LIFE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON 1857 Revolutionary War AMERICAN REVOLUTION President
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LIFE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON 1857 Revolutionary War AMERICAN REVOLUTION President:
$599.99
Note: Many of my clients are scholars and researchers seeking specific information related to their field of interest. For their convenience I include the following details directly from this book:
Historical Subject Matter Discussed/Illustrated in this Book (Partial Only, See Full Contents Below): Life of George Washington Irving Illustrated General Revolutionary War American Revolution Continental Army United States Independence President Patriot Commander In Chief Mount Vernon Virginia Blue Ridge Shenandoah Ohio River Valley Company Logstown Monongahela Allegany Venango Great Meadows Fort Necessity Fort Cumberland French and Indian War Benjamin Franklin General Braddock Indians Fort Duquesne Crown Point Lake George Kittanning Fort Loudoun Oswego Fort Niagara Sir William Johnson Ticonderoga Wolfe Montcalm Quebec Montreal Canada Annapolis Dismal Swamp Pontiac\'s War New England Stamp Act Patrick Henry Boston Massacre Fort Pitt Kenawha Boston Tea Party Israel Putnam General Charles Lee Artemas Ward Seth Pomeroy Concord Lexington Bunker Hill Schuyler British Commanders Howe Clinton Burgoyne General Nathanael Greene Boston Ethan Allen Green Mountain Boys General Benedict Arnold Henry Knox Fort Chamblee Connecticut Troops Heights of Abraham Dorchester Heights Hessian Troops King\'s Bridge Long Island Tories Staten Island Alexander Hamilton General Hugh Mercer Ulster County New York City Tappan Zee Haverstraw Bay Hudson River Highlands Charleston Sullivan\'s Island Scottish Highlanders Sir Henry Clinton Lord Cornwallis Tarrytown Battle of Long Island Fort Constitution East River Hell Gate Turtle Bay King\'s Bridge Robert Rogers Rangers Throg\'s Neck White Plains Peekskill Lake Champlain Passaic River Doherty’s Description Trenton Baskingridge New Jersey Delaware River Morristown Jersey Prison-Ship Sugar-House Philadelphia Kosciuszko Danbury Ridgefield General Wooster Sag Harbor Middlebrook Cornwallis Lord Stirling Fort Independence Fort Anne Germantown Skenesborough Fort Miller Jane McCrea Fort Edward Stillwater Bennington Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Elk River Count Pulaski Light-Horse HarryBattle of the Brandywine Chester Schuylkill Skippack Creek Battle of Germantown White Marsh Fort Mercer Marquis de Lafayette Valley Forge Bordentown Battle of Monmouth Court House Valley of Wyoming Dragoons 0ld Tappan Little Egg Harbor Verplanck\'s Point New Haven Fairfield Norwalk Neetmok Penobscot Paulus Hook West Point Elizabethtown Westchester County Philadelphia South Carolina Pennsylvania Siege of Charleston Major Tarleton Rocky Mount Hanging Rock Battle of Camden Waxhaws Major Andre Benjamin Tallmadge Nathan Hale Mohawk Valley Catawba Yadkin Kentucky Battle of King\'s Mountain Hillsborough Clermont Battle of Guilford Court-House Portsmouth Virginia Newport Rhode Island Thomas Jefferson Monticello Hobkirk\'s Hill Fortress of Ninety-Six Santee Chesapeake Yorktown Battle of Eutaw Springs Newburgh John Jay James Madison Constitution
LIFE AND TIMES OF WASHINGTON Containing a Particular Account of National Principles and Events, And of the Illustrious Men of the Revolution. In Two Volumes. By John Frederick Schroeder, D.D. Published in 1857 by Johnson, Fry & Co., New York. 11” x 9” three-quarter leather volumes decorated with gilt titles on spine. Patterned endapers. Illustrated with “Highly-Finished Steel Engravings From Original Designs of Historical Scenes, and Full-Length Portraits.” Vol. 1 = 708 pages. Vol. 2 = 762 pages.
Condition: GOOD ANTIQUE CONDITION. Exteriors as shown in photo. Lots of old-time antique character, displays handsomely on the shelf. Rebacked with new leather spines, original leather laid on. Firm bindings. Text is clean and complete. Professional repairs to several page edges near the back of Volume II. Light foxing, typically in vicinity of engravings. No torn, loose or missing pages. Great example of this rare 1857 set.
Description:
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF WASHINGTON is one of the 19th century’s most ambitious and beautiful biographies of George Washington. Bound in three-quarter leather and profusely illustrated with numerous high-quality steel engravings, it is a monumental literary testament to our first President, “The Father of Our Country.”
Combined, these two volumes total nearly 1500 pages of information on Washington’s youth, his early military career, and his legendary service as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. From start to finish of that famous conflict, these books track Washington’s movements, illustrate his strategies and describe the nearly overwhelming challenges he confronted in the war for independence.
Washington’s post-war political career and his rise to become the first President of the United States are also fully covered in these volumes, as are his retirement to Mount Vernon and premature death in 1799.
Both volumes are beautifully illustrated with full-page steel engraved plates. These appear to be original and unique to these volumes, as I have never seen these particular engravings in any other Washington biography or Revolutionary War history. In terms of quality they are of the highest order, each a treasure to behold.
As you will see by my summary of the Contents below, this work is a thorough and detailed chronicle of George Washington and the impact his character, courage and conduct had upon our fledgling nation. My summary is a bit lengthy but I am a firm believer in letting my clients know exactly what they\'re buying. Further down the page, you can view some of the stunning illustrations from this handsome set.
I hope you will take a few moments to have a look.
Contents Are:
BOOK I ~ HIS ANCESTORS AND BOYHOOD
CHAPTER ONE ~ HIS BIRTH AND ANCESTORS, 1657-1739: Interest and Importance of his Character and Destiny * Tributes to him by Lord Brougham, and President John Adams * Time of his Birth * Contemporaneous Events in America, in England, and on the Continent of Europe * His Baptism * The State, county, and house where he was born * Monumental Stone at his Birth-place * Removal from Westmoreland to Suffolk * His Ancestors in America, and in England * His Letter to Sir Isaac Heard * His Motive in an Inquiry respecting his Kindred * Character of the Washingtons, in Ancient and Modern Times
CHAPTER TWO ~ EARLY DAYS OF WASHINGTON
CHAPTER THREE ~ INCIDENTS OF HIS YOUTH, 1748-1752
CHAPTER FOUR ~ HIS VOYAGE TO BARBADOES, 1751, 1752
BOOK II ~ HIS MILITARY APPOINTMENTS
CHAPTER ONE ~ WASHINGTON A MAJOR, 1751-1754
CHAPTER TWO ~ WASHINGTON’S FIRST BATTLE, 1754: Captain Contrecoeur in possession of Captain Trent’s post at the Fork of the Ohio * Major Washington writes to the Governors of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland for Reinforcements * Repairs to Redstone Creek * Marches towards Wills Creek * Reaches the Youghiogheny River * Is unable to carry his Troops across * Explores the river * His Account of his Exploration of it * Is informed by the Half-King of the approach of the French * Makes an Intrenchment at the Great Meadows * M * La Force, with fifty men, traced to a spot five miles distant * A detachment sent by Washington in pursuit, cannot find them * The Half King and his Warriors six miles off * Washington hastens to him * A Council is held * They agree to unite in an Attack * They surprise the French in their lurking-place * An Engagement * Defeat and Capture of the French * Death of M. de Jumonville * Misrepresentations respecting his death * Washington censured by French writers * His vindication
CHAPTER THREE ~ WASHINGTON’S CAPITULATION OF FORT NECESSITY, 1754: Washington at the Great Meadows * Death of Colonel Fry * Prayers in the camp at Fort Necessity * Letter on the subject, from \"William Fairfax to Washington * Dissatisfaction among the officers at the Fort * Embarrassments occasioned by Royal Commissions * Rank of Lieutenant-colonel Washington and Captain Mackay * Washington proceeds to the Monongahela * French Spies * Captain Mackay joins Washington * Retreat to the Great Meadows * Fort Necessity attacked by the French and Indians * Washington capitulates * Terms of the Capitulation * Artifice of M * de Villiers * Washington withdraws to Wills Creek * Encounters Indian allies of the French * Proceeds, with Captain Mackay, to the Governor * Approval of his conduct * The Governor s new Expedition * The Expedition abandoned * The Governor’s Independent Companies * Washington resigns his Commission * Governor Sharpe, commander-in-chief * Colonel Fitzhugh s Letter, requesting Washington to return to the Army * Washington s spirited Reply * The King s Order respecting Rank * Effects produced by this Order
CHAPTER FOUR ~ DEFENCE OF THE COLONIES, 1754, 1755: The Albany Convention * Presents to the Six Nations * Speech on the occasion by Hendrick * Plan of a Union of the Colonies * Franklin s Plan * Biographical Notice of him * Account of the Plan proposed by him * The Plan disapproved of * in America and in England * Reasons assigned for this disapproval * New Scheme * Taxation of the Colonies * Historical coincidences * Franklin s Scheme for founding Western Colonies * His prediction of the growth and population of the Ohio valley * The policy of Great Britain in not favoring this Scheme * Vigorous measures against the French proposed * French opposition to settlements on the Ohio by the Ohio Company * The French seize British traders * The Twightwees seize French traders * Energetic action of the British government * Admiral Boscawen, Sir Edward Hawke * Admiral Holborne, and Admiral Byng * Destruction of the French West India trade, and capture of French merchantmen and seamen * Hostilities on the American lakes * Massacres by savages * The Duke of Cumberland s arrangements for a Campaign in America * Appointment of Braddock as commander-in-chief * His army and officers * His arrival in Virginia * General confidence in the success of his Expedition
CHAPTER FIVE ~ WASHINGTON AT THE BATTLE OF THE MONONGAHELA, 1754, 1755: His Military predilections * Is invited by General Braddock to become one of his Aids * Captain Orme’s Letter on the subject * Meeting of the Colonial Governors * Washington present at the meeting * His opinion of Governor Shirley * Braddock at Fredericktown * Condition of the Army * Franklin A isits Braddock * He procures an ample supply of wagons and horses * Character of Braddock, in the opinion of Washington, of William Shirley, and of Franklin * Great delays * Braddock consults Washington * Washington s advice * Council of War * Washington s advice prevails * He is attacked with a fever, and is compelled to tarry behind the advanced detachment of the Army * Captain Morris s letter to him * Washington reaches the advanced neetmok detachment * The Army fords the Monongahcla * Washington s admiration of the scene * The advanced column of the Army assailed by the enemy in ambush * The advanced column of the British troops panic-struck * Conduct of the Virginia troops * Captain Orme’s account of the scene * Washington’s account of it * The killed and wounded * Braddock’s and Washington s papers fall into the enemy s hands * Humor of Washington s death * Effect of Braddock s defeat * Washington s Reflections on the subject * His wonderful preservation * Is visited by an Indian chief and his warriors, with a tribute of their veneration * Washington orders wagons for the wounded * The General borne from the field * His death and burial * Washington reads the Funeral Service * Braddock s self-confidence the chief cause of his disaster * Contrecoeur s conduct * M * Beaujeu and his party * Their unexpected and wonderful triumph * Character and conduct of Washington on the occasion * Anticipations of his destiny
CHAPTER SIX ~ WASHINGTON, THE VIRGINIA COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, 1755-1757: Colonel Dunbar retreats, after General Braddock’s defeat, and conducts his army to Philadelphia * He refuses to protect the frontiers * Invidious comparisons between Virginia troops and Braddock’s veterans * Dr * Franklin’s remarks on British regulars * The military spirit aroused in Virginia * The House of Burgesses vote a liberal grant to Washington, and his surviving officers and men, on their return from the battle of the Monongahela * They appoint him Commander-in-Chief of the Virginia troops * Governor Dinwiddie commends him to the notice of the British government * Incursions of the Indians * A detachment of the militia repels them * Defects of the militia system * Army regulations * Contest between royal and provincial officers * Captain Dagworthy’s claims * Washington’s visit to General Shirley * Results of his visit * Condition of the frontier * Washington’s Appeal in behalf of the borderers * His character traduced * His vindication * Letters addressed to him by the Speaker of the House of Burgesses; by Landon Carter; and by Colonel Fairfax * The army increased * The Assembly s proposed line of forts * Peyton Randolph s company of gentlemen * Washington builds the proposed forts * His address to Lord Loudoun * Meeting of the Governors * Colonel Stanwix, Commander-in-Chief of the Middle and Southern provinces * Fort Cumberland committed to Maryland’s keeping * Washington’s intercourse with Colonel Stanwix * His illness * Results accomplished by him * His proposed capture of Fort Duquesne.
