1949 Palestine LITHO Jewish JERUSALEM MAP Israel INDEPENDENCE WAR Temple MOUNT
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1949 Palestine LITHO Jewish JERUSALEM MAP Israel INDEPENDENCE WAR Temple MOUNT:
$145.00
DESCRIPTION : Herefor sale is a BIG folded COLORFUL LITHOPGRAPHIC MAP of the Holy city of JERUSALEM of IMMENSE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE. The map was originaly published in the 1940\'s in the British Mandate era, Pre the 1948 ISRAEL WAR of INDEPENDENCE and the establishment of the INDEPENDENT STATE of ISRAEL . The map was published again after the WAR OF INDEPENDENCE , After the 1949 CEASE FIRE , A MOST IMPORTANT and INTERESTING revised edition. The remark \"PRINTED in PALESTINE - ERETZ ISRAEL\" was replaced by \" PRINTED IN ISRAEL\" . The CEASE FIRE BOARDER and DEMILITARIZED ZONES were added in red to the original map with WARNINGS regarding the restricted dangerous areas. The MAP was published and printed by MOONSON LITHOGRAPHY and GRAPHICA BEZALEL in JERUSALEM . The TEMPLE MOUNT and EL AQSA as well as other significent Jerusalem sites are depicted in 3D illustrations . The LITHOGRAPHIC MAP includes on its verso a detailed list of JERUSALEM STREETS, NEIGHBOURHOODS, INSTITUTIONS and IMPORTANT HISTORICAL LOCATIONS. Folded inside a FOLDER . Folder size is 7\" x 5\" . The MAP SIZE is around 20\" x 28\". Very good condition. Used. Slight wear of folding lines.( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images) . The MAP will be shipped in a special protective rigid sealed packaging .AUTHENTICITY : TheMAP is fullyguaranteed ORIGINALfrom1949, It is NOT a reproduction or a recently made reprint or animmitation ,Itholds alife long GUARANTEE foritsAUTHENTICITY and ORIGINALITY.
PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal .
SHIPPING ::SHIPPworldwide via expedited registered airmail is$ 18 . The map will be shipped in a special protective rigid sealed packaging . Will be sent within3-5 days after payment . Kindly note that duration of Int\'l expedited registered airmail is around 14 (Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Latin: Palaestina; the Hebrew name Peleshet (פלשת Pəléshseth); also פלשׂתינה, Palestina; Arabic: فلسطينFilasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn) is a conventional name used, among others, to describe a geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands.[1] As a geographic term, Palestine can refer to \"ancient Palestine,\" an area that today includes Israel and the Israeli-occupied[2] Palestinian territories, as well as part of Jordan, and some of both Lebanon and Syria.[1] In classical or contemporary terms, it is also the common name for the area west of the Jordan River. The boundaries of two new states were laid down within the territory of the British Mandate, Palestine and Transjordan.[3][4][5][6] Other terms for the same area include Canaan, Zion, the Land of Israel, and the Holy Land Origin of name The name \"Palestine\" is the cognate of an ancient word meaning \"Philistines\" or \"Land of the Philistines\".[7][8][9] The earliest known mention is thought to be in Ancient Egyptian texts of the temple at Medinet Habu which record a people called the P-r-s-t (conventionally Peleset) among the Sea Peoples who invaded Egypt in Ramesses III\'s reign.[10] The Hebrew name Peleshet (פלשת Pəléshseth)- usually translated as Philistia in English, is used in the Bible to denote the southern coastal region that was inhabited by the Philistines to the west of the ancient Kingdom of Judah.[11] The Assyrian emperor Sargon II called the same region Palashtu or Pilistu in his Annals.[7][8][8][12] In the 5th century BCE, Herodotus wrote in Ancient Greek of a \'district of Syria, called Palaistinê\" (whence Palaestina, whence Palestine).[7][13][14][15] According to Moshe Sharon, Palaestina was commonly used to refer to the coastal region and shortly thereafter, the whole of the area inland to the west of the Jordan River.[7] The latter extension occurred when the Roman authorities, following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba rebellion in the 2nd century CE, renamed \"Provincia Judea\" (Iudaea Province; originally derived from the name \"Judah\") to \"Syria Palaestina\" (Syria Palaestina), in order to complete the dissociation with Judaea.[16][17] During the Byzantine period, the entire region (Syria Palestine, Samaria, and the Galilee) was named Palaestina, subdivided into provinces Palaestina I and II.[18] The Byzantines also renamed an area of land including the Negev, Sinai, and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as Palaestina Salutaris, sometimes called Palaestina III.[18] The Arabic word for Palestine is Philistine (commonly transcribed in English as Filistin, Filastin, or Falastin).[19] Moshe Sharon writes that when the Arabs took over Greater Syria in the 7th century, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration before them, generally continued to be used. Hence, he traces the emergence of the Arabic form Filastin to this adoption, with Arabic inflection, of Roman and Hebrew (Semitic) names.[7] Jacob Lassner and Selwyn Ilan Troen offer a different view, writing that Jund Filastin, the full name for the administrative province under the rule of the Arab caliphates, was traced by Muslim geographers back to the Philistines of the Bible.[20] The use of the name \"Palestine\" in English became more common after the European renaissance.[21] The name was not used in Ottoman times (1517–1917). Most of Christian Europe referred to the area as the Holy Land. It was officially revived by the British after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and applied to the territory that was placed under British Mandate. Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land include Canaan, Greater Israel, Greater Syria, the Holy Land, Iudaea Province, Judea,[22] Israel, \"Israel HaShlema\", Kingdom of Israel, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael or Ha\'aretz), Zion, Retenu (Ancient Egyptian), Southern Syria, and Syria Palestina. Boundaries The boundaries of Palestine have varied throughout history.[23][24] Prior to its being named Palestine, Ancient Egyptian texts (c. 14 century BCE) called the entire coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea between modern Egypt and Turkey R-t-n-u (conventionally Retjenu). Retjenu was subdivided into three regions and the southern region, Djahy, shared approximately the same boundaries as Canaan, or modern-day Israel and the Palestinian territories, though including also Syria.[25] Scholars disagree as to whether the archaeological evidence supports the biblical story of there having been a Kingdom of Israel of the United Monarchy that reigned from Jerusalem, as the archaeological evidence is both rare and disputed.[26][27] For those who do interpret the archaeological evidence positively in this regard, it is thought to have ruled some time during Iron Age I (1200 - 1000 BCE) over an area approximating modern-day Israel and the Palestinian territories, extending farther westward and northward to cover much (but not all) of the greater Land of Israel.[26][27] Philistia, the Philistine confederation, emerged circa 1185 BCE and comprised five city states: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod on the coast and Ekron, and Gath inland.[12] Its northern border was the Yarkon River, the southern border extending to Wadi Gaza, its western border the Mediterranean Sea, with no fixed border to the east.[10] By 722 BCE, Philistia had been subsumed by the Assyrian Empire, with the Philistines becoming \'part and parcel of the local population,\' prospering under Assyrian rule during the 7th century despite occasional rebellions against their overlords.[12][28][29] In 604 BCE, when Assyrian troops commanded by the Babylonian empire carried off significant numbers of the population into slavery, the distinctly Philistine character of the coastal cities dwindled away, and the history of the Philistines as a distinct people effectively ended.[12][28][30] The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes, he uses it to refer to the coast north of Mount Carmel. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt.[31] Josephus used the name Παλαιστινη only for the smaller coastal area, Philistia.[32] Pliny, writing in Latin in the 1st century CE, describes a region of Syria that was \"formerly called Palaestina\" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.[33] Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of Palaestina (I and II, also known as Palaestina Prima, \"First Palestine\", and Palaestina Secunda, \"Second Palestine\"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule, Filastin (or Jund Filastin) was used administratively to refer to what was under the Byzantines Palaestina Secunda (comprising Judaea and Samaria), while Palaestina Prima (comprising the Galilee region) was renamed Urdunn (\"Jordan\" or Jund al-Urdunn).[7] The Zionist Organization provided their definition concerning the boundaries of Palestine in a statement to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919; it also includes a statement about the importance of water resources that the designated area includes.[34][35] On the basis of a League of Nations mandate, the British administered Palestine after World War I, promising to establish a Jewish homeland therein.[36] The original British Mandate included what is now Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan), and trans-Jordan (the present kingdom of Jordan),although the latter was disattached by an administrative decision of the British in 1922.[37] To the Palestinian people who view Palestine as their homeland, its boundaries are those of the British Mandate excluding the Transjordan, as described in the Palestinian National Charter.[38] Additional extrabiblical references An archaeological textual reference concerning the territory of Palestine is thought to have been made in the Merneptah Stele, dated c. 1200 BCE, containing a recount of Egyptian king Merneptah\'s victories in the land of Canaan, mentioning place-names such as Gezer, Ashkelon and Yanoam, along with Israel, which is mentioned using a hieroglyphic determinative that indicates a nomad people, rather than a state.[39] Another famous inscription is that of the Mesha Stele, bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC Moabite King Mesha, discovered in 1868 at Dhiban (biblical \"Dibon,\" capital of Moab) now in Jordan. The Stele is notable because it is thought to be the earliest known reference to the sacred Hebrew name of God – YHWH. It also notable as the most extensive inscription ever recovered that refers to ancient Israel. Biblical texts In the Biblical account, the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah ruled from Jerusalem a vast territory extending far west and north of Palestine for some 120 years. Archaeological evidence for this period is very rare, however, and its implications much disputed.[26][27] The Hebrew Bible calls the region Canaan (כּנען) (Numbers 34:1–12), while the part of it occupied by Israelites is designated Israel (Yisrael). The name \"Land of the Hebrews\" (ארץ העברים, Eretz Ha-Ivrim) is also found, as well as several poetical names: \"land flowing with milk and honey\", \"land that [God] swore to your fathers to assign to you\", \"Land of the Lord\", and the \"Promised Land\". The Land of Canaan is given a precise description in (Numbers 34:1) as including all of Lebanon, as well (Joshua 13:5). The wide area appears to have been the home of several small nations such as the Canaanites, Hebrews, Hittites, Amorrhites, Pherezites, Hevites and Jebusites. According to Hebrew tradition, the land of Canaan is part of the land given to the descendants of Abraham, which extends from the \"river of Egypt\" to the Euphrates River (Genesis 15:18) – some identify the river of Egypt with the Nile, others believe it to be a wadi in northern Sinai, cf. Numbers 34:5; Joshua 15:3-4; Joshua 15:47; 1 Kings 8:65; 2 Kings 24:7. In Exodus 13:17, \"And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt.\" The events of the Four Gospels of the Christian Bible take place almost entirely in this country, which in Christian tradition thereafter became known as The Holy Land. In the Qur\'an, the term الأرض المقدسة (Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah, English: \"Holy Land\") is mentioned at least seven times, once when Moses proclaims to the Children of Israel: \"O my people! Enter the holy land which Allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin.\" (Surah 5:21) History Main articles: History of Palestine and History of Israel Islamic period (630–1918 CE) The Islamic prophet Muhammad established a new unified political polity in the Arabian peninsula at the beginning of the seventh century. The subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula in the form of a vast Muslim Arab Empire. In the 630s this empire conquered Palestine and it remained under the control of Islamic Empires for most of the next 1300 years. Arab Caliphate rule (638–1099 CE) In 638 CE, following the Siege of Jerusalem, the Caliph Omar Ibn al-Khattab and Safforonius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, signed Al-Uhda al-\'Omariyya (The Umariyya Covenant), an agreement that stipulated the rights and obligations of all non-Muslims in Palestine.[95] Christians and Jews where considered People of the Book, enjoyed some protection but had to pay a special poll tax called jizyah (\"tribute\"). During the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to Jerusalem after a 500-year absence.[100] Omar Ibn al-Khattab was the first conqueror of Jerusalem to enter the city on foot, and when visiting the site that now houses the Haram al-Sharif, he declared it a sacred place of prayer.[101][102] Cities that accepted the new rulers, as recorded in registrars from the time, were: Jerusalem, Nablus, Jenin, Acre, Tiberias, Bisan, Caesarea, Lajjun, Lydd, Jaffa, Imwas, Beit Jibrin, Gaza, Rafah, Hebron, Yubna, Haifa, Safed and Ashkelon.[103] Ottoman rule (1516–1831 CE) After the Ottoman conquest, the name \"Palestine\" disappeared as the official name of an administrative unit, as the Turks often called their (sub)provinces after the capital. Following its 1516 incorporation in the Ottoman Empire, it was part of the vilayet (province) of Damascus-Syria until 1660. It then became part of the vilayet of Saida (Sidon), briefly interrupted by the 7 March 1799 – July 1799 French occupation of Jaffa, Haifa, and Caesarea. During the Siege of Acre in 1799, Napoleon prepared a proclamation declaring a Jewish state in Palestine. Egyptian rule (1831–1841) On 10 May 1832 the territories of Bilad ash-Sham, which include modern Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Palestine were conquered and annexed by Muhammad Ali\'s expansionist Egypt (nominally still Ottoman) in the 1831 Egyptian-Ottoman War. Britain sent the navy to shell Beirut and an Anglo-Ottoman expeditionary force landed, causing local uprisings against the Egyptian occupiers. A British naval squadron anchored off Alexandria. The Egyptian army retreated to Egypt. Muhammad Ali signed the Treaty of 1841. Britain returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans. Ottoman rule (1841–1917) In the reorganisation of 1873, which established the administrative boundaries that remained in place until 1914, Palestine was split between three major administrative units. The northern part, above a line connecting Jaffa to north Jericho and the Jordan, was assigned to the vilayet of Beirut, subdivided into the sanjaks (districts) of Acre, Beirut and Nablus. The southern part, from Jaffa downwards, was part of the special district of Jerusalem. Its southern boundaries were unclear but petered out in the Eastern Sinai Peninsula and northern Negev Desert. Most of the central and southern Negev was assigned to the wilayet of Hijaz, which also included the Sinai Peninsula and the western part of Arabia.[131] Nonetheless, the old name remained in popular and semi-official use. Many examples of its usage in the 16th and 17th centuries have survived.[132] During the 19th century, the Ottoman Government employed the term Ardh-u Filistin (the \'Land of Palestine\') in official correspondence, meaning for all intents and purposes the area to the west of the River Jordan which became \'Palestine\' under the British in 1922.[133] However, the Ottomans regarded \"Palestine\" as an abstract description of a general region but not as a specific administrative unit with clearly defined borders. This meant that they did not consistently apply the name to a clearly defined area.[131] Ottoman court records, for instance, used the term to describe a geographical area that did not include the sanjaks of Jerusalem, Hebron and Nablus, although these had certainly been part of historical Palestine.[134][135] Amongst the educated Arab public, Filastin was a common concept, referring either to the whole of Palestine or to the Jerusalem sanjak alone[136] or just to the area around Ramle.