Rare Autographed Signed Color Photo of YASSIR ARAFAT - guaranteed authentic

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Rare Autographed Signed Color Photo of YASSIR ARAFAT - guaranteed authentic:
$490.00

Rare signed photograph of YASSER ARAFAT, chairman of the PLO, in black ink on colour photograph, in its presentation folder. Very clear signature and very good contrast.

Provided with secretarial letter signed by Dr Sami Musallam, Director of the Chairman’s Office, dated Oct 1, 1988, on PLO letterhead. Also comes with original envelope.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات‎‎‎; 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known asYasser Arafat(Arabic:ياسر عرفات‎‎,Yāsir `Arafāt) or by hiskunyaAbu Ammar(Arabic:أبو عمار‎‎,\'Abū `Ammār), was aPalestinianleader. He wasChairmanof thePalestine Liberation Organization(PLO),Presidentof thePalestinian National Authority(PNA),[3]and leader of theFatahpolitical party and former paramilitary group, which he founded in 1959.[4]Originally opposed to Israel\'s existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he acceptedUN Security Council Resolution 242. Arafat and his movement operated from several Arab countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Fatah faced off withJordanin a brief civil war. Forced out of Jordan and intoLebanon, Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel\'s 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country.

Later in his career, Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the government of Israel to end the decades-long conflict between it and the PLO. These included theMadrid Conference of 1991, the 1993Oslo Accordsand the2000 Camp David Summit. His political rivals, includingIslamistsand several PLOleftists, often denounced him for being corrupt or too submissive in his concessions to the Israeli government. In 1994 Arafat received theNobel Peace Prize, together withYitzhak RabinandShimon Peres, for the negotiations at Oslo. During this time,Hamasand other militant organizations rose to power and shook the foundations of the authority that Fatah under Arafat had established in thePalestinian territories. In late 2004, after effectively being confined withinhis Ramallah compoundfor over two years by the Israeli army, Arafat became ill, fell into a coma and died on 11 November 2004 at the age of 75. While thecause of Arafat\'s deathhas remained the subject of speculation, investigations by Russian and French teams determined no foul play was involved.[5][6][7]

Arafat remains a controversial figure. The majority of the Palestinian people view him as a heroic freedom fighter and martyr who symbolized the national aspirations of his people, while most Israelis[8][9]came to regard him as an unrepentant terrorist.[10][11]

Contents

1Early life
- 1.1Birth and childhood
- 1.2Education
- 1.3Marriage
- 1.4Name
2Rise of Fatah
- 2.1Founding of Fatah
- 2.2Leader of the Palestinians
- 2.3Battle of Karameh
3Confrontation with Jordan
4Headquarters in Lebanon
- 4.1Official recognition
- 4.2Fatah involvement in Lebanese Civil War
5Headquarters in Tunisia
- 5.1First Intifada
- 5.2Change in direction
6Palestinian Authority and peace negotiations
- 6.1Oslo Accords
- 6.2Establishing authority in the territories
- 6.3Other peace agreements
7Political survival
- 7.1Relations with Hamas and other militant groups
- 7.2Attempts to marginalize
8Financial dealings
9Illness and death
- 9.1Funeral
- 9.2Theories about the cause of death
10See also
11Notes and references
12Further reading
13External links

Early lifeBirth and childhood

Arafat was born inCairo, Egypt.[12]His father, Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, was a Palestinian fromGaza City, whose mother, Yasser\'s paternal grandmother, wasEgyptian. Arafat\'s father battled in the Egyptian courts for 25 years to claim family land in Egypt as part of his inheritance but was unsuccessful.[13]He worked as a textile merchant in Cairo\'s religiously mixedSakakini District. Arafat was the second-youngest of seven children and was, along with his younger brotherFathi, the only offspring born in Cairo. His mother, Zahwa Abul Saud, was from aJerusalem-based family. She died from a kidney ailment in 1933, when Arafat was four years of age.[14]

Arafat\'s first visit to Jerusalem came when his father, unable to raise seven children alone, sent him and his brother Fathi to their mother\'s family in theMoroccan Quarterof theOld City. They lived there with their uncle Salim Abul Saud for four years. In 1937, their father recalled them to be taken care of by their older sister, Inam. Arafat had a deteriorating relationship with his father; when he died in 1952, Arafat did not attend the funeral, nor did he visit his father\'s grave upon his return to Gaza. Arafat\'s sister Inam stated in an interview with Arafat\'s biographer, British historian Alan Hart, that Arafat was heavily beaten by his father for going to the Jewish quarter in Cairo and attending religious services. When she asked Arafat why he would not stop going, he responded by saying that he wanted to study Jewish mentality.[14]