CHAPTER SEVEN ~ CAMPAIGN OF 1758 – WASHINGTON’S MARRIAGE: Fort Duquesne * Washington’s views respecting it * William Pitt prime minister * Plan of the Campaign of 1758 * Expedition to Louisburg * Chevalier Drucour in command there * The landing of General Wolfe * Siege commenced * Ships in harbor destroyed * Harbor taken * Surrender of the place, and of Cape Breton * General Amherst * Abercrombie’s Expedition against Crown Point and Ticonderoga * Passage of Lake George * Battle in the woods * Death of Lord Howe * Montcalm * Assault on Ticonderoga repulsed * Retreat of Abercrombie * Colonel Bradstreet captures Fort Frontenac * Washington at Fort Loudoun * General Forbes * Washington still commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces * His journey to Williamsburg * Desertion of the Indian auxiliaries * Doherty’s description * Washington in command at Winchester * Meets Colonel Bouquet and Sir John St * Glair in conference * Advances to Fort Cumberland * Opens road to Raystown * His opinion on advancing large detachments * Adopts the Indian dress for the soldiers * New route proposed * Washington disapproves * Correspondence with Colonel Bouquet on the subject * Division of the main army proposed * Washington s letter to Colonel Bouquet on the new route and the division of forces * New route adopted * Washington s sentiments on that decision * Waste of time * General Forbes at Raystown * Virginia House of Burgesses dissatisfied * Defeat of Major Grant’s detachment * Conduct of the Virginia officers and men * Washington complimented * Captain Bullitt promoted * Advance from Raystown * Washington s plan of march * Washington in advance * The army reaches Loyal Hanna * Bad road * Council of War decides to abandon the Campaign * Information from prisoners * Campaign resumed * Advance to Fort Duquesne * Occupied by General Forbes, and name changed to Fort Pitt * Garrisoned by Washington’s men * Washington returns to Winchester * Takes his seat as a member of the House of Burgesses * Resigns his commission * His popularity with the officers * His marriage
BOOK III – WASHINGTON AT THE OPENING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION
CHAPTER ONE ~ WASHINGTON IN RETIREMENT – CAMPAIGN OF 1759: Washington’s property * His guardianship of his step-children * Residence at the White House * Retirement to Mount Vernon * Plan of the campaign of 1759 * Operations of General Amherst * Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point * The French retire to Isle Aux Noix * General Prideaux s operations * His death * Sir William Johnson in command * Siege of Niagara * Battle of the 24th of July * Surrender of Niagara * Expedition of General Wolfe against Quebec * Lands on the island of Orleans * His discouraging prospects * Description of Quebec * Wolfe at Point Levi * Cannonade of the city * The English cross the Montmorency * Attack on the French intrenchments * Repulse of the British and their return to the island of Orleans * Operations of General Murray * Council of war * The army ascend the Heights of Abraham * Order of battle * The battle * Death of Wolfe and Montcalm * Surrender of Quebec * M * de Levi attempts to recapture the city * General Murray sallies from the city and meets him in battle * His repulse and retreat to the city * Preparations for a siege * Quebec relieved by a naval force * Retreat of the French * Capture of Montreal and complete conquest of Canada
CHAPTER TWO ~ LIFE AT MOUNT VERNON, 1759-1763: Washington’s devotion to agricultural pursuits * His letters * Suggestion in one of them respecting the probable failure of Montgomery in his expedition against the southern Indians * Washington s knowledge of Indian character * Evinced in the fulfilment of his presentiment respecting Montgomery * Account of Montgomery’s expedition * Washington as a legislator * His modesty when receiving a token of public applause * His course in the House of Burgesses of Virginia * Agricultural pursuits * Rural sports * Strict attention to business * Tobacco culture * Trading intercourse with England * Orders for supplies * Curious specimens of orders for clothes and ornaments * Some thoughts of a visit to England * Home pleasures and pursuits preferred * Mount Vernon * Washington s own description of it * Virginia hospitality * Custom of the planters respecting the education of their sons * Washington a vestryman * Anecdote * Washington s neighbors * Their amusements * Lord Fairfax * Fox-hunting * Fishing and fowling on the Potomac * Characteristic anecdote of Washington and the poacher * Washington s disinterested exertions for private individuals * His attention to soldiers claims * To internal improvements
CHAPTER THREE ~ CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION, 1763-1768: Indian War of 1703 * Alliance of the Shawancse, Delawares, and other tribes * Concerted attack on the French settlements * Capture of Le Boeuf and other forts * General Amherst sends detachments against them * * Colonel Bouquet advances to the relief of Fort Pitt * Falls into an ambuscade * Second battle with the Indians * Colonel Bouquet adopts the Indian mode of warfare * Repulses the Indians * Indians operate against Niagara * Colonels Bouquet and Bradstreet receive reinforcements and harass the Indians * Termination of the war * Washington in retirement during this war * His sentiments on the commencing revolutionary movements * His course in the House of Burgesses of Virginia * Treatment of the colonists by Great Britain previous to 1763 * Monopoly of trade * Internal restrictions * Disregarded by the colonists * Trade with the Spanish colonies nearly destroyed by new regulations * Writs of assistance * Their illegality * Effect of Otis’s extraordinary eloquence * Spirit of resistance awakened * Injurious effects of the breaking up of the contraband trade with the French and Spanish colonies * Apprehensions of the colonists * Great advantages resulting to England from the colonial trade * Debts incurred by Great Britain during the French War * Plan for raising a revenue in the colonies * Arguments for and against it * Resolutions of Parliament relative to stamp duties * The Americans object * Popularity of the measure in England * Passage of the Stamp Act * Franklin s opinion * Thomson’s * Opinion of the government that the law would execute itself * Consternation of the colonists on its first reception in America * Opposition to it openly commenced in Virginia * Patrick Henry’s celebrated resolutions * Washington present at the debate on them * Henry’s eloquence * The resolutions everywhere adopted by the colonists * Dissolution of the Assembly * Proceedings in Massachusetts * Rhode Island * Connecticut * New York * The West Indies * Philadelphia Continental Congress proposed by Massachusetts * Seconded by North Carolina * The Congress meets at New York * Its proceedings * Popular opposition to the Stamp on the first of November * In Boston * Portsmouth * Maryland * Practical nullification of the Act by the courts * The printers * Men of business * Associations against importing British manufactures * Effects of this measure, in England * The colonists commence domestic manufactures and abstain from foreign luxuries * The Sons of Liberty * Their daring proceedings * Dr. Franklin at the bar of the House of Commons * Opinions of Lord Camden and Mr. Pitt * Repeal of the Stamp Act * Effects of the Repeal
CHAPTER FOUR ~ THE REVOLUTIONARY STORM INCREASING, 1766-1768: Washington’s pursuits at Mount Vernon * His opinion of the Stamp-Act and of the commercial regulations for the colonies * His remarks on the repeal of the Stamp-Act * His foresight of coming troubles * Views of Grenville and Townshend’s plan * Colonial views on Chatham s declaratory act * Lord Shelburne receives intelligence respecting the complaints of the colonists * Chatham s remarks * Shelburne’s remarks * Chatham’s reply * Beckford’s remarks * Sound views of Gerard Hamilton * Shelburne foresees that in case of war, France and Spain will aid the Americans * Townshend’s bill, imposing duties on glass, paper, pasteboard, white and red lead, painters colors, and tea, in passed * Also an act for putting all duties and customs in the American colonies under the management of the king s resident commissioners * Also an act to suspend legislative proceedings in New York * The Mutiny Act * Lord Shelburne’s remarks on it * Effects of Townshend’s bills in the colonies * The colonists protest against them * Meeting in Boston for forming a non-importation association * John Dickinson * The American Farmer * The Assembly of Massachusetts invites the co-operation of the other colonies in measures of opposition to British oppression * Lord Hillsborough requires the Massachusetts Assembly to rescind * Their spirited reply to Governor Bernard * The Assembly dissolved * Affair of the sloop Liberty * Proceedings of the Sons of Liberty * The rioters escape * The commissioners of customs apply for military aid * Scheme for quartering troops in Huston * Troops ordered to Boston * Remonstrances of the people * New articles of association for non-importation signed * Their tenor * Meeting of the 12th of September, 1768 * Its proceedings * Meeting at Faneuil Hall votes to request the people to provide themselves with arms * Arrival of British troops at Boston * The local authorities refuse to furnish them with quarters * Troops quartered in the State House and in Faneuil Hall * The Massachusetts men send complaints to the other colonies
CHAPTER FIVE ~ WASHINGTON S PLAN OF ASSOCIATION, 1769: The associations for non-importation * Washington s support of the system * His letter to George Mason on that subject * Mason s reply * Washington s scheme for an association in Virginia * Lord Botetonrt governor of Virginia * His popularity * Proceedings in the British parliament * More coercion to be employed against the colonies * Offenders against the revenue laws to be sent to England for trial * Colonial commentaries on these proceedings * The House of Burgesses of Virginia meet, and pass high-spirited resolutions on the proceedings of the British parliament * Lord Botetourt dissolves the Assembly * The House reassembles and adopts the scheme of association planned by Washington and Mason, and now offered to the House by Washington * Pennsylvania and the Southern States follow the example of Virginia
CHAPTER SIX ~ THE DISCONTENTS PRODUCE VIOLENCE AND bloodSHED, 1769-1770: Position of affairs in Virginia and in New England * Lord Hillsborough s professions of good-will to the American colonists * How they were received in America * Determination of the people to insist on a total repeal of the revenue laws * Proceedings of the meeting of the trading classes in Boston * New association for non-importation formed * Lord Hillsborough s letter to the Governor of Virginia, Lord Botetourt, professing a desire to re-establish confidence by repealing the obnoxious acts of parliament * Lord Botetourt s address to the Virginia Assembly * Great joy of the Virginians * Answer of the Assembly to Lord Botetourt’s address * Probable object of the government of Great Britain in these professions to the Virginians * Franklin’s opinion of Lord Hillsborough * Lord North appointed premier * Character of his administration * His first measure * Repeal of duties of 1707, with the exception of the duty on tea * Reasons for that exception * Remarks in parliament on the impolicy of his course * His angry reply * Governor Pownall’s views * His superior knowledge of American affairs * Effect of the continued presence of the British troops in Boston * Affrays between the soldiers and the people * Samuel Adams s proposition for removing them to Castle William * Hutchinson defeats it by proroguing the General Court * Quarrel between Hutchinson and the merchants * Hutchinson defeated * News from New York increases the excitement in Boston * Riot at Gray s ropewalk * Boston Massacre * Trial of Captain Preston and the soldiers * Session of the General Court * Its proceedings * Death of George Grenville
CHAPTER SEVEN ~ WASHINGTON VISITS THE WESTERN COUNTRY, 1770: Washington plans a tour of the Western country to inspect certain lands which had been promised to the Virginian soldiers of the Seven Years War * Origin of the soldiers claims * Interfered with by Walpole’s grant, and resisted by thy British ministry and the government of Virginia * Washington s exertions in behalf of the soldiers * His correspondence with Lord Botetonrt respecting Walpole’s grant * His final success * Washington and Dr * Craik set out on the tour to the West * Arrival at Fort Pitt * Entertained by the officers of the garrison * Meets Colonel George Croghan * Live at an inn in Pittsburg near Fort Pitt * Invited by Croghan to a talk with chiefs of the Six Nations * Speech of the White Miugo * Washington’s answer * Washington dines with Colonel Croghan * Returns to Pittsburg and engages an interpreter and other attendants * Canoe voyage down the Ohio commences * Its inconveniences and dangers * Hunting * First day on the river * Persons of the party * Scenery on the Ohio Arrival at Logstown * Observations on the quality of the land * Croghan offers a speculation in land * Washington’s remarks on it * Arrival at the month of Yellow Creek * At Mingo Town * Indians of the Six Nations * Character of the river * Scenery on its banks * News of Indian hostilities in the neighborhood * The report proves to be a false alarm * Great abundance of game * The party come upon an Indian hunting party * His hospitality * Washington meets an old acquaintance * Long conference with Kiashuta * His friendly professions * Arrival at the mouth of the Great Kanhawa * Description of the country in that neighborhood * Ascent of the Great Kanhawa * Hunting party on its banks * Great quantities of buffaloes and wild game * Return voyage * Washington marks boundaries on the trees * The party again meet with Kiashuta, who gives Washington much information about the lands in Ohio Return to Mingo Town * Kind of the canoe voyage * Dr * Connolly gives Washington valuable information about lands * Washington returns to Mount Vernon * His intention to make another tour * Governor Dunmore to go with him * Design abandoned in consequence of the sickness of Miss Custis * Her death
