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policy prohibits the sale of human remains and requires a disclosure of what the relics are: these relics are a piece of Clothes, which are allowed by Vrai Croix. / TRUE CROSS.H. S. Pie V P. / POPE PIE V.N.V.M. /???.S. Francois de S. /ST FRANCIS de SALES.SS Martyrs. /ST MARTYRS.S. Catherine /ST CATHERINE of ALEXANDRIA.S. Theodore /ST THEODORE.S. Valentin /ST VALENTINE.Se. Terese /ST THERESE of LISIEUX.Ste. Felicite /ST FELICITY.Du Voile de Ste Paule. /ST PAULA.S. Vincent P. /ST VINCENT PALLOTI or PALLIOTTIANO.Ste. Olympe /ST OLYMPUS.S. Leon /ST LEON ???.(MISSING on PICTURES)
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True CrossFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaChrist crucified, painted byGiotto, circa 1310.

TheTrue Crossis the name for physical remnants which, by aChristiantradition, are believed to be from the cross upon whichJesus was crucified.[1]

According to post-Nicenehistorians such asSocrates Scholasticus, the EmpressHelena, mother ofConstantine, the firstChristianEmperor of Rome, travelled to theHoly Landin 326–28, founding churches and establishing relief agencies for the poor. HistoriansGelasius of CaesareaandRufinusclaimed that she discovered the hiding place of three crosses that were believed to be used at the crucifixion of Jesus and of two thieves,St. DismasandGestas, executed with him, and that amiraclerevealed which of the three was the True Cross.

Many churches possess fragmentary remains that are by tradition alleged to be those of the True Cross. Their authenticity is not accepted universally by those of the Christian faith and the accuracy of the reports surrounding the discovery of the True Cross is questioned by some Christians.[2]The acceptance and belief of that part of the tradition that pertains to theEarly Christian Churchis generally restricted to theCatholicandOrthodox Churches. The medieval legends that developed concerning its provenance differ between Catholic and Orthodox tradition. These churches honour Helena as a saint, as does also theAnglican Communion.[not verified in body]

Provenance of the True Cross[edit]TheQueen of Shebavenerates the wood from which the Cross will be made (frescobyPiero della FrancescainSan Francesco, Arezzo).The Golden Legend[edit]

In the Latin-speaking traditions of Western Europe, the story of the pre-Christian origins of the True Cross was well established by the 13th century when, in 1260, it was recorded, byJacopo de Voragine,Bishop of Genoa, in theGolden Legend.[3]

The Golden Legendcontains several versions of the origin of the True Cross. InThe Life of Adam, Voragine writes that the True Cross came from three trees which grew from three seeds from the \"Tree of Mercy\" whichSethcollected and planted in the mouth ofAdam\'s corpse.[4]In another account contained inOf the invention of the Holy Cross, and first of this word invention, Voragine writes that the True Cross came from a tree that grew from part of theTree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, or \"the tree that Adam ate of\", thatSethplanted on Adam\'s grave where it \"endured there unto the time of Solomon\".[5]

After many centuries, the tree was cut down and the wood used to build a bridge over which theQueen of Shebapassed, on her journey to meetKing Solomon. So struck was she by the portent contained in the timber of the bridge that she fell on her knees and revered it. On her visit to Solomon, she told him that a piece of wood from the bridge would bring about the replacement of God\'s Covenant with the Jewish people, by a new order. Solomon, fearing the eventual destruction of his people, had the timber buried. But after fourteen generations, the wood taken from the bridge was fashioned into the Cross used tocrucifyChrist. Voragine then goes on to describe its finding by Helena, mother of the Emperor Constantine.[6]

Acceptance of this tradition[edit]

In the lateMiddle AgesandEarly Renaissance, there was a wide general acceptance of the origin of the True Cross and its history preceding the Crucifixion, as recorded by Voragine. This general acceptance is confirmed by the numerous artworks that depict this subject, culminating in one of the most famous fresco cycles of the Renaissance, theLegend of the True CrossbyPiero della Francesca, painted on the walls of the chancel of the Church ofSan Francescoin Arezzo between 1452 and 1466, in which he reproduces faithfully the traditional episodes of the story as recorded inThe Golden Legend.

Eastern Christianity[edit]

The Golden Legendand many of its sources developed after theEast-West Schismof 1054,[citation needed]and thus is unknown in the Greek- or Syriac-speaking worlds. The above pre-Crucifixion history, therefore, is not to be found inEastern Christianity.[citation needed]

According to thesacred traditionof theEastern Orthodox Churchthe True Cross was made from three different types of wood:cedar,pineandcypress.[7]This is an allusion toIsaiah 60:13: \"The glory ofLebanonshall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box [cypress] together to beautify the place of my sanctuary, and I will make the place of my feet glorious.\" The link between this verse and the Crucifixion lies in the words, \"the place of my feet\", which is interpreted as referring to thesuppendaneum(foot rest) on which Jesus\' feet were nailed (seeOrthodox cross).

There is a tradition that the three trees from which the True Cross was constructed grew together in one spot. A traditional OrthodoxicondepictsLot, the nephew ofAbraham, watering the trees.[7]According to tradition, these trees were used to construct theTemple in Jerusalem(\"to beautify the place of my sanctuary\"). Later, duringHerod\'sreconstruction of the Temple, the wood from these trees was removed from the Temple and discarded, eventually being used to construct the cross on which Jesus was crucified (\"and I will make the place of my feet glorious\").

Finding the True Cross[edit]The Finding of the True Cross,Agnolo Gaddi, Florence, 1380.According to Eusebius[edit]

Eusebius of Caesarea, in hisLife of Constantine,[8]describes how the site of theHoly Sepulchre, originally a site of veneration for the Christian community inJerusalem, had been covered with earth and atempleofVenushad been built on top. Although Eusebius does not say as much, this would probably have been done as part ofHadrian\'s reconstruction of Jerusalem asAelia Capitolinain 135, following the destruction during theJewish Revoltof 70 andBar Kokhba\'s revoltof 132–135. Following his conversion to Christianity, EmperorConstantineordered in about 325–326 that the site be uncovered and instructed SaintMacarius, Bishop of Jerusalem, to build a church on the site. In hisLife of Constantine, Eusebius does not mention the finding of the True Cross.

According to Socrates Scholasticus[edit]

Socrates Scholasticus(born c. 380), in hisEcclesiastical History,gives a full description of the discovery[9]that was repeated later bySozomenand byTheodoret. In it he describes how SaintHelena, Constantine\'s aged mother, had the pagan temple destroyed and the Sepulchre uncovered, whereupon three crosses and thetitulus from Jesus\'s crucifixionwere uncovered as well. In Socrates\'s version of the story, Macarius had the three crosses placed in turn on a deathly ill woman. This woman recovered at the touch of the third cross, which was taken as a sign that this was the cross of Christ, the new Christian symbol. Socrates also reports that, having also found theHoly Nails(the nails with which Christ had been fastened to the cross), Helena sent these toConstantinople, where they were incorporated into the emperor\'s helmet and the bridle of his horse.