[137] The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of Zionist immigration. The \"First Aliyah\" was the first modern widespread wave of Zionist aliyah. Jews who migrated to Palestine in this wave came mostly from Eastern Europe and from Yemen. This wave of aliyah began in 1881–82 and lasted until 1903.[138] An estimated 25,000[139]–35,000[140] Jews immigrated during the First Aliyah. The First Aliyah laid the cornerstone for Jewish settlement in Israel and created several settlements such as Rishon LeZion, Rosh Pina, Zikhron Ya\'aqov and Gedera. The \"Second Aliyah\" took place between 1904 and 1914, during which approximately 40,000 Jews immigrated, mostly from Russia and Poland,[141] and some from Yemen. The Second Aliyah immigrants were primarily idealists, inspired by the revolutionary ideals then sweeping the Russian Empire who sought to create a communal agricultural settlement system in Palestine. They thus founded the kibbutz movement. The first kibbutz, Degania, was founded in 1909. Tel Aviv was founded at that time, though its founders were not necessarily from the new immigrants. The Second Aliyah is largely credited with the Revival of the Hebrew language and establishing it as the standard language for Jews in Israel. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda contributed to the creation of the first modern Hebrew dictionary. Although he was an immigrant of the First Aliyah, his work mostly bore fruit during the second. Ottoman rule over the Eastern Mediterranean lasted until World War I when the Ottomans sided with the German Empire and the Central Powers. During World War I, the Ottomans were driven from much of the region by the British Empire during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. 20th century In common usage up to World War I, \"Palestine\" was used either to describe the Consular jurisdictions of the Western Powers[142] or for a region that extended in the north-south direction typically from Rafah (south-east of Gaza) to the Litani River (now in Lebanon). The western boundary was the sea, and the Eastern boundary was the poorly-defined place where the Syrian desert began. In various European sources, the Eastern boundary was placed anywhere from the Jordan River to slightly east of Amman. The Negev Desert was not included.[143] For 400 years foreigners enjoyed extraterritorial rights under the terms of the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire. One American diplomat wrote that \"Extraordinary privileges and immunities had become so embodied in successive treaties between the great Christian Powers and the Sublime Porte that for most intents and purposes many nationalities in the Ottoman empire formed a state within the state\".[144] The Consuls were originally magistrates who tried cases involving their own citizens in foreign territories. While the jurisdictions in the secular states of Europe had become territorial, the Ottomans perpetuated the legal system they inherited from the Byzantine Empire. The law in many matters was personal, not territorial, and the individual citizen carried his nation\'s law with him wherever he went.[145] Capitulatory law applied to foreigners in Palestine. Only Consular Courts of the State of the foreigners concerned were competent to try them. That was true, not only in cases involving personal status, but also in criminal and commercial matters.[146] According to American Ambassador Morgenthau, Turkey had never been an independent sovereignty.[147] The Western Powers had their own courts, marshals, colonies, schools, postal systems, religious institutions, and prisons. The Consuls also extended protections to large communities of Jewish protégés who had settled in Palestine.[148] The Moslem, Christian, and Jewish communities of Palestine were allowed to exercise jurisdiction over their own members according to charters granted to them. For centuries the Jews and Christians had enjoyed a large degree of communal autonomy in matters of worship, jurisdiction over personal status, taxes, and in managing their schools and charitable institutions. In the 19th century those rights were formally recognized as part of the Tanzimat reforms and when the communities were placed under the protection of European public law.[149][150] Under the Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, it was envisioned that most of Palestine, when freed from Ottoman control, would become an international zone not under direct French or British colonial control. Shortly thereafter, British foreign minister Arthur Balfour issued the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which promised to establish a Jewish national home in Palestine.[151] The British-led Egyptian Expeditionary Force, commanded by Edmund Allenby, captured Jerusalem on 9 December 1917 and occupied the whole of the Levant following the defeat of Turkish forces in Palestine at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 and the capitulation of Turkey on 31 October.[152] British Mandate (1920–1948) Main article: Mandate Palestine Following the First World War and the occupation of the region by the British, the principal Allied and associated powers drafted the Mandate which was formally approved by the League of Nations in 1922. Great Britain administered Palestine on behalf of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1948, a period referred to as the \"British Mandate.\" Two states were established within the boundaries of the Mandate territory, Palestine and Transjordan.[153][154] - The preamble of the mandate declared: \"Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favor of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.\"[155] Not all were satisfied with the mandate. Some of the Arabs felt that Britain was violating the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence and the understanding of the Arab Revolt. Some wanted a unification with Syria: In February 1919 several Moslem and Christian groups from Jaffa and Jerusalem met and adopted a platform which endorsed unity with Syria and opposition to Zionism (this is sometimes called the First Palestinian National Congress). A letter was sent to Damascus authorizing Faisal to represent the Arabs of Palestine at the Paris Peace Conference. In May 1919 a Syrian National Congress was held in Damascus, and a Palestinian delegation attended its sessions.[156] In April 1920 violent Arab disturbances against the Jews in Jerusalem occurred which became to be known as the 1920 Palestine riots. The riots followed rising tensions in Arab-Jewish relations over the implications of Zionist immigration. The British military administration\'s erratic response failed to contain the rioting, which continued for four days. As a result of the events, trust between the British, Jews, and Arabs eroded. One consequence was that the Jewish community increased moves towards an autonomous infrastructure and security apparatus parallel to that of the British administration. In April 1920 the Allied Supreme Council (the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan) met at Sanremo and formal decisions were taken on the allocation of mandate territories. The United Kingdom obtained a mandate for Palestine and France obtained a mandate for Syria. The boundaries of the mandates and the conditions under which they were to be held were not decided. The Zionist Organization\'s representative at Sanremo, Chaim Weizmann, subsequently reported to his colleagues in London: There are still important details outstanding, such as the actual terms of the mandate and the question of the boundaries in Palestine. There is the delimitation of the boundary between French Syria and Palestine, which will constitute the northern frontier and the Eastern line of demarcation, adjoining Arab Syria. The latter is not likely to be fixed until the Emir Feisal attends the Peace Conference, probably in Paris.[157] The purported objective of the League of Nations Mandate system was to administer parts of the defunct Ottoman Empire, which had been in control of the Middle East since the 16th century, \"until such time as they are able to stand alone.\"[158] In July 1920, the French drove Faisal bin Husayn from Damascus ending his already negligible control over the region of Transjordan, where local chiefs traditionally resisted any central authority. The sheikhs, who had earlier pledged their loyalty to the Sharif of Mecca, asked the British to undertake the region\'s administration. Herbert Samuel asked for the extension of the Palestine government\'s authority to Transjordan, but at meetings in Cairo and Jerusalem between Winston Churchill and Emir Abdullah in March 1921 it was agreed that Abdullah would administer the territory (initially for six months only) on behalf of the Palestine administration. In the summer of 1921 Transjordan was included within the Mandate, but excluded from the provisions for a Jewish National Home.[159] On 24 July 1922 the League of Nations approved the terms of the British Mandate over Palestine and Transjordan. On 16 September the League formally approved a memorandum from Lord Balfour confirming the exemption of Transjordan from the clauses of the mandate concerning the creation of a Jewish national home and from the mandate\'s responsibility to facilitate Jewish immigration and land settlement.[160] With Transjordan coming under the administration of the British Mandate, the mandate\'s collective territory became constituted of 23% Palestine and 77% Transjordan. The Mandate for Palestine, while specifying actions in support of Jewish immigration and political status, stated, in Article 25, that in the territory to the east of the Jordan River, Britain could \'postpone or withhold\' those articles of the Mandate concerning a Jewish National Home. Transjordan was a very sparsely populated region (especially in comparison with Palestine proper) due to its relatively limited resources and largely desert Environment. In 1923 an agreement between the United Kingdom and France established the border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria. The British handed over the southern Golan Heights to the French in return for the northern Jordan Valley. The border was re-drawn so that both sides of the Jordan River and the whole of the Sea of Galilee, including a 10-metre wide strip along the northEastern shore, were made a part of Palestine[161] with the provisons that Syria have fishing and navigation rights in the Lake.[162] The Palestine Exploration Fund published surveys and maps of Western Palestine (aka Cisjordan) starting in the mid-19th century. Even before the Mandate came into legal effect in 1923 (text), British terminology sometimes used \'\"Palestine\" for the part west of the Jordan River and \"Trans-Jordan\" (or Transjordania) for the part east of the Jordan River.[163][164] The first reference to the Palestinians, without qualifying them as Arabs, is to be found in a document of the Permanent Executive Committee, composed of Muslims and Christians, presenting a series of formal complaints to the British authorities on 26 July 1928.[165] Infrastructure and development Between 1922 and 1947, the annual growth rate of the Jewish sector of the economy was 13.2%, mainly due to immigration and foreign capital, while that of the Arab was 6.5%. Per capita, these figures were 4.8% and 3.6% respectively. By 1936, the Jewish sector had eclipsed the Arab one, and Jewish individuals earned 2.6 times as much as Arabs. In terms of human capital, there was a huge difference. For instance, the literacy rates in 1932 were 86% for the Jews against 22% for the Arabs, but Arab literacy was steadily increasing.[166] Under the British Mandate, the country developed economically and culturally. In 1919 the Jewish community founded a centralized Hebrew school system, and the following year established the Assembly of Representatives, the Jewish National Council and the Histadrut labor federation. The Technion university was founded in 1924, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1925.[167] As for Arab institutions, the office of “Mufti of Jerusalem”, traditionally limited in authority and geographical scope, was refashioned by the British into that of “Grand Mufti of Palestine”. Furthermore, a Supreme Muslim Council (SMC) was established and given various duties, such as the administration of religious endowments and the appointment of religious judges and local muftis. During the revolt (see below) the Arab Higher Committee was established as the central political organ of the Arab community of Palestine. During the Mandate period, Many factories were established and roads and railroads were built throughout the country. The Jordan River was harnessed for production of electric power and the Dead Sea was tapped for minerals – potash and bromine. 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Main article: 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Sparked off by the death of Shaykh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam at the hands of the British police near Jenin in November 1935, in the years 1936–1939 the Arabs participated in an uprising and protest against British rule and against mass Jewish Immigration. The revolt manifested in a strike and armed insurrection started sporadically, becoming more organized with time. Attacks were mainly directed at British strategic installation such as the Trans Arabian Pipeline (TAP) and railways, and to a lesser extent against Jewish settlements, secluded Jewish neighborhoods in the mixed cities, and Jews, both individually and in groups. Violence abated for about a year while the Peel Commission deliberated and eventually recommended partition of Palestine. With the rejection of this proposal, the revolt resumed during the autumn of 1937. Violence continued throughout 1938 and eventually petered out in 1939. The British responded to the violence by greatly expanding their military forces and clamping down on Arab dissent. \"Administrative detention\" (imprisonment without charges or trial), curfews, and house demolitions were among British practices during this period. More than 120 Arabs were sentenced to death and about 40 hanged. The main Arab leaders were arrested or expelled. The Haganah (Hebrew for \"defense\"), an illegal Jewish paramilitary organization, actively supported British efforts to quell the insurgency, which reached 10,000 Arab fighters at their peak during the summer and fall of 1938. Although the British administration didn\'t officially recognize the Haganah, the British security forces cooperated with it by forming the Jewish Settlement Police and Special Night Squads.[168] A terrorist splinter group of the Haganah, called the Irgun (or Etzel)[169] adopted a policy of violent retaliation against Arabs for attacks on Jews.[170] At a meeting in Alexandria in July 1937 between Jabotinsky and Irgun commander Col. Robert Bitker and chief-of-staff Moshe Rosenberg, the need for indiscriminate retaliation due to the difficulty of limiting operations to only the \"guilty\" was explained. The Irgun launched attacks against public gathering places such as markets and cafes.[171] The revolt did not achieve its goals, although it is \"credited with signifying the birth of the Arab Palestinian identity.\".[172] It is generally credited with forcing the issuance of the White Paper of 1939 which renounced Britain\'s intent of creating a Jewish National Home in Palestine, as proclaimed in the 1917 Balfour Declaration. Another outcome of the hostilities was the partial disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine, which were more or less intertwined until that time. For example, whereas the Jewish city of Tel Aviv previously relied on the nearby Arab seaport of Jaffa, hostilities dictated the construction of a separate Jewish-run seaport for Tel-Aviv. World War II and Palestine When the Second World War broke out, the Jewish population sided with Britain. David Ben Gurion, head of the Jewish Agency, defined the policy with what became a famous motto: \"We will fight the war as if there were no White Paper, and we will fight the White Paper as if there were no war.\" While this represented the Jewish population as a whole, there were exceptions (see below). As in most of the Arab world, there was no unanimity amongst the Palestinian Arabs as to their position regarding the combatants in World War II. A number of leaders and public figures saw an Axis victory as the likely outcome and a way of securing Palestine back from the Zionists and the British. Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, spent the rest of the war in Nazi Germany and the occupied areas, in particular encouraging Muslim Bosniaks to join the Waffen SS in German-conquered Bosnia. About 6,000 Palestinian Arabs and 30,000 Palestinian Jews joined the British forces. On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on the British Commonwealth and sided with Germany. Within a month, the Italians attacked Palestine from the air, bombing Tel Aviv and Haifa.