]Ronald Reagan\'s First Inaugural AddressWarmest inauguration on record (55°F at noon)First inauguration of Ronald ReaganJanuary 21, 1985Ronald ReaganRotunda, U.S. CapitolWarren E. BurgerFamily Bible open to2 Chronicles 7:14[30]Ronald Reagan\'s Second Inaugural AddressColdest inauguration on record (7°F at noon);
Inauguration held on Monday after Sunday oathSecond inauguration of Ronald ReaganJanuary 20, 1989George H. W. BushWest Front, U.S. CapitolWilliam RehnquistWashington Bibleopened at random in the center and a family Bible on top opened to Matthew 5[30]George H. W. Bush\'s Inaugural AddressInauguration of George H. W. BushJanuary 20, 1993Bill ClintonWest Front, U.S. CapitolWilliam RehnquistBible open toGalatians 6:8[30]Bill Clinton\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration of Bill ClintonJanuary 20, 1997Bill ClintonWest Front, U.S. CapitolWilliam RehnquistBible open toIsaiah 58:12[53]Bill Clinton\'s Second Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration made available live on the internetSecond inauguration of Bill ClintonJanuary 20, 2001George W. BushWest Front, U.S. CapitolWilliam RehnquistClosed family Bible[30][54]George W. Bush\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst inauguration of George W. BushJanuary 20, 2005George W. BushWest Front, U.S. CapitolWilliam RehnquistOpen family bible; same one used in 1989 and 2001 open toIsaiah40:31[30]George W. Bush\'s Second Inaugural AddressFirst live webcam of inaugural platform construction;
First inauguration with secure inaugural credentials;
First anti-counterfeiting security designed into the tickets;
Largest inaugural platform to date.Second inauguration of George W. BushJanuary 20, 2009Barack Obama[55]West Front, U.S. CapitolJohn G. RobertsClosedLincoln Bible[56]Barack Obama\'s First Inaugural AddressFirst black president;
Largest attendance of any event in the history of Washington, DC;
Highest viewership ever of the swearing-in ceremonies on the Internet;
First woman to emcee the ceremony (Sen.Dianne Feinstein);
First inaugural webcast to include captioningFirst inauguration of Barack ObamaJanuary 21, 2013Barack Obama[57]West Front, U.S. CapitolJohn G. RobertsLincoln Bibleand a Bible owned byMartin Luther King, Jr.[58]Barack Obama\'s Second Inaugural AddressSecond inauguration of Barack ObamaDatePresidentLocationAdministered by[27]Document Sworn On[30]Inaugural Addresses (Texts from Wikisource)Notes[28]Article

William McKinley Presidential Inauguration Ticket 1901 Teddy Roosevelt :
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