According to Sozomen[edit]

Sozomen(died c. 450), in hisEcclesiastical History, gives essentially the same version as Socrates. He also adds that it was said (by whom he does not say) that the location of the Sepulchre was \"disclosed by a Hebrew who dwelt in the East, and who derived his information from some documents which had come to him by paternal inheritance\" (although Sozomen himself disputes this account) and that a dead person was also revived by the touch of the Cross. Later popular versions of this story state that the Jew who assisted Helena was named Jude or Judas, but later converted to Christianity and took the nameKyriakos.

According to Theodoret[edit]The proving of the True Cross, Jean Colombe in theTrès Riches Heures.

Theodoret(died c. 457) in hisEcclesiastical HistoryChapter xvii gives what had become the standard version of the finding of the True Cross:

When the empress beheld the place where the Saviour suffered, she immediately ordered the idolatrous temple, which had been there erected, to be destroyed, and the very earth on which it stood to be removed. When the tomb, which had been so long concealed, was discovered, three crosses were seen buried near the Lord\'s sepulchre. All held it as certain that one of these crosses was that of our Lord Jesus Christ, and that the other two were those of the thieves who were crucified with Him. Yet they could not discern to which of the three the Body of the Lord had been brought nigh, and which had received the outpouring of His precious blood. But the wise and holy Macarius, the president of the city, resolved this question in the following manner. He caused a lady of rank, who had been long suffering from disease, to be touched by each of the crosses, with earnest prayer, and thus discerned the virtue residing in that of the Saviour. For the instant this cross was brought near the lady, it expelled the sore disease, and made her whole.

With the Cross were also found theHoly Nails, which Helena took with her back to Constantinople. According to Theodoret, \"She had part of the cross of our Saviour conveyed to the palace. The rest was enclosed in a covering of silver, and committed to the care of the bishop of the city, whom she exhorted to preserve it carefully, in order that it might be transmitted uninjured to posterity.\"

Syriac tradition[edit]

Another popular ancient version from theSyriactradition replaced Helena with a fictitious first-century empress named Protonike.

Scholarly opinion[edit]

Historians[who?]consider these versions to be apocryphal in varying degrees. It is certain, however, that theBasilica of the Holy Sepulchrewas completed by 335 and that alleged relics of the Cross were being venerated there by the 340s, as they are mentioned in theCatechesesofCyril of Jerusalem(see below).

The relics of the Cross in Jerusalem[edit]After Empress Helena[edit]

The silver reliquary that was left at theBasilica of the Holy Sepulchrein care of the bishop of Jerusalem was exhibited periodically to the faithful. In the 380s a nun namedEgeriawho was travelling onpilgrimagedescribed the veneration of the True Cross at Jerusalem in a long letter, theItinerario Egeriaethat she sent back to her community of women:

Then a chair is placed for the bishop inGolgothabehind the [liturgical] Cross, which is now standing; the bishop duly takes his seat in the chair, and a table covered with a linen cloth is placed before him; the deacons stand round the table, and a silver-gilt casket is brought in which is the holy wood of the Cross. The casket is opened and [the wood] is taken out, and both the wood of the Cross and thetitleare placed upon the table. Now, when it has been put upon the table, the bishop, as he sits, holds the extremities of the sacred wood firmly in his hands, while the deacons who stand around guard it. It is guarded thus because the custom is that the people, both faithful and catechumens, come one by one and, bowing down at the table, kiss the sacred wood and pass through. And because, I know not when, some one is said to have bitten off and stolen a portion of the sacred wood, it is thus guarded by the deacons who stand around, lest any one approaching should venture to do so again. And as all the people pass by one by one, all bowing themselves, they touch the Cross and the title, first with their foreheads and then with their eyes; then they kiss the Cross and pass through, but none lays his hand upon it to touch it. When they have kissed the Cross and have passed through, a deacon stands holding the ring of Solomon and the horn from which the kings were anointed; they kiss the horn also and gaze at the ring...[10]

Before long, but perhaps not until after the visit of Egeria, it was possible also to venerate thecrown of thorns, the pillar at which Christ was scourged, and thelancethat pierced his side.

During Persian-Byzantine war (614-630)[edit]

In 614 theSassanidEmperorKhosrau II(\"Chosroes\") removed the part of the cross held in Jerusalem as a trophy, when hecaptured the city. Thirteen years later, in 628, theByzantineEmperorHeracliusdefeated Khosrau and regained the relic fromShahrbaraz. He placed the cross in Constantinople at first, and took it back to Jerusalem on 21 March 630.[11]Some scholars disagree with this narrative, ProfessorConstantin Zuckermangoing as far as to suggest that the True Cross was actually lost by the Persians, and that the wood contained in the allegedly still sealed reliquary brought to Jerusalem by Heraclius in 629 was a fake. In his analysis, the hoax was designed to serve the political purposes of both Heraclius and his former foe, recently turned ally and co-father-in-law, Persian general and soon-to-become king, Shahrbaraz.[12]

Fatimids, crusaders and loss of the Cross[edit]

Around 1009, the year in whichFatimid caliphAl-Hakim bi-Amr Allahordered the destruction of theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre, Christians in Jerusalem hid part of the cross and it remained hidden until the city was taken by the European knights of theFirst Crusade.Arnulf Malecorne, the firstLatin Patriarch of Jerusalem, had the Greek Orthodox priests who were in possession of the Cross tortured in order to reveal its position.[13]The relic that Arnulf discovered was a small fragment of wood embedded in a golden cross, and it became the most sacred relic of the LatinKingdom of Jerusalem, with none of the controversy that had followed their discovery of theHoly LanceinAntioch. It was housed in theChurch of the Holy Sepulchreunder the protection of the Latin Patriarch, who marched with it ahead of the army before every battle.

Reliquaryof the True Cross at theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre,Jerusalem.

After KingBaldwin I of Jerusalempresented KingSigurd I of Norwaywith a splinter of the True Cross following theNorwegian Crusadein 1110, the Cross was captured bySaladinduring theBattle of Hattinin 1187, and while some Christian rulers, likeRichard the Lionheart,[14]Byzantine emperorIsaac II AngelosandTamar, Queen ofGeorgia, sought to ransom it from Saladin,[15]the cross was not returned and subsequently disappeared from historical records. The True Cross was last seen in the city of Damascus.[16]

Current relic[edit]

Currently the Greek Orthodox present a small True Cross relic shown in the so-called Greek Treasury at the foot of Golgotha, within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[17]

Dispersal of relics of the True Cross[edit]An enamelled silver reliquary of the True Cross from Constantinople, c. 800.One of the largest purported fragments of theTrue Crossis atSanto Toribio de Liébanain Spain. (photo by F. J. Díez Martín).A\"Kreuzpartikel\"or fragment ofTrue Crossin theSchatzkammer (Vienna).

