1918 Judaica 2 PHOTOS Poland SOSNOWIEC POLISH JEWS Jewish BLACKSMITH Sosnowice

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1918 Judaica 2 PHOTOS Poland SOSNOWIEC POLISH JEWS Jewish BLACKSMITH Sosnowice:
$135.00

DESCRIPTION : Here for sale is a genuine authentic vintage 95 years oldJEWISH JUDAICA artifact of extreme historical Jewish value. These are 2 original photos which were taken by a Polish photographer in ca 1918 in the town of SOSNOWIEC ( Also Sosnowice , Sosnovich , Sosnovets ) in the KATOWICE district in south POLAND , Depicting groups of Jewish BLACKSMITHS , Standing near and with their blacksmithing tools at their blacksmith shops . No details on the verso but connected to the two clearly identified Jewish Sosnowiec postcards - item 271385549320 . Extremely rare. Two original photos ( Siver gelatine or earlier technique ). Postcard size 3.5\" x 5.5\". Very good condition. Worn rims . ( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ) .Will be sent in a special protective rigid sealed packaging.PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal.

SHIPPING : Shipp worldwide via expedited insured trackable registeredairmail is $ 16 .Will be sent in a special protective rigid sealed packaging. Handling within 3-5 days after payment. Estimated Int\'l duration around 10 days.

The Holocaust (from the Greek ὁλόκαυστος holókaustos: hólos, \"whole\" and kaustós, \"burnt\")also known as the Shoah (Hebrew: השואה, HaShoah, \"catastrophe\"; Yiddish: חורבן, Churben or Hurban, from the Hebrew for \"destruction\"), was the mass murder or genocide of approximately six million Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, throughout German-occupied territory.Of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust, approximately two-thirds were killed.Over one million Jewish children were killed in the Holocaust, as were approximately two million Jewish women and three million Jewish men. A network of over 40,000 facilities in Germany and German-occupied territory were used to concentrate, hold, and kill Jews and other victims.Some scholars argue that the mass murder of the Romani and people with disabilities should be included in the definition,and some use the common noun \"holocaust\" to describe other Nazi mass murders, including those of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, and homosexuals.Recent estimates based on figures obtained since the fall of the Soviet Union indicates some ten to eleven million civilians and prisoners of war were intentionally murdered by the Nazi regime.The persecution and genocide were carried out in stages. Various laws to remove the Jews from civil society, most prominently the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, were enacted in Germany before the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were subjected to slave labor until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where Germany conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. The occupiers required Jews and Romani to be confined in overcrowded ghettos before being transported by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. Every arm of Germany\'s bureaucracy was involved in the logistics that led to the genocides, turning the Third Reich into what one Holocaust scholar has called \"a genocidal state\". During World War II, ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe were set up by the Third Reich in order to confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed area within a city. In total, according to USHMM archives, there were at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Therefore, the examples are intended only to illustrate their scope and living conditions across Eastern Europe. Although the common usage in Holocaust literature is \'ghetto\', the Nazis most often referred to these detention facilities in documents and signage as \'Jüdischer Wohnbezirk\' or \'Wohngebiet der Juden\' (German); both are often translated as Jewish Quarter although the former is literally \"Jewish Living/Residential Area/District/Neighborhood\" and the latter is \"Living Area of the Jews\"). Soon after the 1939 Invasion of Poland, the German Nazis began to systematically move Polish Jews away from their homes and into designated areas of larger Polish cities and towns. The first ghetto at Piotrków Trybunalski was established in October 1939, the one in Tuliszkow was established in December 1939 – January 1940, followed by the first large scale ghetto, the Łódź Ghetto in April 1940, and the Warsaw Ghetto in October, with many other ghettos established throughout 1940 and 1941. Many ghettos were walled off or enclosed with barbed wire. In the case of sealed ghettos, any Jew found leaving them was shot. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2) located in the heart of the city. The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 List of ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust Będzin Ghetto Uprising (also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising) Białystok Ghetto Uprising - organized by the Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising Łachwa (Lakhva) Ghetto Uprising Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto Uprising Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - organised by the ŻOB and ŻZW Riga Ghetto Resistance Movement To some extent the armed struggle was also carried out during the final liquidation of Ghettos in: Kraków Ghetto Łódź Ghetto Lwów Ghetto Marcinkonys Ghetto Minsk Ghetto Pińsk Ghetto Wilno (Vilna) Ghetto - resistance of the Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje SOSNOWIEC (Rus. Sosnovets), city in Katowice province, S. Poland. There were 2,600 Jews living in Sosnowiec around 1890 (29.8% of the total population), who earned their livelihood mainly in the clothing, food, building, and machine industries, and bookkeeping. A Jewish cemetery was opened in 1896, a linat ẓedek (\"paupers\' hostel\") was founded in 1907, a talmud torah in 1908, and a mikveh in 1913. The city\'s growth in the 20th century, especially after the Russian retreat in World War I, was accompanied by an increase in the Jewish population which reached 13,646 (16% of the total) in 1921. Approximately one-third engaged in light and medium industry, crafts and trade, including clothing and shoe manufacture, coal mining, and manufacture of coke. About 2,000 Jews were employed as laborers or clerks in industry or business; a considerable number engaged in the professions. In the early 20th century a Jewish labor movement was organized through the *Bund and *Po\'alei Zion. The Jewish workers of Sosnowiec took part in revolutionary activities in 1905–06, and 30 were imprisoned and exiled to the Russian interior. Through the efficient workers\' organization the Jewish mine owners were able to compete with large industrial concerns. The mine owned by H. Priwer produced 25,000 tons of coal in 1920, and that of B. Meyer 32,000 in 1922. The Jewish population continued to grow in the interwar period, from 20,805 in 1931 to 28,000 in 1939 (22% of the total). New arrivals came mainly from Kielce province attracted to Sosnowiec by more favorable work opportunities. The communal organization expanded; in addition to a Jewish hospital, secondary schools for girls and boys were established, and associations of artisans, merchants, and industrialists were formed.Holocaust PeriodThe German army entered Sosnowiec on Sept. 4, 1939. On the same day it organized an attack on the Jewish population, and 13 Jews were killed. On September 9 the Great Synagogue on Dekert Street was set on fire. In 1942, Jews were deported to *Auschwitz death camp in three groups: 1,500 on May 10–12; 2,000 in June; and over 8,000 on August 12–18. After the last deportation the Germans established a ghetto in the suburb of Srodula. On March 10, 1943, the ghetto was sealed off. On August 16, 1943, all the inhabitants, with the exception of about 1,000 people, were deported to Auschwitz where they perished. The last 1,000 Jews in Sosnowiec were murdered in December 1943 and January 1944. Previously there had been considerable underground activity among the Jews, mostly organized by the youth organizations Ha-No\'ar ha-Ẓiyyoni, Gordonia, and Ha-Shomer ha-Ẓa\'ir, whose main leader was Ẓevi Dunski.After the war about 700 Jews resettled in Sosnowiec, but almost all of them emigrated shortly afterward.BIBLIOGRAPHY:W.A.P. Lodz, Piotrkowski Rząd Gubernski, Kanc. Prez., 500, 623; Wydział administratywny, 2446, 8118; Wydział Pr. 211d; Zarzad żand. 119/1906 (= CAHJP, ḤM 6421, 6432, 3489, 6329, 6920, 7193f.); B. Wasiutyński, Ludność żydowska w Polsce w wiekach XIX i XX (1930), 29; S. Bronsztejn, Ludność żydowska w Polsce w okresie międzywojennym (1963), 278; N.E. Szternfinkiel, Zagłada Żydów Sosnowca (1946); J. Jaras, in: BŻIH, 35 (1960), 91–97; M.S. Gashur (Grukner), Le-Korot ha-Ir Sosnowiec ve-ha-Sevivah (Heb. and Yid., 1969). Sosnowiec Ghetto or Sosnowitz Ghetto was a World War II ghetto established for Jews by Nazi German authorities in the Province of Upper Silesia in occupied Poland during the Holocaust. Most inmates were deported to Auschwitz in June 1943. The Ghetto was liquidated two months later, following an unsuccessful uprising, a final act of defiance of its Underground organized by the youth organizations; most of the Jewish fighters perished.Before the war, there were about 30,000 Jews in Sosnowiec, making up about 20% of the town\'s population.[1] Over the next few years Germans would resettle Jews from smaller local communities to Sosnowiec, temporarily increasing the Jewish community size to 45,000.[1] By late 1942, Będzin and nearby Sosnowiec, which bordered Będzin, became the only two towns in the Zagłębie Dąbrowskie region that were still inhabited by Jews.[2]The city, located on the pre-war Polish-German border, was taken over by Germans within the first days of the invasion of Poland.[3] Local Jews were rounded up and terrorized immediately; shootings and first mass executions followed soon afterward, and forced relocations, slowly creating a ghetto.[2][3][4] On September 9, the Great Synagogue in Sosnowiec was burned.[3]Judenrat and Jewish police were soon established; the head of the Sosnowiec Judenrat was Moishe Merin (pl) (Mojżesz Merin).[5] In the first months of 1940 the Zentrale der Judischen Altestenrate in Oberschlesien (Central Office of the Jewish Councils of Elders in Upper Silesia), headed by Merin, was created in Sosnowiec, representing about 45 communities. For a time, Merin became infamous as the dictator of the Jews of the Zaglebie region, with the power of life and death over local Jews.[6] A local labor camp was established, along with various workshops, overseen by Germans (see Forced labor in Germany during World War II).[2][7]Ever since the ghetto was established, there had been a steady trickle of Jews sent to labor and extermination camps.