Education

In 1944, Arafat enrolled in theUniversity of King Fuad Iand graduated in 1950.[14]At university, he engaged Jews in discussion and read publications byTheodor Herzland other prominent Zionists.[15]By 1946 he was anArab nationalistand began procuring weapons to be smuggled into the formerBritish Mandate of Palestine, for use byirregularsin theArab Higher Committeeand theArmy of the Holy Warmilitias.[16]

During the1948 Arab–Israeli War, Arafat left the University and, along with other Arabs, sought to enterPalestineto join Arab forces fighting againstIsraeli troopsand the creation of the state of Israel. However, instead of joining the ranks of thePalestinian fedayeen, Arafat fought alongside theMuslim Brotherhood, although he did not join the organization. He took part in combat in the Gaza area (which was the main battleground ofEgyptian forcesduring the conflict). In early 1949, the war was winding down in Israel\'s favor, and Arafat returned to Cairo from a lack of logistical support.[14]

After returning to the University, Arafat studiedcivil engineeringand served as president of theGeneral Union of Palestinian Students(GUPS) from 1952 to 1956. During his first year as president of the union, the University was renamed Cairo University after acoupwas carried out by theFree Officers MovementoverthrowingKing Farouk I. By that time, Arafat had graduated with a bachelor\'s degree in civil engineering and was called to duty to fight with Egyptian forces during theSuez Crisis; however, he never actually fought.[14]Later that year, at a conference inPrague, he donned a solid whitekeffiyeh–different from the fishnet-patterned one he adopted later inKuwait, which was to become his emblem.[17]

Marriage

In 1990, Arafat marriedSuha Tawil, aPalestinian Christianwhen he was 61 and Suha, 27. Before their marriage, she was working as a secretary for Arafat in Tunis after her mother introduced her to him in France.[18][19]Prior to Arafat\'s marriage, he adopted fifty Palestinianwar orphans.[20]

During her marriage, Suha tried to leave Arafat on many occasions, but was not permitted to by her husband.[21]She views her marriage to Arafat as a mistake.[21]Suha said she regrets the marriage and given the choice again, would not have wed him.[22]

On 24 July 1995, Arafat\'s wife Suha gave birth to a daughter inNeuilly-sur-Seine, France.[23]She was named Zahwa after Arafat\'s deceased mother.[19]

Name

Arafat\'s full name was Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa. Mohammed Abdel Rahman was his first name, Abdel Raouf was his father\'s name and Arafat his grandfather\'s.Al-Qudwawas the name of his tribe and al-Husseini was that of the clan to which the al-Qudwas belonged. The al-Husseini clan was based in Gaza and is not related to the well-knownal-Husayniclan of Jerusalem.[14]

Since Arafat was raised in Cairo, the tradition of dropping the Mohammed or Ahmad portion of one\'s first name was common; notable Egyptians such asAnwar SadatandHosni Mubarakdid so. However, Arafat also dropped Abdel Rahman and Abdel Raouf from his name as well. During the early 1950s, Arafat adopted the name Yasser, and in the early years of Arafat\'s guerrilla career, he assumed thenom de guerreof Abu Ammar. Both names are related toAmmar ibn Yasir, one ofMuhammad\'s earlycompanions. Although he dropped most of his inherited names, he retained Arafat due to itssignificance in Islam.[14]

Rise of FatahFounding of Fatah

Following theSuez Crisisin 1956, Egyptian presidentGamal Abdel Nasseragreed to allow theUnited Nations Emergency Forceto establish itself in theSinai PeninsulaandGaza Strip, precipitating the expulsion of allguerrillaor \"fedayeen\" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and laterSaudi Arabia, but was unsuccessful in both attempts.[14]In 1957, he applied for a visa toKuwait(at the time a British protectorate) and was approved, based on his work in civil engineering. There he encountered two Palestinian friends:Salah Khalaf(\"Abu Iyad\") andKhalil al-Wazir(\"Abu Jihad\"), both official members of theEgyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza. Both would later become Arafat\'s top aides. Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960; Abu Jihad, also working as a teacher, had already been living there since 1959.[24]After settling in Kuwait, Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher.[25]

As Arafat began to develop friendships with Palestinian refugees (some of whom he knew from his Cairo days), he and the others gradually founded the group that became known asFatah. The exact date for the establishment of Fatah is unknown. In 1959, the group\'s existence was attested to in the pages of a Palestinian nationalist magazine,Filastununa Nida al-Hayat(Our Palestine, The Call of Life), which was written and edited by Abu Jihad.[4]FaTaH is areverse acronymof the Arabic nameHarakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastiniwhich translates into \"The Palestinian National Liberation Movement\".[25][26]\"Fatah\" is also a word that was used in earlyIslamic timesto refer to \"conquest.\"[25]