An inscription of 359, found at Tixter, in the neighbourhood of Sétif inMauretania, was said to mention, in an enumeration of relics, a fragment of the True Cross, according to an entry inRoman Miscellanies, X, 441.

Fragments of the Cross were broken up, and the pieces were widely distributed; in 348, in one of hisCatecheses, Cyril of Jerusalem remarked that the \"whole earth is full of the relics of the Cross of Christ,\"[18]and in another, \"The holy wood of the Cross bears witness, seen among us to this day, and from this place now almost filling the whole world, by means of those who in faith take portions from it.\"[19]Egeria\'s account testifies to how highly these relics of the crucifixion were prized. SaintJohn Chrysostomrelates that fragments of the True Cross were kept in golden reliquaries, \"which men reverently wear upon their persons.\" Even two Latin inscriptions around 350 from today\'s Algeria testify to the keeping and admiration of small particles of the cross.[20]Around the year 455,JuvenalPatriarch of Jerusalemsent toPope Leo Ia fragment of the \"precious wood\", according to theLettersof Pope Leo. A portion of the cross was taken to Rome in the seventh century byPope Sergius I, who was of Byzantine origin. \"In the small part is power of the whole cross\", so aninscriptionin the FelixBasilicaofNola, built by bishop Paulinus at the beginning of 5th century. The cross particle was inserted in the altar.[21]

TheOld EnglishpoemDream of the Roodmentions the finding of the cross and the beginning of the tradition of the veneration of its relics. TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclealso talks of King Alfred receiving a fragment of the cross from Pope Marinus (see: Annal Alfred the Great, year 883).[22]Although it is possible, the poem need not be referring to this specific relic or have this incident as the reason for its composition.

Most of the very small relics of the True Cross in Europe came fromConstantinople. The city was captured and sacked by theFourth Crusadein 1204: \"After the conquest of the city Constantinople inestimable wealth was found, incomparably precious jewels and also a part of the cross of the Lord, which Helena transferred from Jerusalem and was decorated with gold and precious jewels. There it attained highest admiration. It was carved up by the present bishops and was divided with other very precious relics among the knights; later, after their return to the homeland, it was donated to churches and monasteries.\"[23][24][25]A knightRobert de Clariwrote: \"Within this chapel were found many precious relics; for therein were found two pieces of the True Cross, as thick as a man\'s leg and afathomin length.\"[26]

By the end of the Middle Ages so manychurchesclaimed to possess a piece of the True Cross, thatJohn Calvinis famously said to have remarked that there was enough wood in them to fill a ship:

There is no abbey so poor as not to have a specimen. In some places there are large fragments, as at the Holy Chapel in Paris, at Poitiers, and at Rome, where a good-sized crucifix is said to have been made of it. In brief, if all the pieces that could be found were collected together, they would make a big ship-load. Yet the Gospel testifies that a single man was able to carry it.

— Calvin,Traité Des Reliques

Conflicting with this is the finding ofCharles Rohault de Fleury, who, in hisMémoire sur les instruments de la Passionof 1870 made a study of the relics in reference to the criticisms of Calvin andErasmus. He drew up a catalogue of all known relics of the True Cross showing that, in spite of what various authors have claimed, the fragments of the Cross brought together again would not reach one-third that of a cross which has been supposed to have been three or four metres (9.8 or 13.1 feet) in height, with transverse branch of two metres (6.6 feet) wide, proportions not at all abnormal. He calculated: supposing the Cross to have been of pine-wood (based on his microscopic analysis of the fragments) and giving it a weight of about seventy-five kilogrammes, we find the original volume of the cross to be 0.178 cubic metres (6.286 cubic feet). The total known volume of known relics of the True Cross, according to his catalogue, amounts to approximately 0.004 cubic metres (0.141 cubic feet) (more specifically 3,942,000 cubic millimetres), leaving a volume of 0.174m3(6.145cuft) lost, destroyed, or otherwise unaccounted for.[27]

Four cross particles – of ten particles with surviving documentary provenances by Byzantine emperors – from European churches, i.e.Santa Crocein Rome,Notre Dame, Paris,Pisa CathedralandFlorence Cathedral, were microscopically examined. \"The pieces came all together from olive.\"[28]It is possible that many alleged pieces of the True Cross areforgeries, created by travelling merchants in the Middle Ages, during which period a thriving trade in manufactured relics existed.[citation needed]

Gerasimos Smyrnakis[29]notes that the largest surviving portion, of 870,760 cubic millimetres, is preserved in the Monastery ofKoutloumousiouonMount Athos, and also mentions the preserved relics inRome(consisting of 537,587 cubic millimetres), inBrussels(516,090 cubic millimetres), inVenice(445,582 cubic millimetres), inGhent(436,450 cubic millimetres) and in Paris (237,731 cubic millimetres). (For comparison, the collective volume of the largest of these sets of fragments would be equivalent to a cube of a little less than 4 inches per side, while the smallest of these would have an equivalent cubic dimension of about 2.5 inches per side. The volume figures given by Smyrnakis for these objects—six significant figures and to the cubic millimeter—are undoubtedly the result of multiplying slightly approximate numbers and should not be seen as implying scientific accuracy of the highest order in a book written over a century ago.)

Fragments of True Cross in Serbian Monastery ofVisoki Dečani

Santo Toribio de Liébanain Spain is also said to hold the largest of these pieces and is one of the most visited Roman Catholicpilgrimagesites. Another portions of the True Cross is believed to be in theMonasterio de TarlacatSan Jose, Tarlac,Philippinesand one at National Shrine of Padre Pio of Pietrelcina in San Pedro,Santo Tomas, Batangas,Philippines.[30]

TheEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Churchalso claims to have the right wing of the true cross buried in the monastery of Gishen Mariam. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has an annual religious holiday, called Meskel or Demera, commemorating the discovery of the True Cross by Queen Helena. Meskel occurs on 17 Meskerem in the Ethiopian calendar (September 27, Gregorian calendar, or September 28 in leap years). \"Meskel\" (or \"Meskal\" or \"Mesqel\", there are various ways to transliterate from Ge\'ez to Latin script) is Ge\'ez for \"cross\".[31]

The festival is known as Feast of the exaltation of the holy cross in other Orthodox, Catholic or Protestant churches. The churches that follow the Gregorian calendar celebrate the feast on September 14.

Veneration of the Cross[edit]

SaintJohn Chrysostomwrote homilies on the three crosses:

Kings removing their diadems take up the cross, the symbol of their Saviour\'s death; on the purple, the cross; in their prayers, the cross; on their armour, the cross; on the holy table, the cross; throughout the universe, the cross. The cross shines brighter than the sun.

A relic of the True Cross being carried in procession through the Piazza San Marco, Venice.Gentile Bellini15th century.