CHAPTER EIGHT ~ POLITICAL UNION OF THE COLONIES, 1771-1773: Hutchinson appointed governor of Massachusetts * He informs the legislature that the king had provided for his support * Object of this innovation * Decision of the legislature * The judges also made independent of the people * The legislature resolves that the acceptance of a salary from the king makes any one of the judges an enemy of his country * Four judges accept compensation from the legislature * Oliver refuses, and is impeached * Samuel Adams invents the system of committees of correspondence * The harbor of Boston made the general rendezvous for the British ships-of-war in America * Castle William surrendered by Hutchinson to the king’s troops * Hutchinson seeks the subversion of the Massachusetts charter * General Court meets at Cambridge and is adjourned to Boston * Affair of the schooner Gaspee * Vain attempts to discover the agents in it * Hutchinson is desirous to hang them * The General Court pronounces the system of rendering civil officers dependent on the crown for their salaries unconstitutional * Lord Hillsborough resigns the secretaryship, and is succeeded by Lord Dartmouth * Dr. Franklin obtains certain letters of Hutchinson, Oliver, and others, recommending coercive measures against the colonies, and sends them to Boston * The General Court petition the king to remove them from office * The petition discussed before the privy council, where Wedderburne grossly insults Franklin * Indignation of the Americans * Franklin dismissed from his office of postmaster-general * Virginia consolidates the union of the colonies, by extending the system of committees of correspondence to them all * Resolves of the House of Burgesses * Supported by Washington, Henry, and Lee * Effects of the measure * Favorably received by the Bostonians and the Massachusetts Assembly * Extract from their circular letter * Hutchinson defeated by the Assembly in an argument on the legislative supremacy of parliament
CHAPTER NINE ~ WASHINGTON, POLITICIAN, 1773, 1774: The conduct of the Bostonians in destroying the tea gave a new aspect to the controversy, and brought affairs to a crisis * Retrospective review of the question * The right to tax the colonies asserted in the duty on tea, and the duty resisted on that ground * Interference of the East India Company * Their proposition opposed by English merchants * Alarm in the colonies * The Philadelphia resolutions * Means adopted to prevent the landing of the tea in Philadelphia and New York * In Boston, Hutchinson defeats the project for sending the ships back * The ships arrive * A committee of the people endeavors to get the tea sent back * Town-meeting * Speech of Josiah Quincy, junior * The tea thrown into the harbor * Information of the proceeding sent to New York and Philadelphia, and to England * Consequent proceedings in parliament * Message of the king * Speech of Lord North * Vote of thanks to the king * Boston Port Bill passed * Bill for subverting the Charter of Massachusetts * Bill for transporting accused persons to England for trial * Opinions of Burke, Pownall, Chatham, and others * Views of Lord North and the court party * Quebec bill * Its object * General Gage appointed to supersede Governor Hutchinson * His reception in Boston * Town-meeting * Spirited resolutions * Session of the House of Burgesses of Virginia * Order a fast * Dissolved by Lord Dunmore, the governor * Assemble at the Raleigh Tavern * Propose a general congress * Washington takes an active part in these proceedings * His views * News from Boston * Washington and others recommend a meeting at Williamsburg * Difference of opinion about stopping exports * Washington insists on the payment of just private debts to English merchants * His letter to Bryan Fairfax * His views of the necessity of maintaining the non-importation agreements * Washington presides at a political meeting in Fairfax county * His views on the general question in a letter to Fairfax * Lord Chatham s eloquent expression of the same views at a later period * Washington at the meeting at Williamsburg, where he presents the Fairfax county Resolves * He speaks in support of them * New association formed * Washington chosen one of the delegates to the Continental Congress to be held at Philadelphia in September, 1774 * The example of Virginia followed by other colonies * Boston Resolutions of May 13th * Proceedings in Charlestown * Rapid consolidation * Proceedings in Boston * Effect of shutting up the port * Distress relieved by contributions from other colonies * Magnanimity of the Salem people * General Court in session * Delegates to Congress chosen * Solemn league and covenant * Gage’s proclamation * New councillors and judges * Gage fortifies Roxbury Neck * Seizes powder * Popular excitement * Oliver compelled to resign * The country people march to the defence of Boston * Civil officers of the crown driven into Boston * Suffolk Resolutions * Doubts of support from the Congress
CHAPTER ELEVEN ~ WASHINGTON A MEMBER OF CONVENTION, 1775: General Gage and the people of Massachusetts * Revenue-officers leave Salem for Boston * Gage issues a call for a General Court, and revokes it * Delegates are nevertheless chosen and meet, and adjourn to Concord and form a Provincial Congress, with John Hancock for president * Remonstrate with Gage * His reply * The Congress makes military preparations and appoints military commanders * Gage is opposed in his attempts to obtain the means of erecting barracks * Attitude of the parties * Gage s proclamation * Massachusetts Congress reassembles and organizes the minute-men * The British ministry prohibits the exportation of military stores * Rhode Island seizes cannon and trains the militia * General aspect of the colonies * Sufferings of the Boston people * Massachusetts Congress assembles in February * Their proceedings * They order deposits of military stores at Worcester and Concord * Leslie s attempt to seize cannon at Salem defeated * Gage attempts to seize stores at Concord * Battle of Lexington * Washington’s opinion of that battle * Second convention of Virginia meets at Richmond * Washington a member * Its apparent loyalty at the opening * Patrick Henry offers resolutions for putting the colony in a state of defence * Supports them by his celebrated speech \"Liberty or death * \" The resolutions adopted * Washington on the committee for drafting and reporting a plan for defence * Washington returns to Mount Vernon * Engages in the military preparations of Virginia
CHAPTER TWELVE ~ PARTISAN WARFARE, 1775: Position of affairs in the colonies * General Ward commander-in-chief of the army before Boston * The Massachusetts Congress resolves to raise an army of thirty thousand men to besiege Boston * Putnam and Arnold arrive in the camp * State of the army * Effect of the battle of Lexington in New York * In New Jersey * In Maryland * In Virginia * Lord Dunmore seizes and carries off the gunpowder in the arsenal * Patrick Henry turns out with his volunteers and compels restitution * Dunmore’s proclamation * He convenes the House of Burgesses * Affair of the magazine * Dunmore takes refuge in a British man-of-war * Rising of the Assembly * Meeting of the Convention * Dunmore attacks Hampton * Is repulsed * Proclaims martial law! Affair of Norfolk bridge * Death of Colonel Fordyce * Defeat of the British * Flight of Dunmore * Destruction of Norfolk * Dunmore conspires with Connelly to invade Virginia * The plot discovered * Dunmore leaves Virginia and joins General Howe * Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold surprise Ticonderoga and Crown Point * They attempt to capture St * Johns, on the Sorel, and fail * Importance of the captures made by them, and of the way opened by Lake Champlain to Canada
BOOK IV – WASHINGTON COMMANDER IN CHIEF
CHAPTER ONE ~ WASHINGTON APPOINTED COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, 1775: Meeting of the Continental Congress of 1775 * Georgia sends delegates * Organization * Hancock * Depositions about the battle of Lexington * Advice to New York * Exportations to British America interdicted * Supplies cut off from the British army * Affairs of the fisheries * Peyton Randolph leaves the chair, and John Hancock is chosen president of the Congress * News from the British parliament * Congress resolves to place the country in a state of defence, and, at the same time, to address a second petition to the king, and an address to the Canadians * They also send a talk to the Indians * They recommend a system of government to Massachusetts * Establish a post-office, and appoint Dr * Franklin postmaster-general * Second address to the British people, and to the inhabitants of Jamaica and of Ireland * Mr * Dickinson composes the masterly petition to the king * Its contemptuous reception serviceable to the cause of liberty * Continued apparent loyalty of Congress * Washington appointed chairman of all the committees on military affairs * Deliberations and consultations on the appointment of a commander-in-chief of the American armies * A difficult point * General Ward s claims * Washington’s qualifications * Strong political reasons for appointing him * John Adams s account of the consultations * John Hancock s pretensions * Adams alludes to Washington in open debate * Washington is nominated by Thomas Johnson and unanimously chosen commander-in-chief * It is officially announced to him in the House on the ensuing day * His reply to the president * He receives his commission * Other generals appointed * Washington’s letters to Mrs * Washington, and to his brother John Augustine Washington * He hastens to join the army
CHAPTER TWO ~ BUNKER HILL, 1775: State of public sentiment * Power of Great Britain * Habits of Europeans and Americans as it respects war * The colonists able but undisciplined * Their service in former wars * Martial spirit of 75 * Danger to property * Gadsden s remark * Revenues of Britain * Scanty resources of the colonists for war * Disadvantages to Britain arising from its remoteness * Enthusiasm of the Americans more useful than money * Exertions of professional men and the press * Fast-day appointed * Army besieging Boston * Reinforcements to the British army arrive from England * Gage’s offers of pardon * Adams and Hancock excepted * Martial law proclaimed by Gage * Preparations for occupying Bunker s Hill * Colonel Prescott, with one thousand men, marches from Cambridge to Charlestown, and throws up intrenchments on Breed s Hill * It is assailed by the British ships in Boston harbor * Gage detaches Howe and Pigot with a force to dislodge the Americans * They land at Moreton’s Point and send back for reinforcements * The Americans are also reinforced * General attack on the American lines and the redoubt * Repulsed with dreadful slaughter * Charlestown burnt * Second attack repulsed * The ammunition of the Americans exhausted * Third attack * Dreadful encounter with bayonets and clubbed muskets * Lines of the Americans enfiladed with a raking fire * Retreat of the Americans over Charlestown Neck * Death of General Warren * Moral effect of the battle
CHAPTER THREE ~ WASHINGTON TAKES COMMAND OF THE ARMY, 1775: Washington sets out from Philadelphia to join the army before Boston, accompanied by Schuyler and Lee * News from Bunker Hill * Reception at New York * At Springfield * At Watertown * At Cambridge * His headquarters at the Craigie House * He examines the state of the army, and reports it in detail to Congress * Alarming want of gunpowder * Supplies obtained * Dissatisfaction about commissions * Want of system in all the departments, and general disorderly state of the army * Washington commences a reform * Divisions of the army, and their positions around Boston * General Gates’s services * Washington’s military family * Rules and regulations of the army * Washington s intercourse with the Continental Congress, and with the provincial authorities * Applications of Massachusetts and Connecticut for detachments from the army to protect the sea-coast * Washington points out the danger of such a measure, and declines to furnish detachments * A good rule thus established * Gage s force in Boston * His antecedents * Former friendship for Washington * His bad treatment of American prisoners in Boston * Washington remonstrates * Gage’s insolent letter * Washington s dignified reply * Arrival of the riflemen from the South in the camp at Cambridge
CHAPTER FOUR ~ WASHINGTON SENDS A DETACHMENT TO CANADA, 1775, 1776: Proposed invasion of Canada * General Schuyler authorized to advance to St * John s and Montreal * Washington proposes to co-operate with him by sending a detachment through Maine to Quebec * He writes to General Schuyler explaining his plan * Report to Congress * Congress anxious to secure the Canadians * Attack on St * John s * Repulsed * General Schuyler is taken ill and retires * General Montgomery succeeds him * Capture of Fort St * John * Of Fort Chamblee * General Carleton defeated * Ethan Allen taken prisoner * General Carleton quits Montreal, which is taken by Montgomery * Surrender of the fugitives * Munitions of war obtained * Escape of Carleton * Situation of Montgomery * Arnold advances through the wilderness of Maine * Defection of Enos * Arrival at Quebec * Indian treachery * Arnold crosses the river St * Lawrence and lands near Wolfe s Cove * His imprudence * He marches to Point aux Trembles * Carleton arrives in Quebec * General Montgomery before Quebec * Assault * Death of Montgomery * Arnold chosen commander * Reinforcement from Massachusetts * Bad conduct towards the Canadians * Small-pox in the army * Arrival of General Thomas * Retreat * Pursuit by Carleton * Battle of the Cedars * Arnold attempts to recover the Cedars * Fails * Cartel signed * Great increase of the British * Capture of General Thompson * Arnold abandons Montreal and retreats to Crown Point