[173] In 1942, there was a period of anxiety for the Yishuv, when the forces of German General Erwin Rommel advanced east in North Africa towards the Suez Canal and there was fear that they would conquer Palestine. This period was referred to as the two hundred days of anxiety. This event was the direct cause for the founding, with British support, of the Palmach[174]—a highly-trained regular unit belonging to Haganah (which was mostly made up of reserve troops). On 3 July 1944, the British government consented to the establishment of a Jewish Brigade with hand-picked Jewish and also non-Jewish senior officers. The brigade fought in Europe, most notably against the Germans in Italy from March 1945 until the end of the war in May 1945. Members of the Brigade played a key role in the Berihah\'s efforts to help Jews escape Europe for Palestine. Later, veterans of the Jewish Brigade became key participants of the new State of Israel\'s Israel Defense Force. Starting in 1939 and throughout the war and the Holocaust, the British reduced the number of immigrants allowed into Palestine, following the publication of the MacDonald White Paper. Once the 15,000 annual quota was exceeded, Jews fleeing Nazi persecution were placed in detention camps or deported to places such as Mauritius.[175] In 1944 Menachem Begin assumed the Irgun\'s leadership, determined to force the British government to remove its troops entirely from Palestine. Citing that the British had reneged on their original promise of the Balfour Declaration, and that the White Paper of 1939 restricting Jewish immigration was an escalation of their pro-Arab policy, he decided to break with the Haganah. Soon after he assumed command, a formal \'Declaration of Revolt\' was publicized, and armed attacks against British forces were initiated. Lehi, another splinter group, opposed cessation of operations against the British authorities all along. The Jewish Agency which opposed those actions and the challenge to its role as government in preparation responded with \"The Hunting Season\" – severe actions against supporters of the Irgun and Lehi, including turning them over to the British. The country developed economically during the war, with increased industrial and agricultural outputs and the period was considered an `economic Boom\'. In terms of Arab-Jewish relations, these were relatively quiet times.[176] End of the British Mandate 1945–1948 Main article: British–Zionist conflict In the years following World War II, Britain\'s control over Palestine became increasingly tenuous. This was caused by a combination of factors, including: World public opinion turned against Britain as a result of the British policy of preventing Holocaust survivors from reaching Palestine, sending them instead to Cyprus internment camps, or even back to Germany, as in the case of Exodus 1947. The costs of maintaining an army of over 100,000 men in Palestine weighed heavily on a British economy suffering from post-war depression, and was another cause for British public opinion to demand an end to the Mandate.[177] Rapid deterioration due to the actions of the Jewish paramilitary organizations (Hagana, Irgun and Lehi), involving attacks on strategic installations (by all three) as well as on British forces and officials (by the Irgun and Lehi). This caused severe damage to British morale and prestige, as well as increasing opposition to the mandate in Britain itself, public opinion demanding to \"bring the boys home\".[178] US Congress was delaying a loan necessary to prevent British bankruptcy. The delays were in response to the British refusal to fulfill a promise given to Truman that 100,000 Holocaust survivors would be allowed to emigrate to Palestine.[citation needed] In early 1947 the British Government announced their desire to terminate the Mandate, and asked the United Nations General Assembly to make recommendations regarding the future of the country.[179] The British Administration declined to accept the responsibility for implementing any solution that wasn\'t acceptable to both the Jewish and the Arab communities, or to allow other authorities to take over responsibility for public security prior to the termination of its mandate on 15 May 1948.[180] UN partition and the 1948 Palestine War Main articles: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and 1948 Palestine War On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13 with 10 abstentions, in favour of a plan to partition the territory into separate Jewish and Arab states, under economic union, with the Greater Jerusalem area (encompassing Bethlehem) coming under international control. Zionist leaders (including the Jewish Agency), accepted the plan, while Palestinian Arab leaders rejected it and all independent Muslim and Arab states voted against it.[181][182][183] Almost immediately, sectarian violence erupted and spread, killing hundreds of Arabs, Jews and British over the ensuing months. The rapid evolution of events precipitated into a Civil War. Arab volunteers of the Arab Liberation Army entered Palestine to fight with the Palestinians, but the April-May offensive of Yishuv\'s forces crushed the Arabs and Palestinian society collapsed. Some 300,000 to 350,000 Palestinians caught up in the turmoil fled or were driven from their homes. On 14 May, the Jewish Agency declared the independence of the state of Israel. The neighbouring Arab state intervened to prevent the partition and support the Palestinian Arab population. While Transjordan took control of territory designated for the future Arab State, Syrian, Iraqi and Egyptian expeditionary forces attacked Israel without success. The most intensive battles were waged between the Jordanian and Israeli forces over the control of Jerusalem. On June 11, a truce was accepted by all parties. Israel used the lull to undertake a large-scale reinforcement of its army. In a series of military operations, it then conquered the whole of the Galilee region, both the Lydda and Ramle areas, and the Negev. It also managed to secure, in the Battles of Latrun, a road linking Jerusalem to Israel. In this phase, 350,000 more Arab Palestinians fled or were expelled from the conquered areas. During the first 6 months of 1949, negotiations between the belligerents came to terms over armistice lines that delimited Israel\'s borders. On the other side, no Palestinian Arab state was founded: Jordan annexed the Arab territories of the Mandatory regions of Samaria and Judea (today known as the West Bank), as well as East Jerusalem, while the Gaza strip came under Egyptian administration. The New Historians, like Avi Shlaim, hold that there was an unwritten secret agreement between King Abdullah of Transjordan and Israeli authorities to partition the territory between themselves, and that this translated into each side limiting their objectives and exercising mutual restraint during the 1948 war.[184] 1948 to current times On the same day that the State of Israel was announced, the Arab League announced that it would set up a single Arab civil administration throughout Palestine,[185][186] and launched an attack on the new Israeli state. The All-Palestine government was declared in Gaza on 1 October 1948,[187] partly as an Arab League move to limit the influence of Transjordan over the Palestinian issue. The former mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, was appointed as president. The government was recognised by Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, but not by Transjordan (later known as Jordan) or any non-Arab country. It was little more than an Egyptian protectorate and had negligible influence or funding. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the area allocated to the Palestinian Arabs and the international zone of Jerusalem were occupied by Israel and the neighboring Arab states in accordance with the terms of the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Palestinian Arabs living in the Gaza Strip or Egypt were issued with All-Palestine passports until 1959, when Gamal Abdul Nasser, president of Egypt, issued a decree that annulled the All-Palestine government. In addition to the UN-partitioned area allotted to the Jewish state, Israel captured and incorporated [citation needed]a further 26% of the Mandate territory (namely of the territory to the west of the Jordan river). Jordan captured and annexed about 21% of the Mandate territory, which it referred to as the West Bank (to differentiate it from the newly-named East Bank – the original Transjordan). Jerusalem was divided, with Jordan taking the Eastern parts, including the Old City, and Israel taking the western parts. The Gaza Strip was captured by Egypt. In addition, Syria held on to small slivers of Mandate territory to the south and east of the Sea of Galilee, which had been allocated in the UN partition plan to the Jewish state. For a description of the massive population movements, Arab and Jewish, at the time of the 1948 war and over the following decades, see Palestinian exodus and Jewish exodus from Arab lands. In the course of the Six Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt. From the 1960s onward, the term \"Palestine\" was regularly used in political contexts. The Palestine Liberation Organization has enjoyed status as a non-member observer at the United Nations since 1974, and continues to represent \"Palestine\" there.[188] According to the CIA World Factbook,[189][190][191] of the ten million people living between Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea, about five million (49%) identify as Palestinian, Arab, Bedouin and/or Druze. One million of those are citizens of Israel. The other four million are residents of the West Bank and Gaza, which are under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority, which was formed in 1994, pursuant to the Oslo Accords. In the West Bank, 360,000[citation needed] Israelis have settled in a hundred scattered new towns and settlements with connecting corridors. The 2.5 million[citation needed] West Bank Palestinians live primarily in four blocs centered in Hebron, Ramallah, Nablus, and Jericho. In 2005, Israel withdrew its army and all the Israeli settlers were evacuated from the Gaza Strip, in keeping with Ariel Sharon\'s plan for unilateral disengagement, and control over the area was transferred to the Palestinian Authority. However, due to the Hamas-Fatah conflict, the Gaza Strip has been in control of Hamas since 2006. Demographics Main article: Demographics of Palestine Early demographics Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on two methods – censuses and writings made at the times, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settlement. According to Magen Broshi, an Israeli archaeologist \"... the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period—the late Byzantine period, around AD 600\"[192] Similarly, a study by Yigal Shiloh of The Hebrew University suggests that the population of Palestine in the Iron Age could have never exceeded a million. He writes: \"... the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age...If we accept Broshi\'s population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure.\"[193] Demographics in the late Ottoman and British Mandate periods In the middle of the first century of the Ottoman rule, i.e. 1550 CE, Bernard Lewis in a study of Ottoman registers of the early Ottoman Rule of Palestine reports:[194] From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns of Jerusalem, Gaza, Safed, Nablus, Ramle, and Hebron. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens. By Volney\'s estimates in 1785, there were no more than 200,000 people in the country.[195] According to Alexander Scholch, the population of Palestine in 1850 had about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews[196] According to Ottoman statistics studied by Justin McCarthy,[197] the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 about 600,000 of which 94% were Arabs. In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews.[198] McCarthy estimates the non-Jewish population of Palestine at 452,789 in 1882, 737,389 in 1914, 725,507 in 1922, 880,746 in 1931 and 1,339,763 in 1946.[199] Official reports In 1920, the League of Nations\' Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine stated that there were 700,000 people living in Palestine: Of these 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or—a small number—are Protestants. The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850 there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.[200] By 1948, the population had risen to 1,900,000, of whom 68% were Arabs, and 32% were Jews (UNSCOP report, including المقدس), meaning \"The Holy [City/Home]\"),[i]located on a plateau in theJudean Mountainsbetween theMediterraneanand theDead Sea, is one of theoldest cities in the world. In the ancientcuneiform, Jerusalem was called \"Urusalima\", meaning \"City of Peace\", during the early Canaanite period (approximately 2400 BC).[3]It is consideredholyto the three majorAbrahamic claim Jerusalem as their capital, asIsraelmaintains its primary governmental institutions there and theState of Palestineultimately foresees it as its seat of power; however, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.[4]Archaeologists have unearthed a 7,000-year-old settlement in northern Jerusalem from the early Chalcolithic period. They describe it as the oldest discovery of its kind in the region.[5]The part of Jerusalem called theCity of Davidwas settled in the4th millennium BCE.[6]In 1538,walls were builtaround Jerusalem underSuleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define theOld City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as theArmenian,Christian,Jewish, andMuslimQuarters.[7]The Old City became aWorld Heritage Sitein 1981, and is on theList of World Heritage in Danger.[8]Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City\'s boundaries.According to theBiblical tradition, KingDavidconquered the city from theJebusitesand established it as the capital of theUnited Kingdom of Israel, and his son, KingSolomon, commissioned the building of theFirst Temple. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people.[9]The sobriquet of holy city (עיר הקודש, transliterated‘ir haqodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times.[10][11][12]The holiness ofJerusalem in Christianity, conserved in theSeptuagint[13]which Christians adopted as their own authority,[14]was reinforced by theNew Testamentaccount ofJesus\'s crucifixionthere. InSunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, afterMeccaandMedina.[15][16]InIslamic traditionin 610 CE it became the firstqibla, the focal point for Muslim prayer (salat),[17]andMuhammadmade hisNight Journeythere ten years later, ascending to heaven where he speaks toGod, according to theQuran.[18][19]As a result, despite having an area of only 0.9 square kilometres (0.35sqmi),[20]the Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance, among them theTemple Mountand itsWestern Wall, theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre, theDome of the Rock, theGarden Tombandal-Aqsa Mosque.Today, thestatus of Jerusalemremains one of the core issues in theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict. During the1948 Arab–Israeli War,West Jerusalemwas among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel whileEast Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed byJordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967Six-Day Warand subsequently annexed it into Jerusalem, together with additional surrounding territory.[viii]One of Israel\'sBasic Laws, the 1980Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the country\'s undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including theKnesset(Israel\'s parliament), the residences of thePrime MinisterandPresident, and theSupreme Court. Whilst the international community rejected the annexation as illegal and treats East Jerusalem asPalestinian territoryoccupiedby Israel,[21][22][23][24]Israel has a stronger claim to sovereignty over West Jerusalem.[25][26]The international community does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel\'s capital, and the city hosts no foreign embassies. Jerusalem is also home to some non-governmental Israeli institutions of national importance, such as theHebrew Universityand theIsrael Museumwith itsShrine of the Book.In 2011, Jerusalem had a population of 801,000, of which Jews comprised 497,000 (62%), Muslims 281,000 (35%), Christians 14,000 (around 2%) and 9,000 (1%) were not classified by religion.[27]Contents[hide]1 Etymology2 History2.1 Overview of Jerusalem\'s historical periods2.2 Ancient period2.3 Classical antiquity2.4 Middle Ages and caliphates2.5 16th–19th centuries − Ottoman rule2.6 1917–1948 − British Mandate2.7 1948–1967 − Jordanian/Israeli rule2.8 From 1967 − Israeli rule3 Political status3.1 International status3.2 Status under Israeli rule3.3 Jerusalem as capital3.3.1 Capital of Israel3.3.2 Capital of Palestine3.4 Government precinct and national institutions4 Municipal administration5 Geography5.1 Climate6 Demographics6.1 Demographic history6.2 Current demographics6.3 Urban planning issues7 Religious significance8 Culture9 Media10 Economy10.1 High-rise construction11 Transportation12 Education13 Sports14 Notable residents14.1 Ancient14.2 Medieval14.3 Modern15 Twin towns and sister cities16 See also17 Notes18 References19 Further reading20 External linksEtymologyFurther information:Names of JerusalemA city calledRušalimin theExecration textsof theMiddle Kingdom of Egypt(c. 19th century BCE) is widely, but not universally, identified as Jerusalem.