TheRoman Catholic Church, theEastern Orthodox Church, theAnglican Communion, and a number ofProtestantdenominations, celebrate theFeast of the Exaltation of the Crosson September 14, the anniversary of the dedication of theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre. In later centuries, these celebrations also included commemoration of the rescue of the True Cross from thePersiansin 628. In theGalicianusage, beginning about the seventh century, the Feast of the Cross was celebrated on May 3. According to theCatholic Encyclopedia, when the Galician and Roman practices were combined, the September date, for which the Vatican adopted the official name \"Triumph of the Cross\" in 1963, was used to commemorate the rescue from the Persians and the May date was kept as the \"Invention of the True Cross\" to commemorate the finding.[32]The September date is often referred to in the West asHoly Cross Day; the May date (See alsoRoodmas.) was dropped from theliturgical calendarof the Roman Catholic Church in 1970 as part of the liturgical reforms mandated by theSecond Vatican Council(1962–1965). The Orthodox still commemorate both events on September 14, one of theTwelve Great Feastsof theliturgical year, and theProcession of the Venerable Wood of the Crosson 1 August, the day on which the relics of the True Cross would be carried through the streets ofConstantinopleto bless the city.[33]

In addition to celebrations on fixed days, there are certain days of thevariable cyclewhen the Cross is celebrated. The Roman Catholic Church has a formal \'Adoration of the Cross\' (the term is inaccurate, but sanctioned by long use) during the services forGood Friday, while Eastern Orthodox churches everywhere, a replica of the cross is brought out in procession duringMatinsofGreat and Holy Fridayfor the people to venerate. The Orthodox also celebrate an additional Veneration of the Cross on the third Sunday ofGreat Lent.

Photo gallery[edit]

  • Reliquary of the True Cross atNotre Dame de Paris.

  • Base of reliquary of the True Cross and nail of the crucifixion. Notre Dame de Paris.

  • Reliquary of the True Cross and a nail of the crucifixion. Notre Dame de Paris.

  • Fragment, treasury of the former PremonstratensianAbbey in Rütiin Switzerland.


Pope Pius VFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaPope Saint
Pius VPapacy began7 January 1566Papacy ended1 May 1572PredecessorPius IVSuccessorGregory XIIIOrdersOrdination1528Consecration14 September 1556
byGiovanni Michele SaraceniCreated Cardinal15 March 1557
byPope Paul IVPersonal detailsBirth nameAntonio GhislieriBorn17 January 1504
Bosco,Duchy of MilanDied1 May 1572(aged68)
Rome,Papal StatesPrevious post
  • Bishop of Sutri and Nepi(1556-1557)
  • Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva(1557-1561)
  • Cardinal-Priest of Santa Sabina(1561-1566)
  • Bishop of Mondovi (1560-1566)
  • Secretary of theSupreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal dirigantur viæ meæ ad custodiendas justificationes tuas(O that my ways may be directed to keep thy justifications)[1]Coat of armsSainthoodFeast day
    • 30 April (General Roman Calendar)
    • 5 May (1713–1969 Calendars)
    Venerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified1 May 1672
    byPope Clement XCanonized22 May 1712
    byPope Clement XIAttributes
    • Dominican habit
    • Papal vestments
    • Papal tiara
    • Crucifix
    • Book
    Patronage
    • Valletta,Malta
    • Bosco Marengo, Italy
    • Pietrelcina, Italy
    • Roccaforte Mondovi
    • Diocese of Alessandria
    Other popes named Pius

    Pope Saint Pius V(17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), bornAntonio Ghislieri(from 1518 calledMichele Ghislieri,O.P.), wasPopefrom 8 January 1566 to his death in 1572. He is venerated as asaintof theRoman Catholic Church.[2]He is chiefly notable for his role in theCouncil of Trent, theCounter-Reformation, and the standardization of theRoman ritewithin theLatin Church. Pius V declaredThomas AquinasaDoctor of the Church.[3][4]

    As a cardinal, Ghislieri gained a reputation for putting orthodoxy before personalities, prosecuting eight French bishops forheresy. He also stood firm againstnepotism, rebuking his predecessorPope Pius IVto his face when he wanted to make a 13-year-old member of his family a cardinal and subsidize a nephew from the papal treasury.[5]

    By means of the papal bull of 1570,Regnans in Excelsis, Pius V excommunicatedElizabeth I of Englandfor heresy and persecution of English Catholics during her reign. He also arranged the formation of theHoly League, an alliance of Catholic states. Although outnumbered, the Holy League famously defeated theOttoman Empire, which had threatened to overrun Europe, at theBattle of Lepanto. Pius V attributed the victory to the intercession of theBlessed Virgin Maryand instituted the feast ofOur Lady of Victory.[6]Biographers report that as the Battle of Lepanto ended, Pius rose and went over to a window, where he stood gazing toward the East. Then, turning around, he exclaimed \"The Christian fleet is victorious!\" and shed tears of Thanksgiving.


    Biography[edit]Early life[edit]

    Antonio Ghislieri was born 17 January 1504 in Bosco in theDuchy of Milan(nowBosco Marengoin theprovince of Alessandria,[7]Piedmont),Italy. At the age of fourteen he entered theDominican Order, taking the nameMichele, passing from the monastery ofVogherato that ofVigevano, and thence toBologna. Ordained priest atGenoain 1528, he was sent by his order toPavia, where he lectured for sixteen years. At Parma he advanced thirty propositions in support of the papal chair and against theProtestant Reformation.

    He became master of novices and was on several occasions elected prior of more than one Dominican priory. During a time of great moral laxity, he insisted on discipline, and strove to develop the practice of the monastic virtues. He fasted, did penance, passed long hours of the night in meditation and prayer, traveled on foot without a cloak in deep silence, or only speaking to his companions of the things of God. As his reformist zeal provoked resentment, he was compelled to return toRomein 1550, where, after having been employed in several inquisitorial missions, he was elected to thecommissariatof theHoly Office.

    In 1556 he was made Bishop of Sutri byPope Paul IVand was selected as inquisitor of the faith in Milan and Lombardy. In 1557 he was made a cardinal and named inquisitor general for all Christendom.[5]His defense of theArchbishop of Toledo, who had been suspected of heresy by theSpanish Inquisitionin earned him a rebuff from the Pope.[8]

    UnderPope Pius IV(1559–65) he becamebishop of MondoviinPiedmont. Frequently called to Rome, he displayed his unflinching zeal in all the affairs on which he was consulted. Thus he offered an insurmountable opposition to Pius IV when the latter wished to admit Ferdinand de\' Medici, then only thirteen years old, into the Sacred College. His opposition to the pontiff procured his dismissal from the palace and the abridgment of his authority as inquisitor.[9]

    Papal election[edit]

    Before Michele Ghislieri could return to his episcopate, Pope Pius IV died. On 8 January 1566, Ghislieri, with the influential backingCharles Borromeowas elected to the papal throne, taking the name Pope Pius V.[7]He was crowned ten days later, on his 62nd birthday by the protodeacon.

    Pontificate[edit]Papal styles of
    Pope Pius VReference styleHis HolinessSpoken styleYour HolinessReligious styleHoly FatherPosthumous styleSaint

    His pontificate saw him dealing with internal reform of the Church, the spread of Protestant doctrines in the West, and Turkish armies advancing from the East.