CHAPTER FIVE ~ WASHINGTON EXPELS THE BRITISH FROM BOSTON, 1775-1776: Gage’s revised opinion of the rebels * He is tired of Boston, and wishes to remove the seat of war to New York * He is recalled, and succeeded by General Howe * His views and policy * Washington s situation * Council of war decides not to attack * Washington’s description of the bad state of the army * Soldiers term of service about to expire * Committee of Congress, in convention with Washington and his officers, make arrangements for organizing a new army * Washington confers freely with the committee on affairs * Washington sends out a portion of his men in armed schooners, who capture the store-ships of the enemy * He thus lays the foundation of the American navy * Prizes brought in * Affair at Gloucester * Burning of Falmouth * Treason of Dr * Church * Washington’s account of his trouble in arranging the new army * Its destitute condition * Skirmish * Putnam fortifies Cobble Hill * Washington s critical situation * He fortifies Lechmere s Point * Mrs * Washington arrives at head-quarters * Defection of the Connecticut troops * Convention called * Five thousand minute-men raised by Massachusetts and New Hampshire to man Washington s lines * Slow progress of recruiting for the continental army * Great reduction of force at the end of the year 1775 * Washington’s account of his position * His reserve as to his utter destitution * His noble sentiments and conduct * His various preparations for attacking the enemy * Council of war * Resolve of Congress permitting him to destroy Boston if he should deem it necessary * Washington s answer * Council of war, with Adams and Warren present * Reserve militia called in * Assault intended * Notice * Washington s remarks addressed to Congress respecting the assault * Washington recommends a permanent army * His forcible reasoning on the subject * His account of the different kinds of soldiers * Congress disregards his opinion, and persists in the system of short enlistments * Dorchester Heights occupied * Advantages of the position * The British preparing to depart * Bombardment * Consternation of the British * Force sent to dislodge the troops at Dorchester Heights prevented from attacking by a storm * Washington’s plan of operations in case the attack had been made * Confusion in Boston * Admiral Shuldham apprises General Howe, that the harbor is no longer tenable for his ships * Informal application to Washington to let the British depart if they would not burn the town * Their final departure * Embarkation * Voyage to Halifax * Effects of the evacuation of Boston * The Massachusetts Assembly addresses thanks to Washington * His answer * Congress votes thanks and a gold medal to Washington * John Adams’s letter * Hancock’s official letter from Congress * Washington’s reply
CHAPTER SIX ~ WASHINGTON’S NEW YORK, 1776: Want of stable government in the colonies * New Hampshire * South Carolina and Virginia advised by Congress to establish provisional governments * Second petition to the king not received * Warlike preparations * The king s hostile speech * Force resolved on * Parliament supports the king in his hostile measures * Non-intercourse law * Clause for impressment of seamen * Mr * Penn examined * Result * Duke of Richmond intercedes for peace * Voted down * Independence recommended by the press * Paine s Common Sense * Congress retaliates the non-intercourse law; and recommends provisional governments to all the colonies * North Carolina speaks out * Resolutions of Virginia * Washington’s opinion of them * Sir Peter Parker and Earl Cornwallis invade South Carolina with a formidable fleet and army * Noble defence of Moultrie and his men in the Palmetto Fort on Sullivan’s Island * Sergeant Jasper’s feat * The South relieved for the present * Indians defeated * Putnam in command at New York * His proceedings * Washington arrives at New York * Forts on Long Island * Greene placed in command there * Washington finds the force in New York small and scattered * Detachments sent to Canada * Washington goes to Philadelphia to confer with Congress * Mrs * Washington accompanies him * His letter to his brother * His constant trust in Providence * He foretells to Congress a long war * Enlistments for three years ordered * Flying camp * Want of arms * Board of War and Ordnance established * Washington returns to New York * The tories * Their plots * Plot to seize Washington * New York Convention takes action on the subject * The Howes and their fleet and army * General Howe arrives and debarks at Staten Island * Washington reinforces the army * Declaration of Independence discussed and passed by Congress * Washington s joy at the declaration * It is received cordially by the army * General order * Celebration of Independence in New York * King s statue destroyed * The Phoenix and Rose sail up the Hudson * Great alarm * Washington prepares to defend the shores of the Hudson * Arrival of Lord Howe * He addresses letters to the deposed royal governors * Washington intercepts, and Congress publishes them * Lord Howe writes to Franklin * His answer * Washington refuses to receive Howe s letter to him * Interview with Colonel Patterson * Dissensions in the army * Allayed by Washington * Force of the Howes * Of Washington * Position of the army on Long Island * Washington s address to the soldiers * Washington hears of the battle at Charleston * His address to the army on that occasion * Force at Brooklyn * Sullivan reinforced * Landing of the British on Long Island * Putnam takes command at Brooklyn * Position of the British army * Battle of Long Island * Washington’s distress at this disaster * His masterly retreat from Long Island * Lord Howe sends General Sullivan to Congress with new offers of peace * A committee of Congress hear and reject the offers * Congress endeavors to detach the German mercenaries from the British army
CHAPTER SEVEN ~ WASHINGTON CROSSES THE HUDSON, 1776: Difficulties of Washington s position * His system of defence the best possible for the time * His contempt of ignorant censure * Position of the two armies * Howe s preparations for attacking New York * Washington removes stores * Council of war decides to hold New York * Washington s letter to Congress * A middle course adopted * Army divided * Howe’s plan to inclose the American army in New York * Council of war decides to evacuate the city * The British land at Kipp’s Bay * Disgraceful conduct of the troops at that post * Washington’s emotion at seeing it * Putnam retreats from the city * Washington at Harlem Heights * He meets Hamilton * Anecdote from Gordon * Fire in New York * Howe’s position * Spirited skirmish * Death of Knowlton * State of the army * Washington’s letter to Congress * Congress adopts the suggestions of Washington for remodelling the army * Washington’s gratification * Prisoners exchanged * Tories forming a partisan force * De Lancey * Rogers * Howe s plan to surround the army * Frigates ascend the Hudson * Howe lands a force at Frog s Neck * Washington checks him there * Council of war decides to hold Fort Washington * Howe lands at Pell’s Point * Washington at New Rochelle * Battle of White Plains * Washington expects to have his camp assaulted * Strengthens his works * Howe waits for reinforcements * They arrive * A storm * No assault * Howe determines to make a dash at Fort Washington * Washington penetrates his design * His letter to Congress, and to the Governor of New Jersey * To Greene * Washington crosses the Hudson * Siege of Fort Washington Brave defence * Its fall * Washington s distress at sight of the Hessian barbarities * Capture of Fort Lee Affairs at the North * Arnold s fleet on Lake Champlain * Sir Guy Carleton builds a fleet to oppose it * Naval action on the Lake * Arnold defeated * Crown Point taken * Ticonderoga still held by the Americans
CHAPTER EIGHT ~ WASHINGTON MASTERLY RETREAT THROUGH THE JERSEYS, 1776: State of affairs after the fall of Forts Washington and Lee * Washington’s letter on the subject * Position of the army * Prospects * Washington’s firmness * Reinforcements ordered from Schuyler, Lee, and Mercer * Capture of Rhode Island * Washington takes post at Newark * Mifflin sent to Pennsylvania, and Reed to the government of New Jersey, to seek aid * Lee ordered to join him * Insurrection in Monmouth county * Conversation between Washington and Reed * Washington’s constancy and indomitable perseverance * Maryland and Jersey troops leave the army * Vain attempts to supply their places * Cornwallis advances * Washington retires to Trenton * Sends his stores and baggage over the Delaware * Want of cavalry, artillery, and supplies * Disaffection of the Jerseymen * Proclamation of the Howes * Washington s firmness * Sends a detachment to Princeton * Remonstrances of Washington to Congress on short enlistments * Mifflin obtains soldiers in Philadelphia * Washington’s march towards Princeton * Cornwallis advances and attempts to surround him * Washington crosses the Delaware * Cornwallis threatens to follow * He is deterred by the menacing front of Washington on the river * Exertions to raise troops * Capture of Lee * Its effect * Gates and Sullivan join Washington * The British army go into cantonments for the winter * Washington places a force at Morristown * Howe’s measures examined * Washington s superior generalship
CHAPTER NINE ~ TRENTON AND PRINCETON, 1776, 1777: Difficulties of Washington’s position * Acquisitions of the British * State of the army and the country * Effect of the Howes proclamation * Firmness of Washington * His letter to Congress * Its effect * Washington receives from Congress dictatorial power * Washington gains intelligence of the exact position of the enemy throughout the Jerseys * He resolves \"to clip their wings * \" His meagre force * Letter from Colonel Reed * Washington’s letter to Reed * Plan of attack on the enemy s posts on the Delaware * Battle of Trenton * Failure of Irvine and Cadwalader to cross the river * Washington returns with the Hessian prisoners and military stores to Philadelphia * Astonishment of Howe * He determines to renew active operations * Cornwallis sent into the Jerseys * Donop retreats to Princeton * Cadwalader, Mifflin, and Irvine enter the Jerseys * Washington resolves on a winter campaign * He takes post at Trenton * Cornwallis at Princeton * Mifflin and Cadwalader reinforce Washington * Cornwallis advances to Trenton, and prepares to attack and overwhelm the small army of Washington * Washington out-generals him, gets in his rear and wins a brilliant victory at Princeton * Death of General Mercer * Effects of the battles of Trenton and Princeton * Firmness of Congress * Horrible excesses of the British in the Jerseys * Successful attacks of the Americans on the British * Doherty’s Description * They are driven from Woodbridge, Elizabethtown, and Newark * General Dickinson attacks a British foraging party, and seizes cattle, horses, and provisions * General Putnam * His stratagem at Princeton * His great success in harassing the enemy and taking prisoners * State of the country * Revengeful spirit of the Jerseymen towards the British * Washington’s proclamation * He expels the British from all their posts, except Brunswick and Amboy * Botta’s remarks on Washington s increasing reputation
CHAPTER TEN ~ WASHINGTON OUT-GENERALS HOWE, 1777: Annoyances to Washington arising from the bad treatment of prisoners by the British * His attempts to have Lee released * His humanity to Colonel Campbell * Gordon s account of the sufferings of the American prisoners at New York * Washington causes the army to be inoculated for the small-pox * Heath s demonstration at Fort Independence * Formation of the Old Confederation of the United States * Its terms * Its defects * Proceedings in the British parliament * Howe s situation in the Jerseys * The tories * Governor Tryon made a major-general of tories * Affair of Peekskill * Lincoln attacked at Bound Brook * Foray of Tryon, under the guardianship of Erskine and Agnew, in Danbury * Its disastrous result to the British, as well as the Americans * Meigs’s retaliatory descent on Long Island * Its complete success * Washington disappointed of recruits and reinforcements for the army * He removes to Middlebrook * Weakness of the army * Arnold at Philadelphia * Howe’s object * He advances towards the Delaware * He attempts to draw Washington from his position at Middlebrook * Washington s letter to Arnold * Howe is foiled by Washington * He passes over to Staten Island * Washington advances to Quibbletown * Howe hastens to attack him * Is foiled again * Returns to Staten Island * News from Burgoyne * Capture of General Prescott * Howe embarks his army and sails from New York * His fleet is seen off the capes of the Delaware * Washington removes the army to Germantown * Washington goes to Philadelphia and confers with Congress * He meets with Lafayette * Notice of Lafayette * He is appointed a major-general * His interview with Washington * Their friendship * Howe lands at the Head of Elk * Washington marches to meet him * Battle of Brandywine * Lafayette wounded * Comments on the battle * Washington retreats to the falls of the Schuylkill * Howe advances * Washington offers him battle * A storm separates them * Discovery at the Yellow Springs * Wayne surprised * Howe advances to Sweed’s Ford * Council of war decides not to attack Howe * Hamilton saves the stores at Philadelphia * Congress retires to Lancaster * Howe enters Philadelphia * Comments on the recent operations of Washington and Howe * Stedman’s sharp criticism of Howe * Actual result of the operations
CHAPTER ELEVEN ~ WASHINGTON HOLDS HOWE IN CHECK, 1777: Washington not disheartened at the loss of Philadelphia * He is reinforced * He determines to attack Howe’s army * Howe detaches a part of his army to attack the forts on the Delaware * Battle of Germantown * Washington s commentary on it * Sullivan’s * Thanks of Congress * The forts on the Delaware reinforced * Operations at Fort Mifflin * Lord Howe sails up the Delaware * Attack on Fort Mercer repulsed * Death of Count Donop * British frigates destroyed * Thanks of Congress * Preparations for defending Fort Mifflin * News from Burgoyne * Hamilton sent to the North for reinforcements * They come too late * Tremendous attack on Fort Mifflin * It is battered to pieces and evacuated * Fort Mercer attacked and destroyed * Greene in New Jersey * Cornwallis at Gloucester Point * Communication between the fleet and army of the Howes fully opened * An attack on the city proposed * Its utter impracticability decided * Lafayette attacks a picket of Cornwallis at Gloucester Point * He is placed in command of a division * Board of War enlarged * Allusion to \"Conway’s Cabal * \" Howe marches out of Philadelphia to attack Washington’s army, and drive him beyond the mountains * Skirmishes and returns to the city * Washington goes into winter-quarters at Valley Forge * Comparative situation of the two armies