[28][29]Jerusalem is calledUrušalimin theAmarna lettersofAbdi-Heba(1330s BCE).[30]The name \"Jerusalem\" is variously etymologized to mean \"foundation (Sumerianyeru, \'settlement\'/Semiticyry\'\'to found, to lay a cornerstone\') of the godShalem\",[31][32]the god Shalem was thus the originaltutelary deityof the Bronze Age city.[33]The formYerushalemorYerushalayim(Jerusalem) first appears in the Bible, in theBook of Joshua. According to aMidrash, the name is a combination ofYhwh Yir\'eh(\"God will see to it\", the name given byAbrahamto the place wherehe began to sacrifice his son) and the town \"Shalem\".[34]The earliest extra-biblicalHebrewwriting of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE[35][36]and was discovered inKhirbet Beit LeinearBeit Guvrinin 1961. The inscription states: \"I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem\",[37][38][39]or as other scholars suggest: \"Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem\".[40][41]Shalimor Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in theCanaanite religion, whose name is based on the same rootS-L-Mfrom which the Hebrew word for \"peace\" is derived (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew).[42][43]The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as \"The City of Peace\",[32][44]\"Abode of Peace\",[45][46]\"dwelling of peace\" (\"founded in safety\"),[47]alternately \"Vision of Peace\" in some Christian authors.[48]The ending-ayimindicates thedual, thus leading to the suggestion that the nameYerushalayimrefers to the fact that the city sits on two hills.[49][50]However, the pronunciation of the last syllable as-ayimappears to be a late development, which had not yet appeared at the time of theSeptuagint.[citation needed]An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above theGihon Spring, was according to the Bible namedJebus(e.g., Judges 19:10: יְבוּס, הִיא יְרוּשָׁלִָ: \"Jebus, it [is] Jerusalem\"[51]).[52]Called the \"Fortress of Zion\" (metsudat Zion), it was renamed by David as theCity of David,[53]and was known by this name in antiquity.[54][55]Another name, \"Zion\", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole and to represent the biblicalLand of Israel. In Greek and Latin the city\'s name was transliteratedHierosolyma(Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greekhieròs,ἱερός, means holy), although the city was renamedAelia Capitolinafor part of theRomanperiod of its history.TheAramaicApocryphon of Genesisof theDead Sea Scrolls(1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier \"Salem\" (שלם), said to be the kingdom ofMelchizedekin Genesis 14:18. Other early Hebrew sources,[56]early Christian renderings of the verse[57]andtargumim,[58]however, put Salem in Northern Israel nearShechem(or Sichem), nowNablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing.[59]Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of theSamaritans.[60]However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to link Melchizedek to later Temple traditions.[61]In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known asالقُدس, transliterated asal-Qudsand meaning \"The Holy\" or \"The Holy Sanctuary\".[45][46]Official Israeli government policy mandates thatأُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated asŪršalīm, which is the cognate of the Hebrew and English names, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction Arab families who hail from this city are often called \"Qudsi\" or \"Maqdisi\", while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.[63]HistoryMain articles:Timeline of JerusalemandHistory of JerusalemGiven the city\'s central position in both Jewish nationalism (Zionism) andPalestinian nationalism, the selectivity required to summarize 7,000 years of inhabited history is often influenced by ideological bias or background (seeHistoriography and nationalism).[5][64]The periods of Jewish sovereignty in the city\'s history are important to Israeli nationalists (Zionists), who claim the right to the city based on Jewish descent from the Israelite Kingdom of Judah, of which Jerusalem was the capital.[65][66]The periods of Islamic, Christian and other non-Jewish periods of the city\'s history are important to Palestinian nationalists, who claim the right to the city based on modernPalestinians\' descent from many different peoples who have lived in the region.[67][68]As a result, both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city,[64][69][70]and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city\'s history.Overview of Jerusalem\'s historical periodsAncient periodFurther information:City of DavidandHistory of ancient Israel and JudahStepped Stone StructureinOphel/City of David, the oldest part of JerusalemIn 2016 Israeli archaeologists announced they had unearthed a 7,000-year-old settlement from the earlyChalcolithicperiod in the Shuafat neighborhood of northern Jerusalem.[71]They describe it as the oldest discovery of its kind in the region.[5]The Israel Antiquities Authority asserts that the stone houses and artifacts confirm \"the existence of a well-established settlement in the Jerusalem area as long ago as the fifth millennium BCE.”[72]Ceramic evidence indicates occupation of theCity of Davidarea of Jerusalem as far back as theCopper Age(c. 4th millennium BCE),[6][73]but without evidence of a permanent settlement until the earlyBronze Age(c. 3000–2800 BCE).[73][74]TheExecration Texts(c.19th century BCE), which refer to a city calledrwš3lmm, variously transcribed theAmarna letters(c.14th century BCE) may be the earliest mention of the city.[76][77]Nadav Na\'aman argues its fortification as the centre of a kingdom dates to around the 18th century BCE.[78]The first settlement lay on theOphel ridge.[79]In the late Bronze Age, Jerusalem was the capital of an Egyptian vassal city-state,[80]a modest settlement governing a few outlying villages and pastoral areas, with a small Egyptian garrison and ruled by appointees such as kingAbdi-Heba,[81]At the time ofSeti IandRamesses II, major construction took place as prosperity increased.[82]This period, when Canaan formed part of the Egyptian empire corresponds in biblical accounts toJoshua’s invasion.[83]In the Bible, Jerusalem is defined as lying within territory allocated to thetribe of Benjamin[84][85]though occupied byJebusites.Davidis said to have conquered these in theSiege of Jebus, and transferred his capital fromHebronto Jerusalem which then became the capital of a unitedKingdom of Israel,[86]and one of its several religious centres.[87]The choice was perhaps dictated by the fact that Jerusalem did not form part of Israel’s tribal system, and was thus suited to serve as the centre of its federation.[82]Opinion is divided over whether aLarge Stone Structureand a nearbyStepped Stone Structuremay be identified with King David\'s palace, or dates to a later period.[88][89]One plan ofSolomon\'s Temple, as reconstructed from indications in the BibleAccording to the Bible, KingDavidreigned for 40 years[90]and was succeeded by his sonSolomon,[91]who built theHoly TempleonMount Moriah.Solomon\'s Temple(later known as theFirst Temple), went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish religion as the repository of theArk of the Covenant.[92]On Solomon\'s death, ten of the northernTribes of Israelbroke with the United Monarchy to form their own nations, kings, prophets, priests, traditions relating to religion, capitals and temples in northern Israel. The southern tribes, together with theAaronid priesthood, remained in Jerusalem, with the city becoming the capital of theKingdom of Judah.[93][94]Archeological remains from the ancientIsraeliteperiod also includeSiloam Tunnel, an aqueduct built byJudeankingHezekiahand decorated with ancient Hebrew inscription, known asSiloam Inscription,[95]Broad Walla defensive fortification built in the 8th century BCE, also by Hezekiah,[96]Monolith of Silwan, Tomb of the Royal Steward, which were decorated with Tower, remnants of ancient fortifications, built from large, sturdy rocks with carved cornerstones.[98]A huge water reservoir dating from this period was discovered in 2012 nearRobinson\'s Arch, indicating the existence of a densely built-up quarter across the area west of the Temple Mount during the Judean kingdom.[99]When theAssyriansconquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. The First Temple period ended around 586 BCE, as the Babylonians conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and laid waste to Solomon\'s Temple.[100]Classical antiquityMain articles:Yehud Medinata,Jerusalem during the Achaemenid period,Jerusalem during the Second Temple PeriodandAelia CapitolinaIn 538 BCE, thePersianKingCyrus the Greatinvited theJews of Babylonto return to Judah to rebuild the Temple.[101]Construction of theSecond Templewas completed in 516 BCE, during the reign ofDarius the Great, 70 years after the destruction of the First Temple.[102][103]Sometime soon after 485 BCE Jerusalem was besieged, conquered and largely destroyed by a coalition of neighbouring states.[104]In about 445 BCE, KingArtaxerxes I of Persiaissued a decree allowing the city (including its walls) to be rebuilt.[105]Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and center of Jewish worship.This picture shows the temple as imagined in 1966 in theHolyland Model of JerusalemMany Jewish tombs from theSecond Temple periodhave been rediscovered in Jerusalem. One example, discovered north of theOld City, contains human remains in an ossuary decorated with the Aramaic inscription \"Simon the Temple Builder.\"[106]The Tomb of Abba, also located north of the Old City, bears an Aramaic inscription withPaleo-Hebrewletters reading: \"I, Abba, son of the priest Eleaz(ar), son of Aaron the high (priest), Abba, the oppressed and the persecuted, who was born in Jerusalem, and went into exile into Babylonia and brought (back to Jerusalem) Mattathi(ah), son of Jud(ah), and buried him in a cave which I bought by deed.\"[107]TheTomb of Benei Hezirlocated inKidron Valleyis decorated by monumentalDoric columnsand Hebrew inscription, identifying it as the burial site ofSecond Templepriests.[106]TheTombs of the Sanhedrin, an underground complex of 63 rock-cut tombs, is located in a public park in the northern Jerusalem neighborhood ofSanhedria. These tombs, probably reserved for members of theSanhedrin[108][109]and inscribed by ancient Hebrew and Aramaic writings, are dated to between 100 BCE and 100 CE.WhenAlexander the Greatconquered thePersian Empire, Jerusalem andJudeacame under Macedonian control, eventually falling to thePtolemaic dynastyunderPtolemy I. In 198 BCE,Ptolemy V Epiphaneslost Jerusalem and Judea to theSeleucidsunderAntiochus III. TheSeleucidattempt to recast Jerusalem as aHellenizedcity-statecame to a head in 168 BCE with the successfulMaccabean revoltofMattathiasand his five sons againstAntiochus IV Epiphanes, and their establishment of theHasmoneanKingdom in 152 BCE with Jerusalem as its capital.In 63 BCE,Pompey the Greatintervened in a struggle for the Hasmonean throne and captured Jerusalem, extending the influence of theRoman Republicover Judea.[110]Following a short invasion by Parthians, backing the rival Hasmonean rulers, Judea became a scene of struggle between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian forces, eventually leading to the emergence of anEdomitenamed Herod.A coin issued by the Jewish rebels in 68 CE.Obverse: \"Shekel, Israel. Year 3\".Reverse: \"Jerusalem the Holy\", in thePaleo-Hebrew alphabetAsRomebecame stronger, it installedHerodas a Jewishclient king. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, andexpanded the Temple Mount, buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size.[91][111][112]Shortly after Herod\'s death, in 6 CE Judea came under direct Roman rule as theIudaea Province,[113]although the Herodian dynasty throughAgrippa IIremained client kings of neighbouring territories until 96 CE. Roman rule over Jerusalem and the region was challenged in theFirst Jewish–Roman War, which ended with aRoman victory. The Second Temple was destroyed in 70 CE, and the entire city was destroyed in the war. The contemporary Jewish historianJosephuswrote that the city \"was so thoroughly razed to the ground by those that demolished it to its foundations, that nothing was left that could ever persuade visitors that it had once been a place of habitation.\"[114]Roman rule was again challenged during theBar Kokhba revolt, beginning in 132 CE and suppressed by the Romans in 135 CE.Roman siege and destruction of Jerusalem (David Roberts, 1850)Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, EmperorHadriancombinedIudaea Provincewith neighboring provinces under the new name ofSyria Palaestina, replacing the name of Judea.[115]The city was renamedAelia Capitolina,[116]and rebuilt it in the style of a typical Roman town. Jews were prohibited from entering the city on pain of death, except for one day each year, during the holiday ofTisha B\'Av. Taken together, these measures[117][118][119](which also affected Jewish Christians)[120]essentially \"secularized\" the city.[121]The ban was maintained until the 7th century,[122]though Christians would soon be granted an exemption: during the 4th century, theRoman EmperorConstantine Iordered the construction of Christian holy sites in the city, including theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre. Burial remains from the Byzantine period are exclusively Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of Christians.[123]In the 5th century, the Eastern continuation of theRoman Empire, ruled from the recently renamedConstantinople, maintained control of the city. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine toPersianrule, then back to Roman-Byzantine dominion. FollowingSassanidKhosrau II\'s early 7th century push through Syria, his generalsShahrbarazandShahinattacked Jerusalem (Persian:Dej Houdkh) aided by the Jews ofPalaestina Prima, who had risen up against the Byzantines.[124]In theSiege of Jerusalemof 614, after 21 days of relentlesssiege warfare, Jerusalem was captured. Byzantine chronicles relate that the Sassanids and Jews slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians in the city, many at theMamilla Pool,[125][126]and destroyed their monuments and churches, including theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre. This episode has been the subject of much debate between historians.[127]The conquered city would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine EmperorHeracliusreconquered it in 629.[128]Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period, when the city covered twokm2(0.77 square miles) and had a population of 200,000.[118][129]Middle Ages and caliphates1455 painting of the Holy Land. Jerusalem is viewed from the west; theDome of the Rockstill retains its octagonal shape, to the right stands Al-Aqsa, shown as a church.Byzantine Jerusalem was conquered by the Arab armies ofUmar ibn al-Khattabin 638 CE.[130]AmongMuslimsof Islam\'s earliest era it was referred to asMadinat bayt al-Maqdis(\"City of the Temple\")[131]which was restricted to the Temple Mount. The rest of the city \"...was called Iliya, reflecting the Roman name given the city following the destruction of 70 CE:Aelia Capitolina\".[132]Later the Temple Mount became known asal-Haram al-Sharif, “The Noble Sanctuary\", while the city around it became known asBayt al-Maqdis,[133]and later still,al-Quds al-Sharif\"The Noble City\". TheIslamizationof Jerusalem began in the first yearA.H.(623 CE), when Muslims were instructed to face the city while performing their daily prostrations and, according to Muslim religious tradition, Muhammad\'s night journey and ascension to heaven took place. After 13 years, the direction of prayer was changed to Mecca.[134][135]In 638 CE the IslamicCaliphateextended its dominion to Jerusalem.[136]With theArab conquest, Jews were allowed back into the city.[137]TheRashiduncaliphUmar ibn al-Khattabsigned a treaty with Christian Patriarch of JerusalemSophronius, assuring him that Jerusalem\'s Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule.[138]Christian-Arab tradition records that, when led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the holiest sites for Christians, the caliph Umar refused to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request conversion of the church to a mosque.[139]He prayed outside the church, where theMosque of Umar (Omar)stands to this day, opposite the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. According to the Gaullic bishopArculf, who lived in Jerusalem from 679 to 688, the Mosque of Umar was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodate 3,000 worshipers.