    Church discipline[edit]

    Aware of the necessity of restoring discipline and morality at Rome to ensure success without, he at once proceeded to reduce the cost of the papal court after the manner of the Dominican Order to which he belonged, compelresidenceamong the clergy, regulate inns, and assert the importance of the ceremonial in general and the liturgy of the Mass in particular.

    Three nationalsynodswere held during his pontificate atNaplesunder Alfonso Cardinal Caraffa (whose family had, after inquiry, been reinstated by Pius V), atMilanunderSaint Charles Borromeo, and at Machim.[citation needed]In his wider policy, which was characterised throughout by an effective stringency, the maintenance and increase of the efficacy of the Inquisition and the enforcement of thecanonsand decrees of theCouncil of Trenthad precedence over other considerations.[5]

    Liturgy[edit]

    Accordingly, in order to implement a decision of that council, he standardised theHoly Massby promulgating the1570 edition of the Roman Missal. Pius V made this Missal mandatory throughout the Latin rite of the Catholic Church, except where a Mass liturgy dating from before 1370 AD was in use.[10][11]This form of the Mass remained essentially unchanged for 400 years untilPope Paul VI\'s revision of the Roman Missalin 1969–70, after which it has become widely known as theTridentine Mass;[12]use of the last pre-1969 edition of the Missal, that byPope John XXIIIin 1962, is permitted without limitation for private celebration of theMassand, since July 2007, is allowed also for public use, as laid down in the motu proprioSummorum PontificumofPope Benedict XVI. Some continue to use even earlier editions, but without authorisation.

    Thomism[edit]

    Pius V, who had declaredThomas Aquinasthe fifth LatinDoctor of the Churchin 1567, commissioned the first edition of Aquinas\'opera omnia, often called theeditio Pianain honor of the Pope. This work was produced in 1570 at thestudium generaleof theDominican OrderatSanta Maria sopra Minerva, which would be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas in 1577, and again into thePontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas,Angelicumin the 20th century.[13]

    Holy League[edit]

    Saint Pius V arranged the forming of theHoly Leagueagainst theOttoman Empire, as the result of which theBattle of Lepanto(7 October 1571) was won by the combined fleet underDon John of Austria. It is attested in hiscanonisationthat he miraculously knew when the battle was over, himself being in Rome at the time.[14]Pius V also helped financially in the construction ofValletta,Malta\'s capital city, by sending his military engineerFrancesco Laparellito design the fortification walls. (A bronze bust of Pius V was installed at the Gate of Valletta in 1892.) To commemorate the victory, he instituted the Feast ofOur Lady of Victory.

    The Reformation[edit]

    By the time Pius V ascended the throne, Protestantism had conquered all of England and Scotland, as well as half of Germany, the Netherlands, and parts of France; only Spain remained unswervingly Catholic. Pius V was thus determined to prevent its insurgency into Italy—which he believed would come via the Alps and Milan.

    Huguenots[edit]

    Pius V recognized attacks on papal supremacy in the Catholic Church and was desirous of limiting their advancement. InFrance, where his influence was stronger, he took several measures to oppose the ProtestantHuguenots. He directed the dismissal of CardinalOdet de Coligny[15]and seven bishops, nullified the royal edict tolerating the extramural services of the Reformers, introduced the Romancatechism, restored papal discipline, and strenuously opposed all compromise with the Huguenot nobility.

    Elizabeth I[edit]

    His response to the QueenElizabeth I of Englandassuming governance of theChurch of Englandincluded support of the imprisonedMary, Queen of Scotsand her supporters in their attempts to take overEngland\"ex turpissima muliebris liofferinis servitute\"\"from a most sordid slavery to a woman\'s voracity\". A brief English Catholic uprising, theRising of the North, had just failed. Pius then issued a Papal bull,Regnans in Excelsis(Reigning on High), dated27 April1570, that declared Elizabeth I a heretic and released her subjects from their allegiance to her.[16]It was the official decree ofexcommunicationon her and it also declared anipso factoexcommunication on anyone who did not deny allegiance to her. In response, Elizabeth, who had thus far tolerated Catholic worship in private, now actively started persecuting them for treason.

    Character and policy[edit]Portrait by Scipione Pulzone, c. 1578

    As a young man, Michele Ghislieri was eager to join the inquisition. UnderPaul IV, whompopular historianJohn Julius Norwich calls the most hated pope of the 16th century,[17]he rose to inquisitor general, and from there ascended to the papacy. As Pius V, he personally attended all sessions of the Roman inquisition. According to Norwich, Ghislieri often stayed to watch as supposed lawbreakers and heretics were tortured.[17]Upon assuming the papacy, Ghislieri immediately started to get rid of many of the extravagant luxuries then prevalent in the court. One of his first acts was to dismiss the papal court jester, and no pope after had one. In the time of a great famine in Rome he imported corn at his own expense from Sicily and France; a considerable part of which he distributed among the poor, gratis, and sold the rest to the public below cost.

    He forbade horse racing in St. Peter\'s Square. Severe sanctions were imposed against blasphemy and adultery. The penalty for sodomy was to be burned at the stake. Doctors were forofferden to treat patients who had not recently confessed or received the sacraments. Blasphemers were allegedly treated according to their pocketbooks. The rich were heavily fined, the poor were flogged. These draconian laws quickly made Pius V the subject of Roman hatred[citation needed]; he was accused[citation needed]of trying to turn the city into a vast monastery. It should be noted, however, that he was not a hypocrite: in day-to-day life Pius V was highly ascetic. He wore a hair shirt beneath the simple robes of a Dominican friar and was often seen in bare feet.[17]

    Papal bulls[edit]

    Katherine Rinne writes inWaters of Rome[18]that Pius V ordered the construction of public works to improve the water supply and sewer system of the city—a welcome step, particularly in low-lying areas, where typhoid and malaria were inevitable summer visitors.

    In 1567 he issued \"Super prohibitione agitationis Taurorum & Ferarum\" prohibiting bull-fighting.[19]

    Besides\"In Coena Domini\"(1568) there are several others of note, including his prohibition ofquaestuary(February 1567 and January 1570); condemnation ofMichael Baius, the heretical Professor ofLeuven(1567); reform of theRoman Breviary(July 1568); formal condemnation of homosexual behaviour by the clergy;[20](August 1568)[citation needed]; the banishment of theJewsfrom allecclesiastical dominionsexcept Rome andAncona(1569);[21]an injunction against use of the reformedmissal(July 1570); the confirmation of the privileges of the Society of Crusaders for the protection of the Inquisition (October 1570); the suppression of theFratres Humiliati(February 1571); the approbation of the new office of theBlessed Virgin(March 1571); and the enforcement of the daily recitation of theCanonical Hours(September 1571).