CHAPTER TWELVE ~ BURGOYNE’S INVASION OF NEW YORK PUNISHED BY SCHUYLER AND GATES, 1777: General Schuyler in command at the North * State of the army * St * Clair at Ticonderoga * Burgoyne in England * Supersedes Carleton as general-in-chief * His army * St * Leger sent to the Mohawk River * Burgoyne advances to Crown Point * Has a talk with the Indians * Issues a proclamation * Ticonderoga * Its position and defences * St * Clair resolves to defend it * Burgoyne takes Mount Hope and Sugar Hill * St * Clair retreats * Is pursued * He escapes to Fort Edward * Second proclamation of Burgoyne * Effects of the loss of Ticonderoga * Washington s astonishment and distress * He reinforces Schuyler * Schuyler retards Burgoyne’s march * Battle of Bennington * Siege of Fort Stanwix * Battle of Oriskany * Death of Herkimer * Siege raised * Bad conduct of the Indians * Affair of Miss M’Crea * Schuyler superseded * His noble magnanimity * Gates in command * Burgoyne already in great difficulties * He crosses the Hudson * Battle of Stillwater * Its effect * Colonel Brown s expedition * Position of the two armies * Another pitched battle * Burgoyne defeated * He retires to Saratoga * His desperate condition * His letter to Lord Germain * Convention of Saratoga * Loss of forts Clinton and Montgomery * Effects of the fall of Burgoyne * Rewards to Gates * Gates unwilling to send reinforce ments to Washington * Effect of the surrender of Burgoyne s army on the British parliament and people
CHAPTER THIRTEEN ~ WASHINGTON AT VALLEY FORGE, 1777, 1778: State of tbe army at Valley Forge * Its employments during the winter * Position of the detachments in Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Jersey * Proposal to attack Howe’s foragers * Postponed for want of provisions * Washington obtains provisions and harasses the foragers * Derangement of the commissariat by Congress * Colonel Trumbull retires in disgust * Failure of provisions for the army * Washington s exertions to obtain a supply * Discontent of the officers * The Conway Cabal * Gates’s conduct * New Board of War * Washington’s letter to Conway * His letter to Mr * Laurons * His letter to Congress * Its effect * Washington’s treatment of the Conway Cabal * Condition of the army, Position of the officers * Congress sends a committee to the camp at Valley Forge * Washington furnishes the committee with a plan of reform * They adopt and recommend it to Congress * Question of half-pay for life * Compromise effected * Attempt to surprise Captain Henry Lee defeated * Proposed expedition to Canada * Lafayette to command it * His reluctance overcome by Washington * The design abandoned * Baron Steuben arrives at Valley Forge * Conway abandons the service and returns to Europe * Dispute about the prisoners captured at the surrender of Burgoyne * Final disposition of the prisoners * Effect of the news of Burgoyne’s surrender in France * In England * Lord North’s conciliatory bills * Commissioners for carrying them into execution appointed * Their failure * Treaty with France signed * Its terms * Lord North’s conciliatory bills received by Congress * Criticised by a committee * French treaty received in America * Celebrated by the army at Valley Forge * Religious features of the celebration * British commissioners attempt a reconciliation * Are unsuccessful * Correspondence of Washington and Howe about the exchange of prisoners * Vexatious interference of Congress and the Board of War * Partial exchange effected * Many Americans still left in captivity
VOLUME TWO
CHAPTER FOURTEEN ~ MONMOUTH, 1778: Force of the American and British armies at the opening of the campaign of 1778. * British army in Philadelphia straitened for forage and provisions. * Mawhood\'s foraging excursion into Jersey. * Skirmish of Lacey with the British. * The British shipping in the Delaware. * Lafayette\'s admirable retreat from Barren Hill. * Howe resigns his command and is succeeded by Clinton. * The Mischianza. * Howe\'s operations in his command considered. * Reasons for the evacuation of Philadelphia. * Washington\'s preparations to attack the retiring army. * Maxwelland Dickinson sent to break down bridges and fell trees across the roads in Jersey. * Washington summons a Council of War. * Lee opposed to attacking the British at all in their retreat. * Clinton crosses the Delaware and begins his march across Jersey. * His slow march. * Washington leaves Valley Forge and pursues Clinton. * Takes post at Hopewell. * Second Council of War. * Washington determines to fight. * Lafayette sent in advance. * Lee sent to take the command of the advance party which he had declined. * Clinton at Freehold Court House. * Lee ordered to attack him. * Clinton\'s movements. * Lee orders a retreat. * Washington meets him. * Sharp words. * Battle of Monmouth. * The British army suffer the greater loss of men. * They retreat hastily in the night. * Comments on the battle. * Its moral effect favorable to the American cause. * Lee\'s conduct. * His insolent letter to Washington. * He is arrested and tried by court-martial. * Found guilty of all the charges and suspended from command for one year. * The army well pleased with this decision. * They resent his insolence to Washington. * Congress passes a vote of thanks to Washington for his conduct at Monmouth. * Clinton passes over to New York. * Washington advances to Brunswick and passes thence to Paramus.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN ~ WASHINGTON DIRECTS A DESCENT ON RHODE ISLAND, 1778: Clinton\'s reasons for evacuating Philadelphia. * Arrival of Count D\'Estaing at the Capes of the Delaware. * He dispatches a frigate with M. Gerard to Philadelphia, and sails to the Hook. * Washington sends colonels Laurens and Hamilton to confer with him. * Washington directs Sullivan to prepare for a descent on Rhode Island, in which D\'Estaing is to co-operate. * Greene ordered to join him. * Washington\'s commendation of Greene. * D\'Estaing anives at Newport. * Pigot concentrates his forces. * Sullivan lands on the island. * D\'Estaing offended. * A British fleet arrives. * D\'Estaing goes out to attack it. * Sullivan prepares to attack Pigot. * A storm prevents him. * Distress of the army. * D\'Estaing returns. * Lafayette and Greene sent to solicit his aid for two days. * He refuses, and sails for Boston. * Sullivan, after some skirmishing, evacuates the island. * Mutual irritation of the American and French officers. * Washington interposes, and, aided by Lafayette, restores union.. * Lord Howe follows D\'Estaing to Nantasket Roads, but declines to attack him, and returns to New York. * Ravaging expedition of General Grey on the coast towns. * Washington removes his camp from White Plains to Fredericksburg. * Grey massacres Baylor\'s detachment. * Colonel Butler defeats Donop. * Ferguson\'s expedition to Egg Harbor. * He surprises Pulaski, and massacres a portion of his men. * Admiral Byron arrives at New York, sails to Boston, encounters a storm, and goes to Rhode Island to refit. * Lafayette wishes to quit the service and return to France. * Washington prevails on him to accept an unlimited furlough, and retain his commission. * Clinton reduces his force in New York by sending detachments to the West Indies and the Southern States. * Washington places the army in winter-quarters. * Colonel Campbell defeats General Robert Howe in Georgia, and takes Savannah. * Prevost takes Sunbury, and thus completes the conquest of Georgia. * Naval exploits of offerdle, Jones, Barry, and Talbot.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN ~ WASHINGTON PREPARES TO CHASTISE THE INDIANS, 1778: Hostilities of the Indians incited by the British. * Attack on Wyoming. * Defeat of Colonel Butler. * Destruction of the settlement and massacre of the inhabitants. * Hostilities on the frontier of Virginia. * Colonel Hamilton\'s plan of attack. * He sends off a detachment from Vincennes. * Colonel Clarke surprises Vincennes, and captures Hamilton and the garrison. * Beneficial effects of this hold stroke. * Washington prepares a plan for an expedition to the Indian country. * His letter to Governor Clinton on the subject. * Washington\'s anxiety respecting the decline in the character of Congress, and the apathy of the several States respecting the Congress and the general welfare. * His letter to Benjamin Harrison on that subject. * Congress projects a second expedition to Canada without consulting Washington. * Congress sends the plan to Washington. * He is surprised at its visionary and impracticable character. * Washington is desired hy Congress to interest Lafayette and the French court in the scheme. * His answer to Congress. * He requests a personal interview. * He goes to Philadelphia for that purpose, meets a committee of Congress, and puts a final extinguisher on the magnificent plan of Congress for the conquest of Canada.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN ~ WASHINGTON’S OPERATIONS IN THE NORTHERN STATES, 1779: Washington\'s operations in the northern states. * Washington visits Philadelphia, and confers with Congress. * Apathy of Congress and the people. * Its causes. * Expedition against the Indians prepares to march. * Discontent in the Jersey brigade. * Remonstrance of the officers, presented to Washington by General Maxwell. * Washington\'s answer. * Discontent continues. * Another remonstrance. * Washington\'s embarrassment. * The Legislature of Jersey takes the matter up, and satisfies the officers. * Washington\'s remarks to Congress on this affair. * Successful attack of Colonel Van Schaick on the Onondagas. * Relative force of the British and American armies. * Defensive war only practicable. * Sir George Collier destroys an immense amount of stores and property on the Chesapeake. * West Point fortified. * Position of Stony and Verplanck\'s Points. * Clinton prepares to attack them. * Washington\'s preparations for resistance. * Stony Point taken. * Fort Fayette taken. * Washington checks the further advance of Clinton. * Tryon sent on a plundering and ravaging expedition to Connecticut. * He destroys Fairfield. * Washington directs General Parsons to attack him. * Norwalk destroyed. * Washington plans an attack on Stony Point and Verplanck\'s Point. * He gives the command of the expedition against Stony Point to Wayne. * Wayne captures Stony Point. * Failure of the attempt on Fort Fayette at Verplanck\'s Point. * Stony Point dismantled and abandoned. * Movements of Clinton. * Expedition from Boston against the British post at Penobscot. * Its failure. * Major Lee surprises the British post at Paulus Hook. * Sullivan sent by Washington to chastise the hostile Indians of the Six Nations. * His complete success. * Remarks on his devastating the Indian villages. * Washington\'s views on that subject. * Admiral Arbuthnot arrives at New Vork. * D\'Estaing arrives at Savannah, and assists Lincoln in the siege of that place. * Assault repulsed. * Pulaski killed. * The siege raised. * D\'Estaing goes to Europe. * Washington goes into winter-quarters. * Clinton sails for Savannah with an army.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN ~ CAMPAIGN IN THE NORTH – ARNOLD\'S TREASON, 1780: Washington in winter-quarters at Morristown. * State of the finances and of the army. * Vacillating conduct of Congress. * Washington obliged to make requisitions of the State of New Jersey. * Severe frost. * New York harbor frozen. * Washington unable to attack it. * He detaches Lord Stirling to attack the British at Staten Island. * Stirling repulsed. * Distress in New York. * Partisan warfare. * Skirmish near White Plains. * Remarks on Congress. * The continental money. * Its depreciation. * Congress calls on the States for supplies. * Bad effects of the system. * Discontent of the army. * Mutiny of the Connecticut troops. * Knyphausen marches into Jersey. * Is disappointed. * He burns Connecticut Farms. * Murder of Mrs. Caldwell. * Washington marches to Short Hills. * Knyphausen retires. * Clinton returns from South Carolina. * His force. * He advances towards Springfield. * Greene advances to meet him. * Battle of Springfield. * Springfield burnt by the British. * They retreat to Elizabethtown, and thence to Staten Island. * Expedition of Wayne to Bergen Neck. * Lafayette\'s exertions in France. * He gains succors for the United States. * He arrives at Boston, and visits Washington and Congress. * Washington\'s embarrassment at his want of men and munitions of war to act effectively with the French. * National Bank. * Patriotism of the ladies. * Washington\'s letter to Congress on the destitution of the army. * Patriotism of the soldiers. * Washington\'s letter to Congress on the necessity of a settled plan of operations. * Arrival of the French fleet and army. * Admiral Graves arrives with a reinforcement to the British fleet in New York. * Clinton embarks to attack the French in Rhode Island. * Washington orders out the militia of Massachusetts and Connecticut, and advances towards New York. * Clinton returns to New York. * Washington holds a conference with the French commanders at Hartford. * Enforced inaction of the armies on both sides. * Washington\'s chagrin at the ineffective campaign. * Arnold\'s character and services. * His misconduct at Philadelphia. * Charges brought against him. * Tried and condemned. * Reprimanded by Washington. * Appointed to the command at West Point. * Corresponds with Clinton. * Major Andre goes to him. * Treason concocted and completed. * Andre captured, tried, and hung as a spy. * Arnold rewarded for his treason by Clinton. * Washington\'s remarks on his character. * Washington recognizes the hand of Providence in the discovery of Arnold\'s treason.