[140]When the Muslims went toBayt Al-Maqdesfor the first time, they searched for the site of theAl-Aqsa Mosque(\"The Farthest Mosque\") that was mentioned inQuranandHadithaccording to Islamic beliefs. Contemporary Arabic and Hebrew sources say the site was full of rubbish, and that Arabs and Jews cleaned it.[141]TheUmayyadcaliphAbd al-Malikcommissioned the construction of theDome of the Rockin the late 7th century.[142]The 10th-century historianal-Muqaddasiwrites that Abd al-Malik built the shrine in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem\'s monumental churches.[140]Over the next four hundred years Jerusalem\'s prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control.[143]Jerusalem was captured in 1073 by theSeljukTurkish commanderAtsız.[144]After Atsız was killed, the Seljuk princeTutush Igranted the city toArtuk Bey, another Seljuk commander. After Artuk\'s death in 1091 his sonsSökmenandIlghazigoverned in the city up to 1098 when theFatimidsrecaptured the city.Medieval illustration of capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade, 1099A messianicKaraitemovement to gather in Jerusalem took place at the turn of the millennium, leading to a \"Golden Age\" of Karaite scholarship there, which was only terminated by the Crusades.[145]In 1099, the Fatimid ruler expelled the native Christian population before Jerusalem wasconqueredby theCrusaders, who massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants when they took the solidly defended city by assault, after a period of siege, and left the city emptied of people; later the Crusaders created theKingdom of Jerusalem. The city had been virtually emptied and recolonized by a variegated inflow others, to block the return of the surviving Muslims and Jews. The north-Eastern quarter was repopulated with Eastern Christians from the Transjordan.[146]As a result, by 1099 Jerusalem’s population had climbed back to some 30,000.[147]In 1187, the city was wrested from the Crusaders bySaladinwho permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city.[148]Under the terms of surrender, once ransomed, 60,000 Franks were expelled. The Eastern Christian populace was permitted to stay.[149]Under theAyyuoffer dynastyof Saladin, a period of huge investment began in the construction of houses, markets, public baths, and pilgrim hostels as well as the establishment of religious endowments. However, for most of the 13th century, Jerusalem declined to the status of a village due to city\'s fall of strategic value and Ayyuoffer internecine struggles.[150]From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 Treaty agreed between the crusadingHoly Roman Emperor Frederick IIandal-Kamil, theAyyuoffersultanofEgypt, that ended theSixth Crusade.[151][152][153][154][155]The Ayyuoffers retained control of the Muslim holy places, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem\'s fortifications.In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by theKhwarezmianTatars, who decimated the city\'s Christian population and drove out the Jews.[156]The Khwarezmian Tatars were driven out by the Ayyuoffers in 1247. WhenNachmanidesvisited in 1267 he found only two Jewish families, in a population of 2,000, 300 of whom were Christians, in the city.[157]From 1260[158]to 1517, Jerusalem was ruled by theMamluks. During this period of time many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side and the crusaders and theMongolson the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes andblack plague.[159]Some European Christian presence was maintained in the city by theOrder of the Holy Sepulchre.16th–19th centuries − Ottoman ruleDavid\'s Citadel and the Ottoman wallsBen-Zakai Synagogue in 1893The Garden Tombin Jerusalem – a new holy site established by British Protestants in the 19th century.In 1517, Jerusalem and environs fell to theOttoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917.[148]Jerusalem enjoyed a prosperous period of renewal and peace underSuleiman the Magnificent– including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around theOld City. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important center, and did not straddle the main trade route betweenDamascusandCairo.[160]The English reference bookModern history or the present state of all nations, written in 1744, stated that \"Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine, though much fallen from its ancient grandeaur\".[161]The Ottomans brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates and regular stagecoach and carriage services were among the first signs of modernization in the city.[162]In the mid 19th century, the Ottomans constructed the first paved road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and by 1892 the railroad had reached the city.[162]With the annexation of Jerusalem byMuhammad Ali of Egyptin 1831, foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city. In 1836,Ibrahim Pashaallowed Jerusalem\'s Jewish residents to restore four major synagogues, among them theHurva.[163]In the countrywidePeasants\' Revolt,Qasim al-Ahmadled his forces fromNablusand attacked Jerusalem, aided by theAbu Ghoshclan, and entered the city on 31 May 1834. The Christians and Jews of Jerusalem were subjected to attacks. Ibrahim\'s Egyptian army routed Qasim\'s forces in Jerusalem the following month.[164]Ottoman rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews fromAlgiersand North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers.[163]In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the region\'s religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem.[165]According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans.[163]The volume of Christian pilgrims increased under the Ottomans, doubling the city\'s population around Easter time.[166]In the 1860s, new neighborhoodsbegan to developoutside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city. TheRussian CompoundandMishkenot Sha\'ananimwere founded in 1860,[167]followed by many others that includedMahane Israel(1868),Nahalat Shiv\'a(1869),German Colony(1872),Beit David(1873),Mea Shearim(1874),Shimon HaZadiq(1876),Beit Ya\'aqov(1877),Abu Tor(1880s),American-Swedish Colony(1882),Yemin Moshe(1891), andMamilla,Wadi al-Jozaround the turn of the century. In 1867 an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of \'above\' 15,000, with 4,000 to 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims. Every year there were 5,000 to 6,000 Russian Christian Pilgrims.[168]In 1874 Jerusalem became the center of a special administrative district, independent of theSyria Vilayetand under the direct authority ofIstanbulcalled theMutasarrifate of Jerusalem.[169]Until the 1880s there were no formal orphanages in Jerusalem, as families generally took care of each other. In 1881 theDiskin Orphanagewas founded in Jerusalem with the arrival of Jewish children orphaned by a Russianpogrom. Other orphanages founded in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 20th century wereZion Blumenthal Orphanage(1900) andGeneral Israel Orphan\'s Home for Girls(1902).[170]Christian missionaries from the Anglican and Lutheran Churches arrived in the 19th Century,[171]as did missionaries from the Christian & Missionary Alliance (CMA).[172]1917–1948 − British MandateFurther information:Mandatory PalestineIn 1917 after theBattle of Jerusalem, theBritish Army, led byGeneral Edmund Allenby, captured the city.[173]In 1922, theLeague of Nationsat theConference of Lausanneentrusted the United Kingdom to administerPalestine, neighbouringTransjordan, andIraqbeyond it.The British had to deal with a conflicting demand that was rooted in Ottoman rule. Agreements for the supply of water, electricity, and the construction of a tramway system — all under concessions granted by the Ottoman authorities — had been signed by the city of Jerusalem and a Greek citizen by the name of Euripides Mavromatis on 27 January 1914. Work under these concessions had not begun and, by the end of the war the British occupying forces refused to recognize their validity. Mavromatis claimed that his concessions overlapped with the Auja Concession that the government had awarded to Rutenberg in 1921 and that he had been deprived of his legal rights. The Mavromatis concession, in effect despite earlier British attempts to abolish it, covered Jerusalem and other localities (e.g., Bethlehem) within a radius of 20km (12 miles) around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[174]From 1922 to 1948 the total population of the city rose from 52,000 to 165,000, comprised two-thirds of Jews and one-third of Arabs (Muslims and Christians).[175]Relations between Arab Christians and Muslims and the growing Jewish population in Jerusalem deteriorated, resulting in recurring unrest. In Jerusalem, in particular,Arab riots occurred in 1920andin 1929. Under the British, new garden suburbs were built in the western and northern parts of the city[176][177]and institutions of higher learning such as theHebrew Universitywere founded.[178]1948–1967 − Jordanian/Israeli rulePalmachsoldiers attack the San Simon monastery in Katamon, Jerusalem, April 1948 (battle reconstruction)Further information:1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine,1948 Arab-Israeli War,Battle for Jerusalem (1948)andCorpus separatum (Jerusalem)See also:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194,Jordanian occupation of the West Bank,East JerusalemandWest Jerusalem United Nations Partition Plan for PalestineJerusalem Corpus DisSilwanSur BaherUmm TubaRamat RahelSharafatBeit SafafaBeit JalaBETHLEHEMBeit Sahural-MalihaEin KarimDeir YassinMotzaal-\'IsawiyaAs the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the1947 UN Partition Planrecommended \"the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as aCorpus separatumunder the administration of the UN.\"[179]The international regime (which also included the city ofBethlehem) was to remain in force for a period of ten years, whereupon a referendum was to be held in which the residents were to decide the future regime of their city.[180]However, this plan was not implemented, as the1948 war erupted, while the British withdrew from Palestine andIsrael declared its independence.[181]In contradiction to the Partition Plan, which envisioned acityseparated from the Arab state and the Jewish state, Israel conquered the area which later would become West Jerusalem, along withmajor parts of the Arab territory allotted to the future Arab State; Jordan took control of East Jerusalem, along with the West Bank. The war led to displacement of Arab and Jewish populations in the city. The 1,500 residents of theJewish Quarterof the Old City were expelled and a few hundred taken prisoner when the Arab Legion captured the quarter on 28 May.[182][183]Arab residents ofKatamon,Talbiya, and theGerman Colonywere driven from their homes. By the end of the war Israel had control of 12 of Jerusalem\'s 15 Arab residential quarters. An estimated minimum of 30,000 people had become refugees.[184][185]Israeli policemen meet aJordanian Legionnairenear theMandelbaum Gate(circa 1950)The war of 1948 resulted in the division of Jerusalem, so that theold walled citylay entirely on the Jordanian side of theline. A no-man\'s land between East and West Jerusalem came into being in November 1948:Moshe Dayan, commander of the Israeli forces in Jerusalem, met with his Jordanian counterpartAbdullah el-Tellin a deserted house in Jerusalem’sMusraraneighborhood and marked out their respective positions: Israel’s position in red and Jordan\'s in green. This rough map, which was not meant as an official one, became the finallinein the1949 Armistice Agreements, which divided the city and leftMount Scopusas an IsraeliexclaveinsideEast Jerusalem.[186]Barbed wire and concrete barriers ran down the center of the city, passing close byJaffa Gateon the western side of theold walled city, and a crossing point was established atMandelbaum Gateslightly to the north of theold walled city. Military skirmishes frequently threatened the ceasefire.After the establishment of the state of Israel, Jerusalem was declared its capital city.[187]Jordan formally annexed East Jerusalem in 1950, subjecting it to Jordanian law, and in 1953 declared it the \"second capital\" of Jordan.[181][188][189]Only the United Kingdom andPakistanformally recognized such annexation, which, in regard to Jerusalem, was on ade factobasis.[190]Some scholars argue that the view that Pakistan recognized Jordan\'s annexation is dubious.[191][192]Hurva Synagoguein the Jewish Quarter of JerusalemJordanianArab Legionsoldier in the rubble of HurvaAfter 1948, since theold walled cityin its entirety was to the east of the armistice line,Jordanwas able to take control of all the holy places therein. While Muslim holy sites were maintained and renovated,[193]contrary to the terms of the armistice agreement, Jews were denied access to Jewish holy sites, many of which were destroyed or desecrated. Jordan allowed only very limited access to Christian holy sites,[194]and restrictions were imposed on theChristian populationthat led many to leave the city. Of the 58 synagogues in the Old City, half were either razed or converted to stables and hen-houses over the course of the next 19 years, including theHurvaand theTiferet Yisrael Synagogue. The 3,000-year-old[195]Mount of Olives Jewish Cemeterywas desecrated, with gravestones used to build roads, latrines and Jordanian army fortifications. 38,000 graves in the Jewish Cemetery were destroyed, and Jews were forofferden from being buried there.[196][197]TheWestern Wallwas transformed into an exclusively Muslim holy site associated withal-Buraq.[198]Israeli authorities neglected to protect the tombs in the MuslimMamilla Cemeteryin West Jerusalem, which contains the remains of figures from the early Islamic period,[199]facilitating the creation of a parking lot and public lavatories in 1964.[200]Many other historic and religiously significant buildings were demolished and replaced by modern structures during the Jordanian occupation.[201]During this period, theDome of the Rockand Al-Aqsa Mosque underwent major renovations.[202]During the 1948 war, the Jewish residents of Eastern Jerusalemwere expelledby Jordan\'sArab Legion. Jordan allowed Arab Palestinian refugees from the war to settle in the vacatedJewish Quarter, which became known asHarat al-Sharaf.[203]In 1966 the Jordanian authorities relocated 500 of them to theShua\'fat refugee campas part of plans to turn the Jewish quarter into apublic park.[204][205]From 1967 − Israeli ruleMap of East Jerusalem (2010)In 1967, despite Israeli pleas that Jordan remain neutral during theSix-Day War,Jordan, which had concluded a defense agreement with Egypt on May 30, 1967, attacked Israeli-held West Jerusalem on the war\'s second day. After hand-to-hand fighting between Israeli and Jordanian soldiers on theTemple Mount, theIsrael Defense Forcescaptured East Jerusalem, along with the entire West Bank. East Jerusalem, along with some nearby West Bank territory which comprised some dozens of Palestinian villages, was subsequently annexed by Israel, as were the city\'s Christian and Muslim holy sites. On 27 June 1967, a few weeks after the war ended, Israel extended its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem and some surrounding area, incorporating it into the Jerusalem Municipality,[206]although it carefully avoided using the term annexation. On 10 July, Foreign Minister Abba Eban explained to the UN Secretary General: ″The term \'annexation\' which was used by supporters of the vote is not accurate. The steps that were taken [by Israel] relate to the integration of Jerusalem in administrative and municipal areas, and served as a legal basis for the protection of the holy places of Jerusalem.″[207]Israel conducted a census of Arab residents in the areas annexed. Residents were given permanent residency status and the option of applying for Israeli citizenship. Since 1967, new Jewish residential areas have mushroomed in the Eastern sector, while no new Palestinian neighbourhoods have been created.[208]Jewish and Christian access to the holy sites inside theold walled citywas restored. Israel left theTemple Mountunder the jurisdiction of an Islamicwaqf, but opened theWestern Wallto Jewish access. TheMoroccan Quarter, which was located adjacent to the Western Wall, was evacuated and razed.[209]to make way for a plaza for those visiting the wall.[210]On 18 April 1968, an expropriation order by the Israeli Ministry of Finance more than doubled the size of the Jewish Quarter, evicting its Arab residents and seizing over 700 buildings of which 105 belonged to Jewish inhabitants prior to the Jordanian occupation of the city.[citation needed]The order designated these areas for public use, but they were intended for Jews alone.[211]The government offered 200Jordanian dinarsto each displaced Arab family.After the Six-Day War the population of Jerusalem increased by 196%. The Jewish population grew by 155%, while the Arab population grew by 314%. The proportion of the Jewish population fell from 74% in 1967 to 72% in 1980, to 68% in 2000, and to 64% in 2010.