    Papal garments[edit]Pius V byPalma il Giovane

    Pius V is often credited with the origin of the Pope\'s white garments, supposedly because after his election Pius continued to wear his whiteDominicanhabit. However, many of his predecessors also wore white with a red mozzetta, as can be seen on many paintings where neither they nor Pius is wearing a cassock, but thin, wide, white garments.

    An article by Agostino Paravicini Bagliani onL\'Osservatore Romanoof 31 August 2013 states that the earliest document that speaks explicitly of the Pope wearing white is theOrdo XIII, a book of ceremonies compiled in about 1274 underPope Gregory X. From that date on, the books of ceremonies speak ever more explicitly of the Pope as wearing a red mantle,mozzetta,camauroand shoes, and a whitecassockand stockings.[22][23]

    Death and canonization[edit]The body of Pius V in histombin Santa Maria Maggiore.

    Pius V died on 1 May 1572 of what is believed to be cancer. He was buried in the chapel of S. Andrea which was close to the tomb ofPope Pius III, in the Vatican. Despite that his will requested he be buried in Bosco,Pope Sixtus Vbuilt a monument in the chapel of SS. Sacramento in the Liberian basilica. His remains were transferred there on 9 January 1588.

    In 1696, the process of Pius V\'scanonisationwas started through the efforts of theMaster of the Order of Preachers, Antonin Cloche. He also immediately commissioned a representative tomb from the sculptorPierre Le Gros the Youngerto be erected in the Sistine Chapel of theBasilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. The pope\'s body was placed in it in 1698. Pope Pius V wasbeatifiedbyPope Clement Xin the year 1672,[24]and was latercanonizedbyPope Clement XI(1700–21) on 22 May 1712.[25][26]

    In the following year, 1713, hisfeast daywas inserted in the General Roman Calendar, for celebration on 5 May, with the rank of \"Double\", the equivalent of \"Third-Class Feast\" in theGeneral Roman Calendar of 1960, and of its present rank of \"Memorial\".[27]In 1969 the celebration was moved to 30 April, the day before the anniversary of his death (1 May).

    Blessed CardinalJohn Henry Newmandeclared that \"St. Pius V was stern and severe, as far as a heart burning and melted with divine love could be so ... Yet such energy and vigour as his were necessary for the times. He was a soldier of Christ in a time of insurrection and rebellion, when in a spiritual sense, martial law was proclaimed.\"[8]

    Portrait of Pius V by Pierre Le GrosSaint PaulaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSaint PaulaSaint Paula with her nuns- 17th century. Painting of André Reinoso inHieronymites Monastery,Lisbon,Portugal.Patroness of theOrder of Saint JeromeBorn347 AD
    Ancient RomeDied26 January 404 AD
    BethlehemVeneratedinEastern Orthodox Church
    Roman Catholic ChurchFeastJanuary 26[1]AttributesDepicted as aHieronymiteabbess with a book; depicted as a pilgrim, often with St. Jerome and St. Eustochium; depicted prostrate before the cave at Bethlehem; depicted embarking in a ship, while a child calls from the shore; weeping over her children; with the instruments of the Passion; holding a scroll with Saint Jerome\'s epistleCogite me Paula; with a book and a black veil fringed with gold; or with a sponge in her hand.[2]Patronagewidows;Order of Saint Jeromemonks and nuns.InfluencedbySaint JeromeTradition or genreDesert Mothers

    Saint Paula of Rome(347 – 404 AD),[3]was an ancientRomansaintand earlyDesert Mother.

    Family[edit]

    A member of one of the richestsenatorialfamilies which claimed descent fromAgamemnon,[4]Paula was the daughter of Blesilla and Rogatus, from the great clan of theFurii Camilli.[5]In her mid teens, Paula was married to the noblemanToxotius, with whom she had four daughters,Blaesilla, Paulina,Eustochium, and Rufina. She also had a boy, also named Toxotius. Information about Paula\'s early life is recorded bySaint Jerome. In his Letter 108, he states that she had led a luxurious life and held a great status. She dressed insilks, and had been carried about the city by hereunuchslaves.

    Entering the religious life[edit]

    At the age of 32, Paula waswidowed. She continued to dedicate herself to her family, but became more interested in religion as time went on.

    Through the influence ofSaint Marcellaand her group, Paula became an enthusiastic member of this semi-monastic group of women. In 382, she metSaint Jerome, who had come to Rome withSaint EpiphaniusandBishop Paulinus of Antioch. Born inDalmatia, Jerome had studied in Rome as a youth and had traveled toGermanyandAquileia, and for some years had lived in the East as anasceticand scholar.

    While on pilgrimage to theHoly LandandEgypt, she settled inBethlehemand established a monastery for men and a convent for women.[6]

    Saint Paula\'s family[edit]

    Paula married her daughter, Paulina (d. 395), to the senatorSaint Pammachius; Blesilla soon became a widow and died in 384. Of her two other daughters, Rufina died in 386, and Eustochium accompanied her mother to the Orient where she died in 419. Her son, Toxotius, at first not a Christian, but baptized in 385, married in 389 Laeta, daughter of the pagan priest Albinus. Of this marriage was born Paula the Younger, who in 404 rejoined Eustochium in theHoly Landand in 420 closed the eyes of St. Jerome. These are the names which recur frequently in the letters of St. Jerome, where they are inseparable from that of Paula. It has been argued that SaintEustochiusofTourswas the brother of Paula the Younger and the son of Toxotius.[5]

    Relationship with Saint Jerome[edit]Saint Jeromewith Saint Paula andSaint Eustochium(painting ofFrancisco de Zurbaránat National Gallery of Art in Washington).

    Jerome\'s enemies found that his denunciations of clerical indulgence and advocacy of self-denial were odd when they considered his close relationship with Paula.[7]An amorous relationship between Jerome and Paula was suggested as having occurred.[8]

    Paula helped Jerome in his translation of theBiblefromHebrewandGreekintoLatin. The work was done at her suggestion, and she provided the reference works necessary for the undertaking. Being versed in Hebrew, she edited Jerome\'s manuscripts. She and her daughter Eustochium copied the work for circulation.[9]

    An anecdote told of Jerome, of twelfth-century origin, tells that Roman clergy hostile to Jerome planned to have him expelled from the city by planting a woman\'s robe next to his bed. When Jerome awoke in the middle of the night to attend the service ofmatins, he absentmindedly put on the female robes. He was thus accused of having had a woman in his bed. This story acknowledges, while at the same time discrediting as a maliciousslander, Jerome\'s relationship with women, such the kind he is presumed to have had with Paula.[10]

    Chaucerplayed upon the relationship between Jerome and Paula when he writes theWife of Bath\'sPrologue. Chaucer has the Wife visit the same pilgrimage sites as did Paula, and has her constantly cite, not classical authors, but Jerome.[4]Many of her comments are counter-arguments to those put forth by St. Jerome, mainly in his workAgainst Jovinianus.