CHAPTER NINETEEN ~ OPERATIONS AT THE SOUTH, 1780: Washington\'s views of the war at the South. * His letter to Lafayette in Paris. * Lincoln in command at the South. * Clinton\'s arrival with a fleet and army. * Position of Lincoln at Charleston. * Washington sends him reinforcements. * Clinton\'s caution in approaching Charleston. * Governor Rutledge invested with dictatorial authority. * Fortifications of Charleston. * Clinton\'s measures. * Tarleton encounters Colonel Washington. * British fleet comes up the river. * Washington\'s opinion of the impracticability of defending the town. * British fleet passes Fort Moultrie. * Siege formally commenced. * Garrison reinforced. * Garrison summoned to surrender. * Lincoln\'s answer. * Tarleton defeats Huger at Monk\'s Corner. * Besiegers reinforced. * Lincoln calls a council of war. * Terms of capitulation offered and rejected. * Fort Moultrie taken. * Colonel White twice defeated by Tarleton. * Second council of war. * Terms again offered and rejected. * Final capitulation. * Its terms. * Lincoln\'s conduct defended. * Inquiry proposed by Congress. * Washington\'s letter on the subject. * Exultation of the British at the fall of Charleston. * Clinton\'s measures for assuring the conquest of the State. * Tarleton massacres Buford\'s party at the Waxhaws. * Clinton\'s infamous proclamation, violating the terms of capitulation. * Clinton returns to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command. * His measures. * The North Carolinians. * Proclamations. * Oppression of the Charleston people. * Noble conduct of the ladies. * Washington sends De Kalb to the South. * Sumter gathers a partisan force. * Congress sends Gates to the South. * He disregards De Kalb\'s advice. * Sufferings of the army. * Gates reaches Rugby\'s Mills. * Sumter reinforced by him. * Gates advances to Camden. * Rawdon\'s movements. * Cornwallis joins him. * Battle of Camden, and total rout of Gates\'s army. * Brave resistance of the Continentals under De Kalb. * Death of De Kalb. * Sumter captures prisoners and stores. * Is surprised and routed by Tarleton * Washington\'s view of the state of affairs at the South. * His letter to Rutledge and to De Guichen. * Gates\'s humiliation. * His letters to Washington. * Cornwallis\'s position after the battle of Camden. * His atrocious orders to his officers. * Consequences of their execution. * His treatment of the Charleston people. * Cornwallis advances to Charlottetown. * Major Ferguson\'s expedition. * Colonel Clarke\'s operations. * The Western men aroused. * Ferguson retreats. * Is overtaken. * Battle of King\'s Mountain. * Disastrous retreat of Cornwallis\'s force to Wynnesborough .
CHAPTER TWENTY ~ PREPARATIONS POR THE CAMPAIGN, 1781: Great Britain\'s new enemies. * Armed neutrality. * Henry Laurens captured. * Gloomy state of affairs in America. * The army. * Its weakness and destitution. * Continental hills cease to circulate. * Congress calls on the States for supplies. * Impressment resorted to. * Indian war and invasion from Canada threatened. * Insurrection of the Pennsylvania troops. * Wayne not able to quell it. * The mutineers march to Princeton. * Met by committee, governor, and council. * Clinton tries to gain over the mutineers. * Fails. * They are satisfied by a compromise. * Washington\'s views of this affair. * New Jersey troops revolt, and are speedily quelled by Washington\'s order * Clinton again disappointed. * Position of Congress. * Finances. * Bank. * Patriotism of Robert Morris. * Foreign loan required. * Colonel Laurens sent to France to solicit one. * Affairs at the South. * Hopes of the British ministry. * Extract from Washington\'s journal. * Change in the system of operations pursued by the British. * Extensive operations at the South. * Washington\'s agency in it indirect. * His noble sentiments in regard to the threatened destruction of his property at Mount Vernon. * Exceedingly obstinate quarrel between Vermont and New York. * Congress attempts to reconcile them. * Offends both parties. * Washington takes the matter in hand, and satisfies both parties.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE ~ THE CAMPAIGN AT THE SOUTH, 1781: Gates at Charlotte. * Collects his forces. * Retreats to Salishury. * Thence proceeds to Hillsborough. * Is reinforced. * Morgan sent to harass the enemy.. * Gates. * Greene appointed to command the southern army. * Washington\'s opinion of Greene. * He arrives in camp. * Stratagem of Colonel Washington. * Greene\'s force. * His diffi culties. * Morgan detached to the south of Catawba. * His success at Ninety-Six. * Sumter captures Major Wemyss, and defeats Tarleton. * General Marion. * His successes. * Cornwallis orders Leslie to the South. * Orders Tarleton to pursue Morgan. * Battle of the Cowpens. * Cornwallis reinforced by Leslie pursues Morgan. * Morgan\'s narrow escape at the Catawba. * Greene joins Morgan. * Arrival of Lee\'s legion. * Cornwallis forces the passage of the Catawba. * Davidson killed. * Cornwallis pursues Greene. * Force of Greene inferior. * He approaches the Dan, and crosses it without loss. * This equivalent to a battle won. * Cornwallis falls hack to Hillsborough. * Cornwallis decamps. * Greene advances. * Battle of Guilford Courthouse. * Greene defeated, and Cornwallis nearly ruined in this battle, which for him is the beginning of the. end. * He retreats to Wilmington.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO ~ THE CAMPAIGN AT THE SOUTH CONCLUDED, 1781: Washington\'s interest in the southern campaign. * His correspondence with Greene. * Cornwallis retreats. * Greene advances. * Greene proceeds to South Carolina. * Greene\'s movements. * Battle of Hobkirk\'s Hill. * Rawdon\'s victory unavailing. * Marion and Lee take Fort Motte, Georgetown, and Fort Granby. * Rawdon retreats to Monk\'s Corner. * Greene turns to the interior posts. * Greene marches against Ninety-Six. * Siege of Ninety-Six. * Siege raised in consequence of Rawdon\'s approaching with reinforcements. * Greene pursued by Rawdon. * Pursuit abandoned. * Movements of Rawdon and Greene. * Battle of Eutaw Springs. * Its beneficial effects. * The British army retreats to Monk\'s Corner. * Greene drives the British into Charleston, and the campaign closes. * Great abilities displayed by Greene in the campaign. * Operations in Virginia. * Arnold\'s invasion. * Washington sends Destouches against him, who is overtaken by Arbuthnot and compelled to return. * Operations of Phillips. * Cornwallis arrives in Virginia. * Pursues Lafayette. * Retreats to Portsmouth. * Reasons of the British ministry for carrying the war into Virginia. * Cornwallis at Yorktown.
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE ~ WASHINGTON CAPTURES CORNWALLIS, 1781: Gloomy state of national affairs in the spring of 1781. * Colonel John Laurens sent to France to solicit a loan, and naval and military reinforcements. * Washington\'s letter to him. * Laurens\'s success. * Arrival of De Barras and Rochambeau. * Conference at Wethersfield. * Its result. * Apathy of the States. * Force of the army with Washington at Peekskill. * Arrival of a reinforcement from France. * Robert Morris appointed to superintend the finances. * His patriotism. * The Bank. * French troops march. * Washington advances to the north end of York Island. * The British retreat. * Washington retires to Dobbs\' Ferry. * Arrival of the French army under Rochambeau. * Attack on New York meditated. * Movements of Clinton. * Count De Grasse sails from France. * Goes to the West Indies. * Gives notice to Washington that he will go to Chesapeake Bay. * Washington determines to transfer the theatre of war to Virginia. * Heath left at West Point. * Washington marches for Virginia. * Deceives Clinton. * French and American armies march through Philadelphia. * Naval movements. * Encounter off Chesapeake Bay between Graves and De Grasse. * De Barras arrives. * Graves leaves De Grasse in possession of the Bay. * Operations on land. * Arnold\'s expedition to New London. * Capture of the forts and death of Colonel Ledyard. * Washington and Rochambeau enter Virginia. * They consult with De Grasse on board the Flag-ship. * Washington prevails on De Grasse to remain during the siege of Yorktown. * Position of Yorktown. * Siege commenced. * Cannonading and bombarding. * Description of the effect by night. * Ships of the enemy burnt. * Capture of two redoubts by the Americans under Lafayette and the French under Viomenil. * Neetmok * Anecdote of Washington. * Sally of the enemy under Colonel Abercrombie. * Cornwallis capitulates. * Terms. * Description of the surrender. * Effect of the surrender of Cornwallis on Congress and the country. * Clinton\'s vain attempt to relieve Cornwallis. * Washington endeavors to engage De Grasse in further operations. * Departure of De Grasse. * Anecdote of Cornwallis. * The credit of Cornwallis\'s capture due to Washington\'s superior strategy.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR ~ CLOSE OF THE WAR, 1782-83: Washington superintends the distribution of the troops, ordnance, and stores at Yorktown. * Goes to Eltham. * Death of John Parke Custis. * Washington goes to Mount Vernon. * Writes to Lafayette. * Honors paid to Lafayette by Congress. * He sails for France. * Washington\'s reception at Alexandria and Annapolis. * He writes to Greene. * His determination to prosecute the war vigorously. * His reception at Philadelphia. * His transactions with Congress and with the heads of departments, and the French ambassador and officers. * Great Britain reported to be still disposed for war. * Exertions of Washington to obtain means for sustaining the next campaign. * Exertions of Robert Morris to sustain the finances. * Conway\'s motion for discontinuing the war carried in Parliament. * News of this movement alarms Washington. * His remarks in a circular to the Governors. * Barney\'s victory at the Capes. * Washington goes to Newburg. * Affair of Captain Asgill. * Discontent in the army. * Wash ington receives a letter from Colonel Nicola, suggesting a monarchy. * He declines the offer of a crown. * Sir Guy Carleton takes the command in New York. * His letter to Washington. * His overtures disregarded. * Intrigues of the British Government with the allies. * Letter from Carleton and Digby. * Operations in the South. * Georgia recovered. Skirmishes near Charleston. * Death of Colonel Laurens. * Evacuation of Charleston. * Operations in the West Indies. * Rodney defeats and captures De Grasse. * Proposal to reduce the army. * Washington\'s views on that subject. * The French troops leave the country. * The Americans go into winter-quarters. * The officers petition Congress. * No satisfaction given. * The Newburg addresses. * The crisis. * Washington defeats the anonymous writer. * His address to the officers. * Affecting incident. * Washington\'s letter to Congress, claiming justice to the officers. * Its success. * Mutiny in Pennsylvania quelled. * Washington addresses a circular to the Governors of all the States. * Carleton commences sending off royalists and British from New York. * Confers with Washington. * Washington recommends to Congress a regular militia system. * Evacuation of New York and entry of Washington and Governor Clinton with the civil and military officers. * Washington takes leave of the officers of the army. * Washington resigns his commission to Congress. * Description of the scene. * Washington\' s Address. * The President\'s reply. * Washington retires to Mount Vernon.