[212]Israeli Agriculture MinisterAriel Sharonproposed building a ring of Jewish neighborhoods around the city\'s Eastern edges. The plan was intended tomake East Jerusalem more Jewishand prevent it from becoming part of an urban Palestinian bloc stretching fromBethlehemtoRamallah. On 2 October 1977, theIsraeli cabinetapproved the plan, and seven neighborhoods were subsequently built on the city\'s Eastern edges. They became known as theRing Neighborhoods. Other Jewish neighborhoods were built within East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews also settled in Arab neighborhoods.[213][214]The annexation of East Jerusalem was met with international criticism. TheIsraeli Foreign Ministrydisputes that the annexation of Jerusalem was a violation of international law.[215][216]The final status of Jerusalem has been one of the most important areas of discord between Palestinian and Israeli negotiators for peace. Areas of discord have included whether the Palestinian Flag can be raised over areas of Palestinian custodianship and the specificity of Israeli and Palestinian territorial borders.[217]Political statusFurther information:Positions on JerusalemInternational statusThis sectionneeds additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(April 2015)While the international community regards East Jerusalem, including the entireOld City, as part of theoccupied Palestinian territories, neither part, West or East Jerusalem, is recognized as part of the territory of Israel or theState of Palestine. Under theUnited Nations Partition Plan for Palestineadopted by theGeneral Assembly of the United Nationsin 1947, Jerusalem was envisaged to become acorpus separatumadministered by the United Nations. In the war of 1948, the western part of the city was occupied by forces of the nascent state of Israel, while the Eastern part was occupied byJordan. The international community largely considers the legal status of Jerusalem to derive from the partition plan, and correspondingly refuses to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the city.Status under Israeli ruleSupreme Court of IsraelFollowing the 1967Six-Day War, Israel extended its jurisdiction and administration over East Jerusalem, establishing new municipal borders.In 2010, Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and tax benefits to residents to make housing, infrastructure, education, employment, business, tourism, and cultural events more affordable. Communications MinisterMoshe Kahlonsaid that the bill sent \"a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided\", and that \"all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel\'s sovereignty over its capital are mistaken and misleading\".[218]The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City[219]in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while some Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,500-year-old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque.[220][221]Palestinians regard Jerusalem as the capital of theState of Palestine,[222]and the city\'s borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. A team of experts assembled by the then Israeli Prime MinisterEhud Barakin 2000 concluded that the city must be divided, since Israel had failed to achieve any of its national aims there.[223]However, Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahusaid in 2014 that \"Jerusalem will never be divided\".[224]A poll conducted in June 2013 found that 74% of Israeli Jews reject the idea of a Palestinian capital in any portion of Jerusalem, though 72% of the public regarded it as a divided city.[225]A poll conducted by Palestinian Center for Public Opinion and American Pechter Middle East Polls for the Council on Foreign Relations, among East Jerusalem Arab residents in 2011 revealed that 39% of East Jerusalem Arab residents would prefer Israeli citizenship contrary to 31% who opted for Palestinian citizenship. According to the poll, 40% of Palestinian residents would prefer to leave their neighborhoods if they would be placed under Palestinian rule.[226]Jerusalem as capitalCapital of IsraelIsraeli Foreign MinistrybuildingOn 5 December 1949, Israel\'s first Prime Minister,David Ben-Gurion, proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel\'s capital,[227]and since then all branches of theIsraeli government—legislative,judicial, andexecutive—have resided there, except for theMinistry of Defense, which is located atHaKiryainTel Aviv.[228]At the time of the proclamation, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan and thus only West Jerusalem was proclaimed Israel\'s capital.In July 1980, Israel passed theJerusalem LawasBasic Law. The law declared Jerusalem the \"complete and united\" capital of Israel.[229]The\"Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel\"is a main reason for the international community not to recognize Jerusalem as Israel\'s capital. The United Nations Security Council passedResolution 478on 20 August 1980, which declared that the Basic Law is\"a violation of international law\", is\"null and void and must be rescinded forthwith\". Member states were called upon to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem.[230]Following the resolution, 22 of the 24 countries that previously had their embassy in (West) Jerusalem relocated them in Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478.Costa RicaandEl Salvadorfollowed in 2006.[231]Currently, there are no embassies located within the city limits of Jerusalem, although there are embassies inMevaseret Zion, on the outskirts of Jerusalem, and four consulates in the city itself.[232]In 1995, the United States Congress passed theJerusalem Embassy Act, which required, subject to conditions, that its embassy be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[233]However,U.S. presidentshave argued that Congressional resolutions regarding the status of Jerusalem are merely advisory. The Constitution reserves foreign relations as an executive power, and as such, the United States embassy is still in Tel Aviv.[234]Due to the non-recognition of Jerusalem as Israel\'s capital, some non-Israeli press use Tel Aviv as ametonymfor Israel.[235][236][237][238]Capital of PalestineSee also:East Jerusalem § Jerusalem as capitalOrient Housein East Jerusalem that served as the headquarters of thePLOin the 1980s and 1990s. It was closed by Israel in 2001, two days after theSbarro restaurant suicide bombing.ThePalestinian National Authorityviews East Jerusalem as occupied territory according toUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 242. The Palestinian Authority claims Jerusalem, including theHaram al-Sharif, as the capital of theState of Palestine,[222]The PLO claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to permanent status negotiations. However, it has stated that it would be willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem anopen city.[239]The PLO\'s current position is that East Jerusalem, as defined by the pre-1967 municipal boundaries, shall be the capital of Palestine and West Jerusalem the capital of Israel, with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city and with its own municipality. A jointdevelopment councilwould be responsible for coordinated development.[240]Some states, such asRussia[241]andChina,[242]recognize the Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital.United Nations General Assembly Resolution 58/292affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over East Jerusalem.[243]Government precinct and national institutionsTheKnessetbuilding inGivat RamMany national institutions of Israel are located inKiryat HaMemshalainGivat Ramin Jerusalem as a part of theKiryat HaLeomproject which is intended to create a large district that will house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. Some government buildings are located inKiryat Menachem Begin. The city is home to theKnesset,[244]theSupreme Court,[245]theBank of Israel, theNational Headquarters of the Israel Police, the official residences of thePresidentandPrime Minister, theCabinet, and all ministries except for theMinistry of Defense(which is located in central Tel Aviv\'sHaKiryadistrict) and theMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development(which is located in the Tel Aviv suburb ofRishon LeZion, nearbyBeit Dagan). Prior to the creation of the State of Israel, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital ofMandatory Palestine, which included present-day Israel and Jordan.[246]From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel\'s capital, but was not recognized as such internationally becauseUN General Assembly Resolution 194envisaged Jerusalem as aninternational city. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. On 27 June 1967, the government ofLevi Eshkolextended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.[247]In 1988, Israel ordered the closure ofOrient House, home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of thePalestine Liberation Organization, for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse.[248][249]TheOslo Accordsstated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with thePalestinian Authority. The accords banned any official Palestinian presence in the city until a final peace agreement, but provided for the opening of a Palestinian trade office in East Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.[250][251]PresidentMahmoud Abbashas said that any agreement that did not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable.[252]Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has similarly stated that Jerusalem would remain the undivided capital of Israel. Due to its proximity to the city, especially theTemple Mount,Abu Dis, a Palestinian suburb of Jerusalem, has been proposed as the future capital of a Palestinian state by Israel. Israel has not incorporated Abu Dis within its security wall around Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority has built a possible future parliament building for thePalestinian Legislative Councilin the town, and its Jerusalem Affairs Offices are all located in Abu Dis.[253]Municipal administrationMain article:Municipality of JerusalemThe JerusalemCity Councilis a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints eight deputies. The former mayor of Jerusalem,Uri Lupolianski, was elected in 2003.[254]In the November 2008 city elections,Nir Barkatcame out as the winner and is now the mayor. Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor wasTeddy Kollek, who spent 28 years—-six consecutive terms-—in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public.[254]Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.[255]The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor\'s office are atSafra Square(Kikar Safra) onJaffa Road. The municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in 1993 moved from theJerusalem Historical City Hall Building.[256]The city falls under theJerusalem District, with Jerusalem as the district\'s capital. 37% of the population is Palestinian, but only 10% of tax revenues are allocated for them. In East Jerusalem, 52% of the land is excluded from development, 35% designated for Jewish settlements, and 13% for Palestinian use, almost all of which is already built on.[208]GeographyAstronauts\' view of JerusalemView fromBeit Meirin theJudaean MountainsJerusalem is situated on the southern spur of aplateauin theJudaean Mountains, which include theMount of Olives(East) andMount Scopus(North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760m (2,490ft).[257]The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dryriverbeds(wadis). TheKidron,Hinnom, andTyropoeonValleys intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem.[258]TheKidron Valleyruns to the east of the Old City and separates theMount of Olivesfrom the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is theValley of Hinnom, a steep ravine associated in biblicaleschatologywith the concept ofGehennaorHell.[259]TheTyropoeon Valleycommenced in the northwest near theDamascus Gate, ran south-southEasterly through the center of the Old City down to thePool of Siloam, and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west (the lower and the upper cities described byJosephus). Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries.[258]In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of almond, olive and pine trees. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region thus built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape.[citation needed]Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancientaqueducts, tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city.[260]Jerusalem is 60 kilometers (37mi)[261]east ofTel Avivand theMediterranean Sea. On the opposite side of the city, approximately 35 kilometers (22mi)[262]away, is theDead Sea, thelowest body of wateron Earth. Neighboring cities and towns includeBethlehemandBeit Jalato the south,Abu DisandMa\'ale Adumimto the east,Mevaseret Zionto the west, andRamallahandGiv\'at Ze\'evto the north.[263][264][265]Mount Herzl, at the western side of the city near theJerusalem Forest, serves as the national cemetery of Israel.ClimateJerusalem in snow during the2013 cold snapThe city is characterized by ahot-summer Mediterranean climate(Köppen:Csa ), with hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Snow flurries usually occur once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy snowfall every three to four years, on average, with short-lived accumulation. January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of 9.1°C (48.4°F); July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 24.2°C (75.6°F), and the summer months are usually rainless. The average annual precipitation is around 550mm (22in), with rain occurring almost entirely between October and May.[266]Snowfall is rare, and large snowfalls are even more rare.[267][268]Jerusalem received over 30 centimetres (12in) of snow on 13 December 2013, which nearly paralyzed the city.[267][268]A day in Jerusalem has on average, 9.3 sunshine hours.Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic.[269]Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and morecarbon monoxidereleased into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on theIsraeli Mediterranean coastcan travel eastward and settle over the city.[269][270][hide]Climate data for Jerusalem (1881–2007)Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high °C (°F) 23.4(74.1) 25.3(77.5) 27.6(81.7) 35.3(95.5) 37.2(99) 36.8(98.2) 40.6(105.1) 44.4(111.9) 37.8(100) 33.8(92.8) 29.4(84.9) 26.0(78.8) 44.4(111.9)Average high °C (°F) 11.8(53.2) 12.6(54.7) 15.4(59.7) 21.5(70.7) 25.3(77.5) 27.6(81.7) 29.0(84.2) 29.4(84.9) 28.2(82.8) 24.7(76.5) 18.8(65.8) 14.0(57.2) 21.5(70.7)Daily mean °C (°F) 9.1(48.4) 9.5(49.1) 11.9(53.4) 17.1(62.8) 20.5(68.9) 22.7(72.9) 24.2(75.6) 24.5(76.1) 23.4(74.1) 20.7(69.3) 15.6(60.1) 11.2(52.2) 17.53(63.58)Average low °C (°F) 6.4(43.5) 6.4(43.5) 8.4(47.1) 12.6(54.7) 15.7(60.3) 17.8(64) 19.4(66.9) 19.5(67.1) 18.6(65.5) 16.6(61.9) 12.3(54.1) 8.4(47.1) 13.5(56.3)Record low °C (°F) −6.7(19.9) −2.4(27.7) −0.3(31.5) 0.8(33.4) 7.6(45.7) 11.0(51.8) 14.6(58.3) 15.5(59.9) 13.2(55.8) 9.8(49.6) 1.8(35.2) 0.2(32.4) −6.7(19.9)Average rainfall mm (inches) 133.2(5.244) 118.3(4.657) 92.7(3.65) 24.5(0.965) 3.2(0.126) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0.3(0.012) 15.4(0.606) 60.8(2.394) 105.7(4.161) 554.1(21.815)Average rainy days 12.9 11.7 9.6 4.4 1.3 0 0 0 0.3 3.6 7.3 10.9 62.0Averagerelative humidity(%) 61 59 52 39 35 37 40 40 40 42 48 56 45.8Mean monthlysunshine hours 192.2 243.6 226.3 267.0 331.7 381.0 384.4 365.8 309.0 275.9 228.0 192.2 3,397.1Source #1: Israel Meteorological Service[271][272]Source #2:Hong Kong Observatoryfor data of sunshine hours[273]DemographicsDemographic historyMain article:Demographic history of JerusalemJerusalem\'s population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5,000 year history. Since medieval times, theOld Cityof Jerusalem has been divided intoJewish,Muslim,Christian, andArmenian quarters.Most population data pre-1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as theJerusalem District.[274]These estimates suggest that since the end of theCrusades, Muslims formed the largest group in Jerusalem until the mid-nineteenth century.Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became a majority of the population.Current demographicsGuesthouse inMishkenot Sha\'ananim, the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the walls of theOld City of Jerusalem, on a hill directly across fromMount ZionSheikh Jarrah, a predominantly Arab neighborhood on the road toMount ScopusTheArmenian QuarterIn December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,600—64% were Jewish, 32% Muslim, and 2% Christian.[275]At the end of 2005, the population density was to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city\'s population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Muslimbirth rate, and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City\'s 32,488 people were Jews.[278]Of the Jewish population, 200,000 live in East Jerusalem settlements which are considered illegal under international law.