    Palladius, a contemporary of Jerome, believed that Paula was hindered by Jerome: \"For though she was able to surpass all, having great abilities, he hindered her by his jealousy, having induced her to serve his own plan.\"[11]

    When Jerome died in late 419 or early 420, he was buried beneath the north aisle of theChurch of the Nativity, near the graves of Paula and Eustochium.[12]


    Saint ValentineFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\"San Valentino\" redirects here. For other uses, seeSan Valentino (disambiguation).Not to be confused withValentinus (Gnostic).For the holiday, seeValentine\'s Day. For the Canadian city, seeSaint-Valentin, Quebec.Saint ValentineSaint Valentine receives arosaryfrom the Virgin, byDavid Teniers IIIBishop and MartyrBorn176
    TerniDied14th February 273 AD,[1]
    RomeVeneratedinCatholic Church
    Anglican Communion
    Lutheranism, and individual protestant churches, includingBaptistsFeastFebruary 14 (Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran acrippledor a child withepilepsyat his feet; bishop with aroosternearby; bishop refusing toadore an idol; bishop beingbeheaded;priestbearing asword; priest holding asun; priest giving sight to ablindgirl[1]Patronageaffianced couples, againstfainting,beekeepers, style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;\">Saint Valentine(Italian:San Valentino,Latin:Valentinius), officiallySaint Valentine of Terni,[2]is a widely recognized third-century Romansaintcommemorated on February 14 and associated since theHigh Middle Ageswith a tradition ofcourtly love.

    All that is reliably known of the saint commemorated on February 14 is his name and that he was martyred and buried at a cemetery on theVia Flaminiaclose to thePonte Milvioto the north of Rome on that day. It is uncertain whether St. Valentine is to be identified as one saint or the conflation of two saints of the same name. Several differentmartyrologieshave been added to laterhagiographiesthat are unreliable.

    Because so little is known of him, in 1969 theCatholic Churchremoved his name from theGeneral Roman Calendar, leaving his liturgical celebration to local calendars.[3]The Roman Catholic Church continues to recognize him as a saint, listing him as such in the February 14 entry in theRoman Martyrology,[4]and authorizing liturgical veneration of him on February 14 in any place where that day is not devoted to some other obligatory celebration in accordance with the rule that on such a day the Mass may be that of any saint listed in the Martyrology for that day.[5]Use of the pre-1970 liturgical calendar is also authorized under the conditions indicated in the motu proprioSummorum Pontificumof 2007. Saint Valentine\'s Church in Rome, built in 1960 for the needs of theOlympic Village, continues as a modern, well-visited parish church.

    Saint Valentine is commemorated in theAnglican Communion,[6]as well as inLutheranism.[7]By some of theEastern Orthodox Church, Saint Valentine the Presbyter of Rome is celebrated on July 6[8]andHieromartyrValentine (Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy) is celebrated on July 30.[9]Notwithstanding that in the Greek Orthodox Churches no Saint Valentine exists, and because of the relative obscurity of these two saints in the East, members of theGreek Orthodox Churchnamed Valentinos (male) or Valentina (female) may observe their name day on the Western ecclesiastical calendar date of February 14.[10]


    Identification[edit]

    The nameValentinusdoes not occur in the earliest list of Roman martyrs, compiled by theChronographer of 354.[11]But it is found in theMartyrologium Hieronymianum,[12]which was compiled, from earlier local sources, between 460 and 544. The feast of St. Valentine of February 14 was first established in 496 byPope Gelasius I, who included Valentine among all those \"... whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God.\" As Gelasius implies, nothing was then known about his life.

    The Catholic Encyclopedia[13]and otherhagiographicalsources[14]speak of three Saint Valentines that appear in connection with February 14. One was a Roman priest, another the bishop of Interamna (modernTerni) both buried along theVia Flaminiaoutside Rome, at different distances from the city. The third was said to be a saint who suffered on the same day with a number of companions in theRoman province of Africa, for whom nothing else is known.

    Though the extant accounts of the martyrdoms of the first two listed saints are of a late date and contain legendary elements,a common nucleus of factmay underlie the two accounts and they may refer toa single person.[15]According to the official biography of the Diocese of Terni, Bishop Valentine was born and lived in Interamna and was imprisoned and tortured in Rome on February 14, 273, while on a temporary stay there. His body was hastily buried at a nearby cemetery and a few nights later his disciples retrieved his body and returned him home.[16]

    ΤheRoman Martyrology, the Catholic Church\'s official list of recognized saints, for February 14 gives only one Saint Valentine; a martyr who died on the Via Flaminia.[17]

    Other saints with the same name[edit]

    The name \"Valentine\" derived fromvalens(worthy, strong, powerful), was popular inLate Antiquity. About eleven other saints having the name Valentine are commemorated in the Roman Catholic Church.[18]Some Eastern Churches of the Western rite may provide still other different lists of Saint Valentines.[19]The Roman martyrology lists only seven who died on daysotherthan February 14: a priest fromViterbo(November 3); a bishop fromRaetiawho died in about 470 (January 7); a fifth-century priest and hermit (July 4);a Spanish hermit who died in about 715(October 25); Valentine Berrio Ochoa, martyred in 1861 (November 24); and Valentine Jaunzarás Gómez, martyred in 1936 (September 18). It also lists a virgin, Saint Valentina, who was martyred in 308 (July 25) in Caesarea, Palestine.[20]

    Hagiography and testimony[edit]Saint Valentine of Terni oversees the construction of hisbasilicaatTerni, from a 14th-century French manuscript (BN, Mss fr. 185)

    The inconsistency in the identification of the saint is replicated in the various vitae that are ascribed to him.

    A common hagiography describes Saint Valentine, as the former Bishop ofTerni,NarniaandAmelia, a town ofUmbria, in centralItaly. While under house arrest of Judge Asterius, and discussing his faith with him, Valentinus (the Latin version of his name) was discussing the validity ofJesus. The judge put Valentinus to the test and brought to him the judge\'s adopted blind daughter. If Valentinus succeeded in restoring the girl\'s sight, Asterius would do anything he asked. Valentinus laid his hands on her eyes and the child\'s vision was restored. Immediately humbled, the judge asked Valentinus what he should do. Valentinus replied that all of theidolsaround the judge\'s house should be broken, the judge should fast for three days, and then undergobaptism. The judge obeyed and as a result, freed all theChristianinmates under his authority. The judge, his family and his forty-four memberhousehold(family members and servants) were baptized.[21]Valentinus was later arrested again for continuing to proselytize and was sent to the prefect of Rome, to the emperorClaudius Gothicus(Claudius II) himself. Claudius took a liking to him until Valentinus tried to convince Claudius to embrace Christianity, whereupon Claudius refused and condemned Valentinus to death, commanding that Valentinus either renounce his faith or he would be beaten with clubs, and beheaded. Valentinus refused and Claudius\' command was executed outside theFlaminian GateFebruary 14, 269.[22]

    TheLegenda AureaofJacobus de Voragine, compiled about 1260 and one of the most-read books of the High Middle Ages, gives sufficient details of the saints for each day of the liturgical year to inspire a homily on each occasion. The very briefvitaof St Valentine has him executed for refusing to deny Christ by the order of the \"Emperor Claudius\"[23]in the year 280. Before his head was cut off, this Valentine restored sight and hearing to the daughter of his jailer. Jacobus makes a play with the etymology of \"Valentine\", \"as containing valour\".