BOOK V – WASHINGTON A PRIVATE CITIZEN
CHAPTER ONE ~ WASHINGTON S RETURN TO PRIVATE LIFE, 1783-84: Washington\'s determination to remain in private life. * He refuses the offer of a donation from Congress. * His letter to Governor Clinton. * To General Knox. * Addresses from the people. * Congress orders a statue to be erected to him. * The Legislature of Virginia passes a resolution to erect a statue. * It is executed by Houdon. * Washington takes an interest in agriculture. * Endeavors to improve the common methods. * His correspondence with officers and politicians. * Literary men. * Travellers. * Letters. * Intrusions on his time. * Private secretary obtained. * Mrs. Washington\'s hospitality. * Washington\'s attention to internal navigation. * His journey with Governor Clinton. * Jefferson\'s views on internal improvement. * Washington\'s tour to the western country. * His letter to Governor Harrison. * His views on the political importance of internal navigation. * Governor Harrison lays the letter before the Legislature of Virginia. * Legislation of Virginia on the subject. * Washington delegated to the Maryland Legislature. * Internal navigation and improvement inaugurated by Virginia and Maryland. * Washington offered a splendid donation by the Virginia Legislature. * He declines it. * His letter to Mr. Madison on the subject. * His letter to the Legislature. * The donation applied to educational institutions. * Washington appointed president of both companies for internal improvement. * Lafayette\'s visit.
CHAPTER TWO ~ WASHINGTON PRESIDES AT THE FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION, 1785-1788: Washington attends to the cultivation of his land. * His methods. * He plants his grounds with ornamental trees. * Numerous guests at Mount Vernon. * Washington\'s habits of living. * Visit of Mr. Watson.\' * Interesting anecdote. * Washington\'s attention to inland navigation. * The Cincinnati. * Its origin and objects. * Opposition to it. * Its constitution changed. * Washington\'s attention to politics. * Defects of the old Confederation. * Public debt. * No revenue. * Convention at Alexandria. * First impulse towards the formation of the Constitution given at Alexandria. * Convention at Annapolis. * Letters of Mr. Jay. * Washington\'s reply. * Doings of the Convention at Annapolis. * Convention for the formation of a Constitution at Philadelphia appointed. * Virginia appoints. deputies. * Madison informs Washington that he will be appointed a delegate. * He declines. * Governor Randolph urges his acceptance. * Washington\'s answer. * Reasons for declining. * The insurrection in Massachusetts. * Washington\'s letters to Humphreys and Knox on that subject. * He consents to attend the Convention. * Public honors paid to him on the journey to Philadelphia. * Reception at Philadelphia. * Visit to Dr. Franklin. * Washington elected President of the Convention. * Letter to Jefferson. * Distinguished members of the Convention. * Its general character. * Its attention to business. * Constitution completed and sent to Congress. * Submitted by Congress to the State Conventions. * Washington\'s correspondence respecting it. * His letter to Lafayette. * Jefferson\'s letter. * Washington\'s letter to Trumbull. * The Constitution accepted by eleven States. * Congress passes an act for forming a new government under the Constitution.
BOOK VI – WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT AND IN RETIREMENT
CHAPTER ONE ~ THE ELECTION, 1789: Preference of the political leaders and the people for Washington as president. * Fears of his refusal. * Opinion of Mr. Johnson of Maryland. * Gouverneur Morris\'s letter to Washington on the subject of his election. * Letter of Colonel Henry Lee to Washington. * His answer. * Colonel Hamilton and Washington correspond on the subject. * Extracts from their letters. * Strong arguments and persuasions of Hamilton. * Washington\'s letter to Lafayette. * Washington\'s treatment of office-seekers. * His letter setting forth his views and principles with inspect to appointments. * Tardiness of members of Congress in taking their seats. * Quorum formed. * Votes of electors counted, and George Washington and John Adams announced as President and Vice-President of the United States. * Washington\'s diffidence in accepting the office.
CHAPTER TWO ~ THE ADMINISTRATION FORMED, 1789: Washington officially notified of his election. * His expressions of diffidence. * His regret at leaving Mount Vernon. * Reception at Alexandria. * At Georgetown. * His journey to Philadelphia. * His reception there. * His reception at Trenton. * At New York. * His mode of life at New York. * His levees disapproved. * His defence of them. * His inauguration. * His inaugural address. * The executive departments continued. * Washington receives their Reports. * Washington\'s daily life, as described by Mr. Custis. * Washington\'s illness. * Death of his mother. * Her character. * Political condition of the country. * Disposition of foreign nations towards the United States. * Spain. * Hostility of the Indians. * The Barbary States. * Great Britain. * Portugal. * France. * Washington\'s intercourse with the French minister, Count de Moustiers. * Measures of the first Congress. * Power of removing executive officers discussed and settled. * Formation of political parties. * Washington\'s position superior to all parties. * Causes of his success as president. * New heads of departments appointed. * Jefferson, secretary of state ; Hamilton, secretary of the treasury ; General Knox, secretary of war ; John Jay, chief-justice of the Supreme Court; John Adams, vice-president. * Character of the administration. * The opposition. * Adjournment of Congress. * Washington\'s own views of the proceedings of Congress. * Washington\'s visit to New England. * His reception in Boston. * Mrs. Washington\'s letter respecting his visit to New England. * Mission to the Creeks. * North Carolina joins the Union. * Further notices of Washington\'s mode of life in New York. * Effect of his personal appearance and manners on a highly intelligent observer.
CHAPTER THREE ~ THE PUBLIC CREDIT ESTABLISHED, 1789-1790: Washington remains in New York till Congress reassembles. * His letter to the emperor of Morocco. * He sits to Mr. Savage for his portrait. * Meeting of Congress. * Opening speech of the president. * Harmonious feeling of the executive and Congress. * Hamilton\'s letter to the speaker of the House of Representatives. * His plan for the support of public credit. * He proposes that all creditors, foreign and domestic, should be treated alike. * He proposes a loan for the amount of the debt of the Union and that of the individual States. * Terms of the loan. * He proposes duties on imported wines, spirits, tea, and coffee, and an excise on home-made spirits. * Congress takes up, and debates on, Hamilton\'s report. * Provision for the foreign debt agreed to. * Debate on funding the domestic debt. * Madison\'s plan rejected. * Origin of the State debts, the national defence. * Hamilton proposes for the Union to assume them. * Vigorous opposition to this plan. * Arguments of the opponents. * Arguments in support of the assumption. * Resolution to assume carried. * The North Carolina members take their seats. * The resolutions recommitted. * Fresh debate. * Resolutions negatived. * Provision for a permanent seat of government taken up. * Debate. * Bill for holding the sessions of Congress for ten years at Philadelphia, and at some place on the Potomac River subsequently, passed. * Amended bill for funding the public debt taken up and passed. * Supposed compromise respecting these two bills. * Highly favorable effect of the funding of the public debt on the business of the country. * Petition respecting the abolition of slavery. * Action of Congress respecting it. * Other business done by Congress at this session. * Congress adjourns to meet in Philadelphia in December. * Death of Dr. Franklin. * Rhode Island joins the Union. * Peace concluded with the Creeks. * Hostility of the western Indians. * Unfriendly conduct of Spain respecting the Mississippi. * Relations with Great Britain. * Illness of Washington. * His departure from New York for Mount Vernon. * Graphic description of his journey by Mr. Custis.
CHAPTER FOUR ~ THE NATIONAL BANK ESTABLISHED, 1790: Washington\'s domestic affairs. * His letter to Mr. Lear respecting the presidential mansion. * His attention to details. * He declines the offer of a house from the legislature of Pennsylvania. * His second letter to Mr. Lear respecting the presidential mansion. * He takes Mr. Morris\'s house, paying the rent himself. * His modest and economical style of living. * Letter to Mr. Lear about servants. * Letter about furniture. * Washington\'s interest in the children connected with his family. * Washington attends a public dinner offered him by the citizens of Alexandria. * He sets out for Philadelphia. * Arrives and occupies Mr. Morris\'s house. * Gayety of the city. * Washington\'s levees. * Last session of the first Congress under the constitution opens. * Washington\'s speech to Congress. * Hamilton\'s plans for the establishment of public credit. * Duty on spirits. * Opposed by members from the South and West. * Their arguments against it. * Substitutes proposed by them. * Arguments of the friends of the bill. * General Jackson\'s motion to strike out is negatived, and the bill becomes a lave. * Hamilton proposes to establish a national bank. * It is opposed by Madison and others. * Their arguments against it. * It is supported by Fisher Ames, Elbridge Gerry, and others. * Their arguments. * The bill passes both houses of Congress. * Debates on it in the cabinet. * Washington requires a written opinion from each member of the cabinet. * He considers the bill to be constitutional and signs it. * Vermont admitted to the Union. * Result of the census. * Mint established. * Military establishment increased. * Appropriations. * Exports and imports. * Indian hostilities. * Harmar\'s expedition. * Disastrous battle. * Deplorable condition of the frontiers. * Rising of Congress. * State of parties. * Washington\'s judgment and skill in quieting the dissensions of his cabinet.
CHAPTER FIVE ~ POLITICAL PARTIES DEVELOPED, 1791-92: Washington appoints General St. Clair to conduct the expedition against the Indians. * His character. * The tour of Washington through all the Southern States. * His reception at Annapolis. * His letter to Governor Pinckney. * He goes from Georgetown to Mount Vernon. * Dines at Fredericksburg. * His reception in Richmond. * He passes through North Carolina. * Grand reception and festivities at Charleston. * Reception at Savannah. * Visits the widow of General Greene. * Reception at Augusta ; * Columbia ; * Camden. * Return to Mount Vernon. * His letter to Hamilton. * To Gouverneur Morris. * Unsuccessful expeditions of Scott and Winchester against the Indians. * Agency of the British in stimulating Indian hostilities. * Meeting of Congress. * Washington\'s speech. * Answered by the two houses. * Debate on the apportionment bill. * Bill passed. * Washington vetoes it. * Another bill prepared, passed, and approved. * Act to establish «¦ uniform militia. * General St. Clair\'s battle with the Indians. * His defeat and retreat. * Effect of the intelligence. * St. Clair\'s conduct investigated. * His acquittal. * Interesting anecdote of Washington related by Mr. Lear. * Washington authorized to raise five thousand men for the Indian war. * Debate on that subject in Congress. * Hamilton\'s plans for raising revenue, discussed and carried. * Development of political parties. * Charges of the opposition against the government, respecting salaries, levees, the Indian war, and the waste of money. * Feud between Jefferson and Hamilton. * Washington\'s letters to them.¦ * Resistance of the Pennsylvanians to the duty on spirits. * Minister from Great Britain arrives. * Indian hostilities continued. * Two officers, sent to treat with them, murdered. * Ministers sent to France and England, the Hague, and Spain. * Death of Paul Jones. * Washington\'s letter to the Earl of Buchan. * Washington\'s visit to Mount Vernon in May. * Second visit in July. * The cares and distractions he endured during this visit. * Correspondence with the heads of departments. * Newspaper abuse. * Letter to Randolph ; * To Morris. * Illness and death of George Augustine Washington. * Washington invites his widow, with her three children, to reside at Mount Vernon. * Washington returns to Philadelphia. * Meeting of Congress. * Washington\'s speech. * Motion for the reduction of the public debt. * Outburst against Hamilton. * Giles\'s attack on him. * Hamilton\'s defence. * His exculpation by a vote of Congress. * The whole session wasted in the attempt to break him down. * Other acts of Congress. * Congress rises. * Views of the political parties.