[279]In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the formerSoviet Union. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents. In 2005, 16,000 left Jerusalem and only 10,000 moved in.[276]Nevertheless, the population of Jerusalem continues to rise due to the high birth rate, especially in theHaredi JewishandArabcommunities. Consequently, thetotal fertility ratein Jerusalem (4.02) is higher than in Tel Aviv (1.98) and well above the national average of 2.90. The average size of Jerusalem\'s 180,000 households is 3.8 people.[276]In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%)—similar to the Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.[276]This would seem to corroborate the observation that the percentage of Jews in Jerusalem has declined over the past four decades. In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent.[280]Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city, although proportionally, youngHaredimare leaving in higher numbers.[citation needed]The percentage of secular Jews, or those who \'wear their faith lightly\' is dropping, with some 20,000 leaving the city over the past seven years (2012). They now number 31% of the population, the same percentage as the rising ultra-orthodox population.[281]Many move to the suburbs and coastal cities in search of cheaper housing and a more secular lifestyle.[282]In 2009, the percentage of Haredim in the city was increasing. As of 2009, out of 150, 100 schoolchildren, 59,900 or 40% are in state-run secular andNational Religiousschools, while 90,200 or 60% are in Haredi schools. This correlates with the high number of children in Haredi families.[283][284]While some Israelis avoid Jerusalem for its relative lack of development and religious and political tensions, the city has attracted Palestinians, offering more jobs and opportunity than any city in theWest BankorGaza Strip. Palestinian officials have encouraged Arabs over the years to stay in the city to maintain their claim.[285][286]Palestinians are attracted to the access to jobs,healthcare,social security, other benefits, andquality of lifeIsrael provides to Jerusalem residents.[287]Arab residents of Jerusalem who choose not to have Israeli citizenship are granted an Israeli identity card that allows them to pass through checkpoints with relative ease and to travel throughout Israel, making it easier to find work. Residents also are entitled to the subsidized healthcare and social security benefits Israel provides its citizens, and have the right to vote in municipal elections. Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighborhood has one, and universities. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such asHadassah Medical Centerare available to residents.[288]Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, theJerusalem Development Authorityproposed expanding city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.[289]Within the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the Jewish birthrate and a steady decrease in the Arab birthrate. In May 2012, it was reported that the Jewish birthrate had overtaken the Arab birthrate. Currently, the city\'s birthrate stands about 4.2 children per Jewish family and 3.9 children per Arab family.[290][291]In addition, increasing numbers of Jewish immigrants chose to settle in Jerusalem. In the last few years, thousands of Palestinians have moved to previously fully Jewish neighborhoods of East Jerusalem, built after the 1967 Six-Day War. In 2007, 1,300 Palestinians lived in the previously exclusively Jewish neighborhood ofPisgat Ze\'evand constituted three percent of the population inNeve Ya\'akov. In theFrench Hillneighborhood, Palestinians today constitute one-sixth of the overall population.[292]At the end of 2008, the population of East Jerusalem was 456,300, comprising 60% of Jerusalem\'s residents. Of these, 195,500 (43%) are Jews, (comprising 40% of the Jewish population of Jerusalem as a whole), 260,800 (57%) are Muslim (comprising 98% of the Muslim population of Jerusalem).[293]In 2008, thePalestinian Central Bureau of Statisticsreported the number of Palestinians living in East Jerusalem was 208,000 according to a recently completed census.[294]Jerusalem\'s Jewish population is overwhelmingly religious. Only 21% of Jewish residents are secular. In addition,Haredi Jewscomprise 30% of the city\'s adult Jewish population. In a phenomenon seen rarely around the world, the percentage of Jewish men who work, 47%, is exceeded by the percentage of Jewish women who work, 50%.[295]Jerusalem had a population of 801,000 in 2011, of which Jews comprised 497,000 (62%), Muslims 281,000 (35%), Christians 14,000 (around 2%) and 9,000 (1%) were not classified by religion.[27]Urban planning issuesCritics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Jerusalem say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction.[296]According to aWorld Bankreport, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and half times higher in Jewish neighborhoods but four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem than in East Jerusalem; Arabs in Jerusalem were less likely to receive construction permits than Jews, and \"the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators\" than Jewish violators of the permit process.[297]In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as theCity of Davidarchaeological park in the 60% Arab neighborhood ofSilwan(adjacent to the Old City),[298]and theMuseum of Toleranceon Mamilla Cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).[297][299]Religious significanceMain article:Religious significance of JerusalemTheTemple Mount, the holiest site in JudaismTheal-Aqsa Mosque, where Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to heavenTheWestern Wall, known as the KotelTheChurch of the Holy Sepulchre, where some Christians believe Jesus was crucifiedJerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city.[300]Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy.Jerusalem has been sacred to the Jews since King David proclaimed it his capital in the 10th century BCE. Jerusalem was the site ofSolomon\'s Templeand the Second Temple.[9]Although not mentioned in theTorah/Pentateuch,[301]it is mentioned in the Bible 632 times. Today, theWestern Wall, a remnant of the wall surrounding the Second Temple, is a Jewish holy site second only to the \"Holy of Holies\" on the Temple Mount itself.[302]Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem,[303]and Arks within Jerusalem face the Holy of Holies.[304]As prescribed in theMishnaand codified in theShulchan Aruch, daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. Many Jews have \"Mizrach\" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer.[304][305]Christianity reveres Jerusalem for itsOld Testamenthistory, and also for its significance in the life of Jesus. According to theNew Testament, Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth[306]and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple.[307]TheCenacle, believed to be the site of Jesus\'Last Supper, is located onMount Zionin the same building that houses theTomb of King David.[308][309]Another prominent Christian site in Jerusalem isGolgotha, the site of thecrucifixion. TheGospel of Johndescribes it as being located outside Jerusalem,[310]but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city.[311]The land currently occupied by theChurch of the Holy Sepulchreis considered one of the top candidates for Golgotha and thus has been a Christian pilgrimage site for the past 2000 years.[311][312][313]Jerusalem is the third-holiest city in Sunni Islam.[15]For approximately a year, before it was permanently switched to theKaabainMecca, theqibla(direction ofprayer) for Muslims was Jerusalem.[314][315]The city\'s lasting place in Islam, however, is primarily due toMuhammad\'sNight of Ascension(c. CE 620). Muslims believe Muhammad was miraculously transported one night fromMeccato the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended toHeavento meet previousprophets of Islam.[316][317][318]The first verse in theQur\'an\'sSurat al-Isranotes the destination of Muhammad\'s journey asal-Aqsa(the farthest) mosque,[319][320]in reference to the location in Jerusalem. Thehadith, the recorded sayings of the Prophet Mohammad, name Jerusalem as the location of the Al-Aqsa Mosque.[321]Today, the Temple Mount is topped by an Islamic landmark intended to commemorate the event—al-Aqsa Mosque, derived from the name mentioned in theQur\'an, and also the place from which Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to Heaven.[322]CultureTheShrine of the Book, housing the Dead Sea Scrolls, at theIsrael MuseumAlthough Jerusalem is known primarily for itsreligious significance, the city is also home to many artistic and cultural venues. TheIsrael Museumattracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists.[323]The 20-acre (81,000m2) museum complex comprises several buildings featuring special exhibits and extensive collections of Judaica, archaeological findings, and Israeli and European art. TheDead Sea scrolls, discovered in the mid-20th century in theQumran Cavesnear the Dead Sea, are housed in the Museum\'sShrine of the Book.[324]Next to the Israel Museum is theBible Lands Museum, nearThe National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel, which includes theIsrael Antiquities Authorityoffices. A World Bible Center is planned to be built adjacent toMount Zionat a site called the \"Bible Hill\". A plannedWorld Kabbalah Centeris to be located on the nearby promenade, overlooking the Old City.The Youth Wing, which mounts changing exhibits and runs an extensive art education program, is visited by 100,000 children a year. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden and a scale-model of theSecond Temple.[323]TheRockefeller Museum, located in East Jerusalem, was the first archaeological museum in the Middle East. It was built in 1938 during the British Mandate.[325][326]The national cemetery of Israel is located at the city\'s western edge, near theJerusalem ForestonMount Herzl. The western extension of Mount Herzl is the Mount of Remembrance, where the main Holocaust museum of Israel is located.Yad Vashem, Israel\'s national memorial to the victims of theHolocaust, houses the world\'s largest library of Holocaust-related information.[327]It houses an estimated 100,000 books and articles. The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust. An art gallery featuring the work of artists who perished is also present. Further, Yad Vashem commemorates the 1.5million Jewish children murdered by the Nazis, and honors theRighteous among the Nations.[328]National Library of IsraelThe Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of coexistence through art, is situated on the road dividing Eastern and western Jerusalem.[329]TheJerusalem Symphony Orchestra, established in the 1940s,[330]has appeared around the world.[330]TheInternational Convention Center(Binyanei HaUma) near the entrance to city houses theIsrael Philharmonic Orchestra. The Jerusalem Cinemateque, theGerard Behar Center(formerly Beit Ha\'Am) in downtown Jerusalem, theJerusalem Music CenterinYemin Moshe,[331]and the Targ Music Center inEin Keremalso present the arts. TheIsrael Festival, featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays, and street theater has been held annually since 1961, and Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. TheJerusalem Theaterin theTalbiyaneighborhood hosts over 150 concerts a year, as well as theater and dance companies and performing artists from overseas.[332]TheKhan Theater, located in acaravanseraiopposite the old Jerusalem train station, is the city\'s onlyrepertoiretheater.[333]The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years as the site ofShav\'ua Hasefer(an annual week-long book fair) and outdoor music performances.[334]TheJerusalem Film Festivalis held annually, screening Israeli and international films.[335]Jerusalem Biblical ZooTheJerusalem Biblical Zoohas ranked consistently as Israel\'s top tourist attraction for Israelis.[336][337]TheTicho Housein downtown Jerusalem houses the paintings ofAnna Tichoand the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem\'s first eye clinic in this building in 1912.[338]Al-Hoash, established in 2004, is a gallery for the preservation of Palestinian art.[339]Heichal ShlomoIn 1974 theJerusalem Cinemathequewas founded. In 1981 it was moved to a new building on Hebron Road near theValley of Hinnomand the Old City.Jerusalem was declared theCapital of Arab Culturein 2009.[340]Jerusalem is home to thePalestinian National Theatre, which engages in cultural preservation as well as innovation, working to rekindle Palestinian interest in the arts.[341]The Edward Said National Conservatory of Musicsponsors the Palestine Youth Orchestra[342]which touredArab states of the Persian Gulfand other Middle East countries in 2009.[343]TheIslamic Museumon the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tinykohlflasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns.[344]While Israel approves and financially supports some Arab cultural activities,[citation needed]Arab Capital of Culture events were banned because they were sponsored by the Palestine National Authority.[340]In 2009, a four-day culture festival was held in theBeit \'Anansuburb of Jerusalem, attended by more than 15,000 people[345]The Abraham Fund and the Jerusalem Intercultural Center] (JICC) promote joint Jewish-Palestinian cultural projects. The Jerusalem Center for Middle Eastern Music and Dance[346]is open to Arabs and Jews and offers workshops on Jewish-Arab dialogue through the arts.[347]The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra performs both European classical and Middle Eastern music.[348]In 2006, a 38km (24mi)Jerusalem Trailwas opened, a hiking trail that goes to many cultural sites andnational parksin and around Jerusalem.Israel Broadcasting AuthorityofficeIn 2008, theTolerance Monument, an outdoor sculpture byCzesław Dźwigaj, was erected on a hill between JewishArmon HaNetzivand ArabJebl Mukaberas a symbol of Jerusalem\'s quest for peace.[349]MediaJerusalem is the state broadcasting center of Israel. TheIsrael Broadcasting Authority\'s main office is located in Jerusalem, as well as the TV and radio studios forIsrael Radio,Channel 2,Channel 10, and part of the radio studios ofBBC News.The Jerusalem PostandThe Times of Israelare also headquartered in Jerusalem. Local newspapers includeKol Ha\'IrandThe Jerusalem Times.God TV, an international Christian television network is also based in the city.EconomyHadar Mall,TalpiotHar Hotzvimhigh-tech parkJerusalem Technology ParkMalha mall, JerusalemCinema City JerusalemBank of IsraelHistorically, Jerusalem\'s economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was located far from the major ports ofJaffaandGaza.[350]Jerusalem\'s religious and cultural landmarks today remain the top draw for foreign visitors, with the majority of tourists visiting theWestern Walland theOld City,[276]In 2010, Jerusalem was named the top leisure travel city in Africa and the Middle East byTravel + Leisure magazine.[351]in 2013, 75% of the 3.5 million tourists to Israel visited Jerusalem.[352]Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem\'s economy. The government, centered in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers subsidies and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups.[350]Although Tel Aviv remains Israel\'s financial center, a growing number ofhigh techcompanies are moving to Jerusalem, providing 12,000 jobs in 2006.[353]Northern Jerusalem\'sHar Hotzvimindustrial park and theJerusalem Technology Parkin south Jerusalem are home to largeResearch and Developmentcenters of international tech companies, among themIntel,Cisco,Teva Pharmaceutical Industries,IBM,Mobileye,Johnson & Johnson,Medtronicand more .[354]In April 2015,Time Magazinepicked Jerusalem as one of the five emerging tech hubs in the world, proclaiming that \"The city has become a flourishing center for biomed, cleantech, Internet/mobile startups, accelerators, investors and supporting service providers.\"[355]Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%).[356]During the British Mandate, a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed ofJerusalem stonein order to preserve the unique historic and aesthetic character of the city.[177]Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement ofheavy industryin Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem\'s land is zoned for \"industry and infrastructure.\" By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.[276]Only 8.5% of theJerusalem Districtwork force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%).Mamilla Avenue adorned with upscale shops adjacent to the Old City Walls.Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967East Jerusalemhas lagged behind the development ofWest Jerusalem.