[8] Large transfers of Jews took part in May (1,500) and June 1942 (2,000).[9] Around October 1942 - January 1943 the ghetto was moved to the Środula district.[2][10] Środula also bordered the site of the Będzin Ghetto. At this point about 13,000 Jews still lived in Sosnowiec. The creation of the Sosnowiec ghetto ended on March 10, 1943, when it was finally closed off from the outside world.Thousands of Jews were deported from Sosnowiec ghetto to Auschwitz in June 1943. The Ghetto was liquidated two months later, in August, and almost all remaining Jews were also deported to Auschwitz.[11] A few hundred Jews remained in the Środula ghetto, which was liquidated in January 1944.[11]The uprisingThere had been considerable underground activity among the Jews in Sosnowiec Ghetto, mostly organized by the youth organizations Ha-No\'ar ha-Ziyyoni, Gordonia, and Ha-Shomer ha-Za\'ir. During the final major deportation push in August 1943, the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) in Będzin and Sosnowiec staged an uprising against the Germans.[2][12] The uprising, a final act of defiance of the local population, was unsuccessful; most of the Jewish fighters perished fighting the overwhelming German forces.Resistance of the ghetto inhabitants is commemorated by one of the streets in Sosnowiec, bearing the name \"Street of the Ghetto Heroes\" (Ul. Bohaterów Getta).Sosnow German: Sosnowitz) is a city in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, western Lesser Poland in southern Poland, bordering Katowice. It is located in central part of Silesian Voivodeship, on the Przemsza river (tributary of the Vistula). It is situated in the Silesian voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously (since 1945), it was part of Katowice Voivodeship, and before World War II, Sosnowiec belonged to Kielce Voivodeship. Sosnowiec is one of the cities of the 2.7 million person conurbation - Katowice urban area and within a greater Silesian metropolitan area populated by about 5,294,000 people.[1] The population of the city is 220,450 (June 2009).[2] Its name comes from Polish word sosna, referring to the pine forests which were common prior to 1830. It was originally known as Sosnowice. Other variations of the name include Sosnowietz, Sosnowitz, Sosnovitz (Yiddish), Sosnovyts, Sosnowyts, Sosnovytz, Sosnowytz, Sosnovetz. There are 5 other smaller towns in Poland also called Sosnowiec. They are located in the regions of Kielce, Łódź, and Opole.Sosnowiec was granted city rights in 1902 by joining together a number of settlements often several centuries old. The history of the village of Sosnowiec dates back to the year 1727, when it was mentioned for the first time. Sosnowiec was a small settlement, located in close vicinity of much larger and better developed villages of Sielce and Zagórze (both are now districts of the city). Other districts are even older. Milowice was first mentioned in 1123 as Miley. Documents from 1228 mention Milowice, Klimontów, and Zagórze. Furthermore, Milowice was placed on a 1561 map.Sosnowiec belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship, one of three voivodeships of Lesser Poland. As a result of the third partition of Poland, however, it was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia and joined with the New Silesia. During the Napoleonic Wars, it became part of the Duchy of Warsaw and later, Congress Poland ruled by the namestniks of the Russian Empire. In the 19th century, Sosnowiec became famous for the Three Emperors\' Corner, which was located within current limits of the city.In June 1902, by the order of tsar Nicholas II, Sosnowiec was legally named a city with the area of 19 square kilometres (7 sq mi) and with 60,000 inhabitants. Obtaining the city rights helped the dynamic economic and cultural development of the town. Apart from steelworks and coal-mines and many enterprises of heavy and light industry, new cultural and social establishments were opened as well. The newly established town consisted of the districts of Sosnowiec, Pogoń, Ostra Górka, Sielec, Kuźnica and Radocha, all of which had been separate villages before 1902. The very fact that Russian authorities waited for so long to grant Sosnowiec town rights is seen as a consequence of the January Uprising, after which numerous towns had seen their status reduced to a village. Sosnowiec was first post-1860s location in Congress Poland to have received town charter, second was Puławy (1906).Natural resources and good geographical location near the borders of German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, had an important influence on the development of Sosnowiec. The opening of a branch line of the Warsaw-Vienna Railway in 1859 was vitally important for the growth of the town. Development of industry with the new factory of rope and wire, rolling mill, steelworks, iron foundry, steam boilers factory, and later spinning mill, dye-house and paper mill sealed the new image of the town as entirely urban. The Summer Theatre and, in 1887, the Winter Theatre were founded, the second of which was called City Theatre from 1924 in independent Poland, and later the Theatre of Zagłębie. In 1914, the village of Środula was annexed by Sosnowiec. In the Second Polish Republic, it was part of Kielce Voivodeship, and in 1934 the City County of Sosnowiec was established.Sosonowiec suffered war damages during both military conflicts in the 20th century: the First World War, which caused mainly destruction to industry, and