CHAPTER SIX ~ WASHINGTON INAUGURATES THE SYSTEM OF NEUTRALITY, 1793: Washington desirous to retire from office. * Importance of his re-election urged by his friends. * Letters of Jefferson, Hamilton, and Randolph, to Washington, on the subject. * Washington\'s answer to Kandolph. * Candidates for the office of vice-president. * George Clinton opposed to Adams. * Kesult of the election. * The inauguration. * Washington writes and remits money to the Marchioness Lafayette * Situation of Lafayette. * Vain efforts made for his release. * Washington visits Mount Vernon. * War between France and Great Britain. * Washington\'s letter on the subject to Jefferson. * His determination to maintain the neutrality of the United States. * Washington returns to Philadelphia. * Cabinet council. * Proclamation of neutrality and reception of the French minister discussed and decided on. * Opinions of political parties on these measures. * Importance of the proclamation of neutrality. * Its effects. * Genet appointed minister of France to the United States. * His character. * He arrives at Charleston, and causes French privateers to be fitted and sent out from that port. * His flattering reception in Philadelphia. * Audience with the president. * Complaints of the British minister. * Capture of the Grange. * Her restitution demanded. * Decision of the government. * Genet complains. * Gets no satisfaction. * His audacity encouraged by the opposition party. * Extract from one of his letters. * Arrest of privateersmen in Charleston. * Insolent letters of Genet demanding their release. * Moderation of Washington. * Genet\'s error with regard to the sentiments of the nation. * He founds a democratic club, in imitation of the Jacobin club of Paris. * Other clubs formed in various parts of the country on the same model. * Affair of the Little Democrat. * Duplicity and bad faith of Genet in that affair. * French property in American vessels seized by the British. * Genet\'s insulting letter on that subject. * Jefferson gives him no satisfaction. * Washington\'s patience exhausted. * The dismissal of Genet decided on. * Neutrality to be maintained. * Rules with respect to belligerents adopted. * British orders in council for seizing neutral ships loaded with provision. * France retaliates. * Impressment of seamen. * Genet\'s rage at his recall. * His attempts to organize expeditions against Florida and Louisiana. * Open defiance of the government by the French consul in Boston. * His exequatur revoked. * Algerine hostilities. * Complications with Spain. * Conduct of the Democratic Society in Lexington, Kentucky. * Washington again at Mount Vernon. * Yellow fever at Philadelphia. * Question about changing the place for the session of Congress. * Washington\'s letter to Madison on the subject.
CHAPTER SEVEN ~ WASHINGTON SENDS JAY TO ENGLAND, 1793-94: Meeting of Congress. * Washington\'s speech. * The opposition elect a speaker for the House of Representatives. * Answers to Washington\'s speech. * Affairs with Spain. * Genet deserted by his former friends in Congress. * His faction in France fallen. * Jefferson\'s report on commerce. * Jefferson resigns. * Succeeded by Randolph. * Bradford appointed attorney-general. * Mr. Madison\'s resolutions on commerce. * Bill for increasing the navy. * British orders in council. * Mr. Sedgewick\'s motion for military defence. * Mr. Dayton proposes to sequester all debts due to British subjects. * Second orders in council announced. * Effect on the two parties in Congress. * Action of the press. * Portents of war with Great Britain. * Washington nominates John Jay minister plenipotentiary to Great Britain. * Unpopularity of the measure. * The Senate approves the nomination of Mr. Jay. * Non-intercourse law taken up. * Defeated by the casting vote of Mr. Adams. * Neutrality act passed. * Inquiries respecting the treasury, intended to criminate Hamilton. * Bills passed by Congress for defence. * Revenue bill. * Congress adjourns. * State and character of parties. * Washington goes to Mount Vernon. * Letter to Randolph ; * To Gouverneur Morris.
CHAPTER EIGHT ~ WASHINGTON QUELLS THE WESTERN INSURRECTION, 1794: Genet\'s operations against Florida and Louisiana. * His recall. * Fauchet succeeds him. * Recall of Gouverneur Morris, and appointment of James Monroe as minister to France. * Discontent of the Kentuckians respecting the free navigation of the Mississippi. * Their remonstrance. * Answer of Congress. * Projected expedition against New Orleans. * Action of the government * Wayne posted at Fort Massac to intercept the expedition. * Wayne\'s operations against the Indians. * Conduct of the governor of Upper Canada. * British post established on the Miami of the lakes. * Advance of Wayne. * Battle of the Miami and defeat of the Indians. * Good effects of this victory. * Resistance to the laws in western Pennsylvania. * Attack on the marshal of the United States ; * On the Inspector. * These officers driven out of the district. * The insurgents rob the mail, and banish certain friends of order from Pittsburg. * Washington receives intelligence of these proceedings, and prepares to call out the militia to suppress the insurrection by force of arms. * Cabinet council called. * Force of the insurgents. * Washington calls on four States for militia. * Commissioners sent to treat with the insurgents. * Unsuccessful. * Washington issues a proclamation expressing his determination to quell the insurrection. * The army formed in two divisions. * Washington inspects the army. * The army marches into the disturbed districts, and restores order without the effusion of blood. * Washington\'s views respecting the insurrection, as given in his letter to Jay. * His graphic account of the volunteers. * Effect of the suppression of the insurrection. * Its connection with the democratic clubs.
CHAPTER NINE ~ WASHINGTON SIGNS JAY’S TREATY, 1794-1795: Meeting of Congress. * Washington\'s speech. * Answers of the two houses. * Triumph of the opposition party in the House of Representatives. * Fall of the democratic clubs. * Bills relating to the western insurrection passed. * Bill for the gradual redemption of the public debt. * Hamilton\'s report. * His resignation. * Oliver Wolcott appointed to succeed him. * Congress adjourns. * Resignation of General Knox, secretary of war. * Colonel Pickering appointed to succeed him. * Jay\'s treaty received and examined by Washington. * He determines to sign it, if ratified by the Senate. * His reasons for this course. * He convenes the Senate, who ratify the treaty conditionally. * Washington embarrassed by the condition. * News received of the British order in council to seize provisions destined for French ports in neutral ships. * Washington directs a remonstrance against this order to be prepared ; and goes to Mount Vernon. * The treaty published. * Great political excitement. * Public meetings and remonstrances against Washington\'s signing the treaty. * Washington\'s letters to Randolph on the subject. * His reply to the select-men of Boston. * He returns to Philadelphia, calls a cabinet meeting, and signs the treaty. * Reasons for this course. * Washington\'s letter to Knox. * Violent denunciations of the treaty and censures of .Washington. * He is charged with peculation. * Charge disproved. * Indignation of the people. * Changes in Washington\'s cabinet. * Randolph\'s resignation. * His attack on Washington. * Washington\'s candor and magnanimity towards him. * Colonel Pickering appointed secretary of state. * Death of Bradford, attorney-general. * Charles Lee succeeds him. * Wayne\'s treaty with the Indians. * Treaty with Spain. * Treaty with Algiers. * Washington visits Mount Vernon.
CHAPTER TEN ~ WASHINGTON MAINTAINS THE TREATY-MAKING POWER OF THE EXECUTIVE, 1795-96: Meeting of Congress. * Washington\'s opening speech. * Answers of the Senate and House of Representatives. * Modification of the latter. * Affairs with France. * Mr. Monroe\'s reception. * Presentation of the Flag. * Arrival of Adet. * His reception and speech. * Washington\'s answer. * Papers and colors transmitted to Congress. * Proceedings thereon. * Ratification of the treaty by Great Britain announced by Washington. * His proclamation. * Livingston moves a call for the papers relating to the treaty. * Debate. * Resolution carried authorizing a call for the papers. * Washington\'s answer. * Great sensation in the House. * Mr. Sedgwick\'s motion respecting four treaties. * British treaty taken up again. * Long debates. * Fisher Ames\'s speech. * Passage of the laws for giving effect to the British treaty. * Other acts of Congress passed during this session. * Congress adjourns. * Washington\'s letter to Thomas Pinckney. * Rufus King appointed successor to Pinckney. * Washington goes to Mount Vernon. * His letter to Jefferson. * The forged letters revived and made the subject of abuse against Washington. * Conduct of the opposition. * Adet\'s comments on Jay\'s treaty. * Conduct of Mr. Monroe in France. * He is recalled, and General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney is appointed his successor. * Washington\'s letter to James McHenry. * His economy of the public money.
CHAPTER ELEVEN ~ WASHINGTON RETIRES FROM THE PRESIDENCY, 1796-97: Washington\'s determination to retire from office. * His declaration of his purpose deferred through the influence of Hamilton and others. * Anxiety of the people. * Their determination to re-elect him. * His Farewell Address published. * Its reception by the people and the legislatures of the States. * John Adams and Thomas Pinckney candidates for president and vice-president. * State of parties. * Impertinent interference of Adet. * Resented by the people. * Meeting of Congress. * Washington\'s opening speech. * Answer of the Senate. * Of the House. * Giles\'s proposition to modify it rejected. * Message on relations with France. * Measures recommended by Washington not adopted. * Election of Adams as president and Jefferson as vice-president. * Washington\'s letter to Knox. * Anecdote by Bishop White. * Washington\'s parting levee. * His relations with his cabinet. * His presents to his friends. * Anecdote of Mrs. Washington and Mrs. Wolcott. * Inauguration of Adams. * His address. Grand dinner to Washington by the citizens of Philadelphia. * Washington retires to Mount Vernon. * Marshall\'s review of his administration. * Washington\'s letters to McHenry and Wolcott, describing his pursuits at Mount Vernon. * His letter to Erskine. * His correspondence with the Earl of Radnor. * Charles James Fox\'s opinion of Washington.
CHAPTER TWELVE ~ WASHINGTON APPOINTED LIEUTENANT-GENERAL, 1797-98: Residence of Lafayette\'s son in Washington\'s family. * Proceedings of Congress in relation to Lafayette\'s son. * His departure for Europe. * Washington\'s letter to Lafayette. * Washington\'s attention to political affairs during his retirement. * Conduct of the French Directory. * Their treatment of General Pinckney. * Their insults to the American government. * Their hostile aggressions on American commerce. * President Adams calls a, special session of Congress. * His opening speech. * Answer of Congress debated. * Federal party still in the ascendant. * Three envoys sent to France. * Their treatment by Talleyrand. * Failure and return of the mission. * Preparations for war. * The army. * All parties desirous that Washington should command it. * His views. * Hamilton\'s letter. * Washington\'s reply. * President Adams\'s letter to him. * McHenry\'s letter. * Washington\'s answer to Adams\'s letter. His letter to the secretary of war. * Washington appointed lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief. * Mr. McHenry sent to Mount Vernon with the commission. * President Adams\'s letter. * Washington\'s consultation with McHenry. * His letter to Adams. * Officers named by Washington for the chief appointments in the army. * Washington\'s faithful attention to the duties of his office. * His correspondence on military affairs at this time. * Naval warfare. * Navy department created. * Truxtun\'s victories. * Overtures of Talleyrand for peace. * President Adams sends the third mission to France. * Its success. * Peace.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN ~ LAST ILLNESS, DEATH, AND CHARACTER OF WASHINGTON, 1799: Washington in superintending the affairs of his estate, is exposed to a severe storm and takes a cold. * He makes light of it, and is attacked with a severe inflammation of the throat. * Detailed account of his illness and death by Mr. Lear, his secretary. * Washington\'s noble conduct in the last trying hours of his life. * His death. * Burial in the family vault at Mount Vernon. * Universal mourning. * Funeral honors throughout the country. * Proceedings of Congress. * Speech of John Marshall. * Resolutions of the House of Representatives. * Address of the Senate to the president. * His answer. * Eesolutions of both houses. * Funeral honors by Congress and by the people. * President\'s letter to Mrs. Washington. * Her reply. * Honors paid to Washington\'s memory in France and England. * Character of Washington as drawn by Judge Marshall ; * By Jefferson ; * By Fisher Ames.
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LIFE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON 1857 Revolutionary War AMERICAN REVOLUTION President:
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