[350]Nevertheless, the percentage of households with employed persons is higher for Arab households (76.1%) than for Jewish households (66.8%). The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilianlabor forceaccounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or older—lower in comparison to that ofTel Aviv(58.0%) andHaifa(52.4%).[276]Poverty remains a problem in the city as 37% of the families in Jerusalem lived in 2011 below the poverty line. According to a report by theAssociation for Civil Rights in Israel(ACRI), 78% of Arabs in Jerusalem lived in poverty in 2012, up from 64% in 2006. While the ACRI attributes the increase to the lack of employment opportunities, infrastructure and a worsening educational system,Ir Amimblames the legal status of Palestinians in Jerusalem.[357]High-rise constructionJerusalem has traditionally had a low-rise skyline. About 18 tall buildings were built at different times in the downtown area when there was no clear policy over the matter. One of them, Holyland Tower 1, Jerusalem\'s tallest building, is askyscraperby international standards, rising 32 stories. Holyland Tower 2, which has been approved for construction, will reach the same height.[358][359]A new master plan for the city will see many high-rise buildings, including skyscrapers, built in certain, designated areas of downtown Jerusalem. Under the plan, towers will lineJaffa RoadandKing George Street. One of the proposed towers along King George Street, the Migdal Merkaz HaYekum, is planned as a 65-story building, which would make it one of the tallest buildings in Israel. At the entrance to the city, near theJerusalem Chords Bridgeand theCentral Bus Station, twelve towers rising between 24 and 33 stories will be built, as part of a complex that will also include an open square and anunderground train stationserving a new express line between Jerusalem andTel Aviv, and will be connected by bridges and underground tunnels. Eleven of the skyscrapers will be either office or apartment buildings, and one will be a 2,000-room hotel. The complex is expected to attract many businesses from Tel Aviv, and become the city\'s main business hub. In addition, a complex for the city\'s courts and the prosecutor\'s office will be built, as well as new buildings for Central Zionist Archives andIsrael State Archives.[360][361][362]The skyscrapers built throughout the city are expected to contain public space, shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues, and it has been speculated that this may lead to a revitalization of downtown Jerusalem.[363][364]In August 2015, the city council approved construction of a 344-foot pyramid-shaped skyscraper designed by Daniel Libeskind and Yigal Levi, in place of a rejected previous design by Libeskind; it is set to break ground by 2019.[365]TransportationMain article:Transport in JerusalemLight Railtram onJaffa RoadJerusalem Chords BridgeJerusalem Central Bus StationJerusalem is served by highly developed communication infrastructures, making it a leading logistics hub for Israel.TheJerusalem Central Bus Station, located onJaffa Road, is the busiest bus station in Israel. It is served byEgged Bus Cooperative, which is the second-largest bus company in the world,[366]TheDanserves theBnei Brak-Jerusalem route along with Egged, andSuperbusserves the routes between Jerusalem,Modi\'in Illit, andModi\'in-Maccabim-Re\'ut. The companies operate fromJerusalem Central Bus Station. Arab neighborhoods inEast Jerusalemand routes between Jerusalem and locations in theWest Bankare served by theEast Jerusalem Central Bus Station, a transportation hub located near the Old City\'sDamascus Gate. TheJerusalem Light Railinitiated service in August 2011. According to plans, the first rail line will be capable of transporting an estimated 200,000 people daily, and has 23 stops. The route is from Pisgat Ze\'ev in the north via the Old City and city center to Mt. Herzl in the south.Another work in progress[367]is a newhigh-speed rail linefromTel Avivto Jerusalem, which is scheduled to be completed in 2017. Its terminus will be anew underground station(80m (262.47ft) deep) serving theInternational Convention Centerand the Central Bus Station,[368]and is planned to be extended eventually toMalha station.Israel Railwaysoperates train services toMalha train stationfrom Tel Aviv viaBeit Shemesh.[369][370]Begin Expresswayis one of Jerusalem\'s major north-south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city, merging in the north withRoute 443, which continues toward Tel Aviv.Route 60runs through the center of the city near theGreen Linebetween East and West Jerusalem. Construction is progressing on parts of a 35-kilometer (22mi)ring roadaround the city, fostering faster connection between the suburbs.[371][372]The Eastern half of the project was conceptualized decades ago, but reaction to the proposed highway is still mixed.[371]Jerusalem is served byBen Gurion Airport, some 50km northwest of the Jerusalem, on the route toTel Aviv. In the past it was also served by the localAtarot Airport. Atarot ceased operation in the year 2000.EducationHebrew University of Jerusalem,Mount ScopuscampusHand in Hand, a bilingual Jewish-Arab school in JerusalemAcademy of the Hebrew LanguageJerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses inHebrew,Arabicand English. Founded in 1925, theHebrew University of Jerusalemhas been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world.[373]The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals asAlbert EinsteinandSigmund Freud.[178]The university has produced severalNobellaureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University includeAvram Hershko,[374]David Gross,[375]andDaniel Kahneman.[376]One of the university\'s major assets is theJewish National and University Library, which houses over five million books.[377]The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world\'s largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel.[378]The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, onMount Scopus, onGiv\'at Ramand a medical campus at theHadassah Ein Kerem hospital. theAcademy of the Hebrew Languageare located in the Hebrew university in Givat Ram and theIsrael Academy of Sciences and Humanitieslocated near the Presidents house.Al-Quds Universitywas established in 1984[379]to serve as a Flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples. It describes itself as the \"only Arab university in Jerusalem\".[380]New YorkBard Collegeand Al-Quds University agreed to open a joint college in a building originally built to house thePalestinian Legislative CouncilandYasser Arafat’s office. The college givesMaster of Arts in Teachingdegrees.[381]Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a 190,000 square metres (47 acres)Abu Discampus.[379]Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are theJerusalem Academy of Music and Dance[382]andBezalel Academy of Art and Design,[383]whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University.TheJerusalem College of Technology, founded in 1969, combines training in engineering and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies program.[384]It is one of many schools in Jerusalem, from elementary school and up, that combine secular and religious studies. Numerous religious educational institutions andYeshivot, including some of the most prestigious yeshivas, among them the Brisk, Chevron,Midrash ShmuelandMir, are based in the city, with the Mir Yeshiva claiming to be the largest.[385]There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 2003–2004 school year.[276]However, due to the large portion of students inHaredi Jewishframeworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders tookmatriculationexams (Bagrut) and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. Unlikepublic schools, many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests.[276]To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem.[386]Schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of Israel have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students.[387]While many schools in the heavily ArabEast Jerusalemare filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is currently building over a dozen new schools in the city\'s Arab neighborhoods.[388]Schools inRas el-AmudandUmm Lisonopened in 2008.[389]In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a 5-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. A budget of 4.6billion shekels was allocated for this project.[390]In 2008, Jewish British philanthropists donated $3 million for the construction of schools for Arabs in East Jerusalem.[389]Arab high school students take theBagrutmatriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.[387]SportsSee also:Beitar Jerusalem F.C.,Hapoel Jerusalem B.C.,Jerusalem MarathonandJerusalem MarchTeddy Stadium,MalhaThe two most popular sports arefootball(soccer) and basketball.[391]Beitar Jerusalem Football Clubis one of the most well known in Israel. Fans include political figures who often attend its games.[392]Jerusalem\'s other major football team, and one of Beitar\'s top rivals, isHapoel Jerusalem F.C.Whereas Beitar has beenIsrael State Cupchampion seven times,[393]Hapoel has won the Cup only once. Beitar has won the top league six times, while Hapoel has never succeeded. Beitar plays in the more prestigiousLigat HaAl, while Hapoel is in the second divisionLiga Leumit. Since its opening in 1992,Teddy Kollek Stadiumhas been Jerusalem\'s primary football stadium, with a capacity of 21,600.[394]The most popular Palestinian football club isJabal Al Mukaber(since 1976) which plays inWest Bank Premier League. The club hails fromMount Scopusat Jerusalem, part of theAsian Football Confederation, and plays at theFaisal Al-Husseini International StadiumatAl-Ram, across theWest Bank Barrier.[395][396]In basketball,Hapoel Jerusalemplays in thetop division. The club has won theState Cupthree times, and theULEB Cupin 2004.[397]TheJerusalem Marathon, established in 2011, is an international marathon race held annually in Jerusalem in the month of March. The full 42-kilometer race begins at the Knesset, passes through Mount Scopus and the Old City\'s Armenian Quarter, and concludes at Sacher Park. In 2012, the Jerusalem Marathon drew 15,000 runners, including 1,500 from fifty countries outside Israel.[398][399][400][401][402]A popular non-competitive sports event is theJerusalem March, held annually during theSukkotfestival.Notable residentsKing David\'s TombAncientMelchizedek, Jebusite King of Salem and priest who PriestKing David(c. 1040 BCE-c. 970 BCE), second King of the unitedKingdom of IsraelAraunah, Jebusite vendor of landSolomon the Great(c. 1011 BCE-c. 931 BCE), third King of IsraelHezekiah, thirteenth king ofJudahIsaiah, a major prophet ofancient Israelliving around the time of 8th-century BC Kingdom of JudahJoel, a prophet of ancient Israel, the second of thetwelve minor prophetsJudas Maccabeus(d. 160 BCE), leader of theMaccabean revoltagainst the Seleucid EmpireHerod the Great, (d. 4 BCE), a Roman client king of Judea who expanded the Second Temple in Jerusalem and built the fortress atMasadaHillel the Elder(110 BCE-10 CE), a famous Jewish religious leader and one of the most important figures inJewish history, associated with the development of theMishnahand the Just(d. 69), Jewish-Christian Bishop of JerusalemSimon bar Kokhba(d. 135), leader of theBar Kokhba revoltagainst the Roman Empire in 132 CEMedievalal-Muqaddasi(946–1000), Arab geographerIbn al-Qaisarani(1056–1113), Arab historianJudah Halevi(1075–1141),Spanish Jewishphysician, poet andphilosopherFulk, King of Jerusalem(1131–1143), King of the Crusader State in JerusalemNahmanides(1194–1270), prominent medieval Jewish rabbi and physicianModernborn 1820–1849William Holman Hunt(1827–1910),Englishpainter, cofounder of thePre-Raphaelite BrotherhoodConrad Schick(1822–1901), German architect, archaeologist andProtestantmissionaryYousef Al-Khalidi(born 1829–1907), Mayor of Jerusalem and Member of the Ottoman ParliamentHaim Aharon Valero(1845–1923), banker, entrepreneur and a prominent figure in the Jewish community of 19th century JerusalemEliezer Ben-Yehuda(1858–1922), aLitvaklexicographerand newspaper editor credited for therevival of the Hebrew languagein the modern eraborn 1850–1879Shlomo Moussaieff(1852–1922), a founder of theBukharimneighborhoodHerbert Plumer(1857–1932), seniorBritish Armyofficer of theFirst World WarMenachem Ussishkin(1863–1941),Zionistleader and head of theJewish National FundAbraham Isaac Kook(1865–1935), firstAshkenazichief rabbiofMandatory PalestineKhalil al-Sakakini(born 1878),Palestinian Christianscholar andArab nationalistborn 1880–1909Shmuel Yosef Agnon(1888–1970), IsraeliNobel Prizelaureate writer and was one of the central figures ofmodern HebrewfictionHelena Kagan(1889–1978), physician, Israeli pioneer in pediatricsRachel Bluwstein(1890–1931),HebrewpoetLudwig Blum(1891–1975),Czechoslovakia-born Israeli painter, known as \"the painter of Jerusalem\"Daniel Auster(1893–1963), three timeMayor of JerusalemHaj Amin al-Husayni(1897–1974), aPalestinian Arabnationalist and influentialMuslimleader inMandatory Palestineborn 1910sTeddy Kollek(1911–2007), mayor of Jerusalem and founder of theJerusalem FoundationRuhi al-Khatib(1914–1994), Palestinian nationalist and politicianEphraim Katzir(1916–2009), biophysicist and fourth President of IsraelYigael Yadin(1917–1984), Israeliarcheologist, politician, and secondChief of Staffof theIDFMenachem Lewin(1918–2011) Israelichemistworking 1920sYitzhak Navon(1921–2015), politician (fifth President of Israel), diplomat, and authorYitzhak Rabin(1922–95), general, the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, andNobel Peace PrizewinnerTrude Dothan(born 1922),Austrian Jewisharchaeologist in IsraelShlomo Hillel(born 1923),Israelidiplomat,Speaker of the Knesset,Minister of PoliceandMinister of Internal AffairsWalid Khalidi(born 1925), Palestinian historianUzi Narkiss(1925–1997), Israeli general and commander of the Israel Defense Forces units in the Central Region during theSix Day WarRehavam general, historian, founder of theMoledetparty, andMinister of Tourismborn 1930sRobert Aumann(born 1930), Israeli-Americanmathematicianand game-theorist, received theNobel Prize in Economicsin 2005 for his work on conflict and cooperation throughgame-theoryanalysisNaseer Aruri(1934–2015), Palestinian scholar and activistEdward Said(1935–2003), Palestinian author and political theoristA.B. Yehoshua(born 1936), Israeli novelist, essayist, and playwrightShlomo Aronson(born 1936), Israelilandscape architectAmos Oz(born 1939) Israeli writer, novelist, and journalistReuven Rivlin(born 1939), formerMinister of CommunicationsandSpeaker of the Knesset, currentPresident of IsraelAda Yonath(born 1939), Israelicrystallographerbest known for her pioneering work on the structure of theribosome, winner of theNobel Prize in Chemistryin 2009born 1940sMatan Vilnai(born 1944),Minister of Science, Culture & Sport,Minister of Science and Technology,Minister for Home Front Defense, Ambassador to China,IDFMajor GeneralMakram Khoury(born 1945),Israeli Arabactor and winner of theIsrael PrizeEhud Olmert(born 1945), former Mayor of Jerusalem and Prime-Minister of IsraelMahmoud al-Zahar(born 1945), co-founder ofHamasYoni Netanyahu(1946–1976), commander ofSayeret Matkal; killed in action duringOperation EntebbeNahman Shai(born 1946),Israelijournalist, DeputySpeakerof the Knesset,IDF spokesmanDan Meridor(born 1947)IsraeliMinister of Justice,Minister of Finance, andDeputy Prime Ministerborn 1950sMunib Younan(born 1950), president of theLutheran World FederationMustafa Barghouti(born 1954),Palestinianphysician, activist, andPLOpoliticianAnat Hoffman(born 1954), Israeli activist and director ofWomen of the WallFrancis Martin O\'Donnell, formerUnited Nationsdiplomat, Ambassador ofSovereign Military Order of Malta, authorSaeb Erekat(born 1955), Palestinian negotiator of theOslo Accordswith IsraelSallai Meridor(born 1955),Israeli Ambassador to the United States, Chairman of theJewish Agency for Israeland theWorld Zionist OrganizationJamal Dajani(born 1957), Palestinian-American journalist and producer, co-founder of Arab Talk RadioUri Malmilian(born 1957), Israeli soccer player with most appearances forBeitar Jerusalem F.C.Eli Ohana(born 1957), all-time top-scorer for Israel\'sBeitar Jerusalem F.C.born since 1960Brendan Mullin(born 1963), Irish internationalRugby unionplayerNatalie Portman(born 1981), Israeli-American actress, lived in Jerusalem until she was three years oldTwin towns and sister citiesThis sectionneeds additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(March 2015)See also:List of Israeli twin towns and sister citiesPrague, Czech Republic[403]Ayabe, Japan[404]Fez, Morocco[citation needed](byPA, notIsrael)New York City, United States(since 1993)[405][406]Partner cityMarseille, France[citation needed]See alsoJerusalem portalIsrael portalPalestine portalJudaism portalChristianity portalIslam portalList of mayors of JerusalemList of places in JerusalemList of songs about JerusalemNepheshQuds in Persian literatureWalls of Jerusalem
1949 Palestine LITHO Jewish JERUSALEM MAP Israel INDEPENDENCE WAR Temple MOUNT:
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