World War II, which brought about the terror of executions. Thousands of Jews were deported from Sosnowiec ghetto to Auschwitz in June 1943. The Ghetto was liquidated two months later and almost all remaining Jews (around 15,000) were also deported to Auschwitz. Previously there had been considerable underground activity among them. January 1945 brought about the liberation of the city, which gave it a chance for gradual rebuilding and further development.After World War II, Sosnowiec further developed. On June 1, 1975, the city was expanded, when such locations, as Zagórze, Kazimierz Górniczy, Porąbka, Klimontów and Maczki became its districts. Due to this fact, by 1977 the population of the city reached 200,000. Further growth was accelerated by the construction of Katowice Steelworks, and in 1981, the population of Sosnowiec was 250,000, reaching its peak in 1987, when it was 259,000. Since then, the population has been declining. In 1992, the city became seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sosnowiec.EconomySosnowiec is characterised by its urban dynamics, economic activity, and care for both, its cultural heritage and natural Environment. In recent years, Sosnowiec was further transformed from an industrial center with mainly mining and heavy industries into a hub of trade and services. Nevertheless, it still operates several important coal mines, steel factories and other heavy industrial plants.Its Special Economic Zone, established in Sosnowiec thanks to the efforts of local authorities, plays a major role in attracting new businesses into the area. As a result, several companies with Polish and foreign capital opened their businesses in the city. Sosnowiec City Office was awarded the ISO 9001 2001 quality certificate for its management system for providing services for the local community.From 2006 a new trade center Expo Silesia began hosting numerous trade shows. Activities of Artistic and Literary Society of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie prove also that Sosnowiec as an industrial centre is not only a working class Environment.DistrictsFor Sosnowiec\'s 100th birthday, the downtown area was thoroughly rebuilt, to harmonise its architectural layout and give the city a more modern image. In 2004 Sosnowiec authorities and designers were awarded the Grand Prix for the rebuilding of the downtown area in a competition for the best public space in the Śląskie Provinces. This investment had been accompanied by a program designed to improve the esthetic qualities of the city, under which a comprehensive program for unifying the colors of the elevations, and advertisements entitled “rainbow city” were introduced. Among the city districts there are: The period of the third Aliyah (1919-1923) began not long after the end of the First World War, and ended at the time of bad economic times in Eretz Israel. Thirty-five thousand immigrants made Aliyah, emigrating mostly from Eastern European countries. Most prominent in this immigration wave is the element of the young pioneers Hachalutz (He Halutz) Hatzair, whom arrived the country between the years 1919 until 1921. photo: members of the Hachalutz youth movement in Wizna, Poland, 1925. From Wikipedia. During the third Aliyah, the Hachalutz movement in Russia was still mostly an organization of \"pioneers to be,\" i.e. small groups of Jewish young people, ages 18-25, who gathered together spontaneously in order to prepare themselves to go together to the land of Israel. Gradually, other factors were added into this process. During the chaos caused by the civil war in Russia, new branches of the movement were opened in large Jewish centers, spreading the pioneering idealism. Regional foundations of organizations were established, and shortly after an all-Russian organization was also founded. The Aliyah process that included getting certificates for immigration from the British turned out to be longer than expected, and this situation dictated the establishment of several qualification kibbutzim, mainly around the Crimea Peninsula.Establishing those kibbutzim (pl. of kibbutz) required permission from the Soviet authorities. In the beginning it looked as if the interests of Hachalutz and the soviets were aligned, since the Soviet policy promoted any increase in the \"productivity\" of Jews. Yet Hachalutz was suspected as being a Zionist movement, which also indicated it was anti-communist, and therefore all of its activities were under constant risk. In the middle of 1922 the movement split up mainly around the question of whether it should remain within the boundaries of the law or go underground. Partly, it was a question of convenience – working within the boundaries of the law made the work of the movement much easier, but it also meant that the names of the members and the activities of the movement were to be revealed to the authorities and that would have been a big risk if the policy would change at any point. That dispute was actually one symptom of a much deeper ideological argument: the Marxist ideology of the faction that supported \"legal\" activities would lead to the full trust of the Soviet authorities. That faction also supported the idea of \"collectivism,\" i.e. a kibbutz and not a regular settlement, and they demanded that anybody who wanted to join will accept this ideology. The other faction, those who supported \"illegal\" activities, was ideologically closer to the Eretz Israeli \"Hapoel Hatzair\" party.