    A popularly ascribed hagiographical identity appears in theNuremberg Chronicle(1493). Alongside a woodcut portrait of Valentine, the text states that he was a Roman priest martyred during the reign ofClaudius Gothicus. He was arrested and imprisoned upon being caught marrying Christian couples and otherwise aiding Christians who were at the time being persecuted by Claudius in Rome. Helping Christians at this time was considered a crime. Claudius took a liking to this prisoner. However, when Valentinus tried to convert the Emperor, he was condemned to death. He was beaten with clubs and stones; when that failed to kill him, he was beheaded outside theFlaminian Gate. Various dates are given for the martyrdom or martyrdoms: 269, 270, or 273.[24]

    There are many other legends behind Saint Valentine, none of them based on historical facts. One is that in the 1st century AD[citation needed]it is said that Valentine, who was a priest, defied the order of the emperor Claudius and secretly married couples so that the husbands wouldn\'t have to go to war. The legend claims that soldiers were sparse at this time so this was a big inconvenience to the emperor. Another legend is that Valentine refused to sacrifice to pagan gods. Being imprisoned for this, Valentine gave his testimony in prison and through his prayers healed the jailer\'s daughter who was suffering from blindness. On the day of his execution he left her a note that was signed \"Your Valentine\".

    Churches named Valentine[edit]Saint Valentine baptizing Saint Lucilla byJacopo Bassano

    Saint Valentine was not exceptionally more venerated than other saints and it seems that in England no church was everdedicatedto him.[25]There are many churches containing the name of Valentine in other countries such as Italy.

    A 5th or 6th century work calledPassio Marii et Marthaemade up a legend aboutSaint Valentine\'s Basilica(it:Basilica di San Valentino) being dedicated to Saint Valentine in Rome. A laterPassiorepeated the legend and added the adornment thatPope Julius I(357–352) had built the ancient basilicaS. Valentini extra Portamon top of his sepulchre, in the Via Flaminia.[26]This church was really named after a 4th-century tribune called Valentino, who donated the land it\'s built on.[26]It hosted the martyr\'s relics until the thirteenth century, when they were transferred toSanta Prassede, and the ancient basilica decayed.[27]

    Valentine\'s Day[edit]Main article:Valentine\'s Day

    English 18th-century antiquariansAlban ButlerandFrancis Douce, noting the obscurity of Saint Valentine\'s identity, suggested that Valentine\'s Day was created as an attempt to supersede the pagan holiday ofLupercalia(mid-February in Rome). This idea has lately been dismissed by other researchers, such as Professor Jack B. Oruch of theUniversity of Kansas, Henry Ansgar Kelly of theUniversity of California, Los Angeles[28]and Associate Professor Michael Matthew Kaylor of theMasaryk University.[29]Many of the current legends that characterize Saint Valentine were invented in the fourteenth century in England, notably byGeoffrey Chaucerand his circle, when the feast day of February 14 first became associated withromantic love.[30]

    Oruch charges that the traditions associated with \"Valentine\'s Day\", documented inGeoffrey Chaucer\'sParlement of Foulesand set in the fictional context of an old tradition, did not exist before Chaucer.[31]He argues that the speculative explanation of sentimental customs, posing as historical fact, had their origins among 18th-centuryantiquaries, notablyAlban Butler, the author ofButler\'s Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. In the French 14th-century manuscript illumination from aVies des Saints(illustration above), Saint Valentine, bishop of Terni, oversees the construction of his basilica atTerni; there is no suggestion here that the bishop was a patron of lovers.[32]

    During the Middle Ages, it was believed that birds paired in mid-February. This was then associated with the romance of Valentine. Although all these legends may differ in ways, Valentine’s day is widely recognized as a day for romance and devotion.

    Relics and liturgical celebration[edit]Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland

    The flower-crowned skull of St. Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica ofSanta Maria in Cosmedin, Rome.

    In 1836, somerelicsthat were exhumed from thecatacombsof Saint Hippolytus on theVia Tiburtina, then near (rather than inside) Rome, were identified with St Valentine; placed in a casket, and transported to the procession to the high altar for a special Mass dedicated to young people and all those in love.

    Also in 1836, Fr. John Spratt, an Irish priest and famous preacher, was given many tokens of esteem following a sermon in Rome. One gift from Pope Gregory XVI were the remains of St. Valentine and \"a small vessel tinged with his blood.\" The Reliquary was placed in Whitefriar Street Church inDublin, Ireland, and has remained there until this day. This was accompanied by a letter claiming the relics were those of St. Valentine.[33]

    St. Valentine\'s remains are also believed to be inMadrid. The relics can be found in St Anton\'s Church, where they lie since late 1700\'s. They were a present from the Pope to King Carlos IV, who entrusted them to the The Order of Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools (Piarists). The relics are displayed publicly since 1984.

    Another relic was found in 2003 inPraguein Church of St Peter and Paul atVyšehrad.[34]

    A silver reliquary containing a fragment of St. Valentine\'s skull is found in the parish church of St. Mary\'s Assumption in Chelmno, Poland.[35][36]

    Relics can also be found in the Greek island of Lesbos.[37]

    Alleged relics of St. Valentine also lie at the reliquary ofRoquemaure, Gard, France, in theSt. Stephen\'s Cathedral, Vienna, inBalzaninMaltaand also in Blessed JohnDuns Scotus\' church in theGorbalsarea ofGlasgow, Scotland. There is also a gold reliquary bearing the words \"Corpus St. Valentin, M\" (Body of St. Valentine, Martyr) atBirmingham Oratory, UK, in one of the side altars in the main church.

    Saint Valentine remains in the Roman Catholic Church\'s official list of saints, theRoman Martyrology, but, in view of the scarcity of information about him, his commemoration was removed from theGeneral Roman Calendar, when this was revised in 1969. It is included in local calendars of places such asBalzaninMalta. SomeTraditionalist Catholicsobserve earlier calendars of the Roman Rite, in which Saint Valentine was celebrated as aSimple Feastuntil 1955, whenPope Pius XIIreduced the mention of him to acommemorationin theMassof the day, a position it kept in theGeneral Roman Calendar of 1960incorporated in the 1962 edition of theRoman Missal, use of which, as anextraordinary form of the Roman Rite, is still authorized in accordance withPope Benedict XVI\'s 2007motu proprioSummorum Pontificum.

    February 14 is also celebrated as St. Valentine\'s Day in other Christian Churches; in the Church of England, for example, it was included in Calendars before the Reformation, and S.Valentine, Bishop and Martyr, was restored to the Church\'s Calendar in the 1661/1662 Book of Common Prayer. He remains in the Calendars of theChurch of Englandand in those of most other parts of theAnglican Communion.[38]

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