Fatah dedicated itself to the liberation of Palestine by an armed struggle carried out by Palestinians themselves. This differed from other Palestinian political and guerrilla organizations, most of which firmly believed in a united Arab response.[25][27]Arafat\'s organization never embraced the ideologies of the major Arab governments of the time, in contrast to other Palestinian factions, which often became satellites of nations such as Egypt,Iraq, Saudi Arabia,Syriaand others.[28]

In accordance with his ideology, Arafat generally refused to accept donations to his organization from major Arab governments, in order to act independently of them. He did not want to alienate them, and sought their undivided support by avoiding ideological alliances. However, to establish the groundwork for Fatah\'s future financial support, he enlisted contributions from the many wealthy Palestinians working in Kuwait and otherArab states of the Persian Gulf, such asQatar(where he metMahmoud Abbasin 1961).[29]These businessmen and oil workers contributed generously to the Fatah organization. Arafat continued this process in other Arab countries, such asLibyaand Syria.[25]

In 1962, Arafat and his closest companions migrated to Syria—a country sharing a border with Israel—which had recently seceded from itsunion with Egypt. Fatah had approximately three hundred members by this time, but none were fighters.[25]In Syria, he managed to recruit members by offering them higher incomes to enable his armed attacks against Israel. Fatah\'s manpower was incremented further after Arafat decided to offer new recruits much higher salaries than members of thePalestine Liberation Army(PLA), the regular military force of thePalestine Liberation Organization(PLO), which was created by theArab Leaguein 1964. On 31 December, a squad fromal-Assifa, Fatah\'s armed wing, attempted to infiltrate Israel, but they were intercepted and detained byLebanesesecurity forces. Several other raids with Fatah\'s poorly trained and badly-equipped fighters followed this incident. Some were successful, others failed in their missions. Arafat often led these incursions personally.[25]

Arafat was detained in Syria\'sMezzeh Prisonwhen a Palestinian Syrian Army officer,Yusef Urabi, was killed. Urabi had been chairing a meeting to ease tensions between Arafat andPalestinian Liberation FrontleaderAhmed Jibril, but neither Arafat nor Jibril attended, delegating representatives to attend on their behalf. Urabi was killed during or after the meeting amid disputed circumstances. On the orders of Defense MinisterHafez al-Assad, a close friend of Urabi, Arafat was subsequently arrested, found guilty by a three-man jury and sentenced to death. However, he and his colleagues were pardoned by PresidentSalah Jadidshortly after the verdict.[30]The incident brought Assad and Arafat to unpleasant terms, which would surface later when Assad became President of Syria.[25]

Leader of the Palestinians

On 13 November 1966, Israel launched a major raid against theJordanianadministeredWest Banktown ofas-Samu, in response to a Fatah-implemented roadside bomb attack which had killed three members of theIsraeli security forcesnear the southernGreen Lineborder. In the resulting skirmish, scores of Jordanian security forces were killed and 125 homes razed. This raid was one of several factors that led to the 1967Six-Day War.[31]

The Six-Day war began when Israel launched air strikes againstEgypt\'s air forceon 5 June 1967. The war ended in an Arab defeat and Israel\'s occupation of several Arab territories, including the West Bank andGaza Strip. Although Nasser and his Arab allies had been defeated, Arafat and Fatah could claim a victory, in that the majority of Palestinians, who had up to that time tended to align and sympathize with individual Arab governments, now began to agree that a \'Palestinian\' solution to their dilemma was indispensable.[32]Many primarily Palestinian political parties, includingGeorge Habash\'sArab Nationalist Movement,Hajj Amin al-Husseini\'sArab Higher Committee, theIslamic Liberation Frontand several Syrian-backed groups, virtually crumbled after their sponsor governments\' defeat. Barely a week after the defeat, Arafat crossed theJordan Riverin disguise and entered the West Bank, where he set up recruitment centers inHebron, theJerusalemarea andNablus, and began attracting both fighters and financiers for his cause.[32]

At the same time, Nasser contacted Arafat through the former\'s adviserMohammed Heikaland Arafat was declared by Nasser to be the \"leader of the Palestinians.\"[33]In December 1967Ahmad Shukeiriresigned his post asPLO Chairman.Yahya Hammudatook his place and invited Arafat to join the organization. Fatah was allocated 33 of 105 seats of thePLO Executive Committeewhile 57 seats were left for several otherguerrillafactions.[32]

Battle of KaramehMain article:Battle of Karameh

Throughout 1968, Fatah and other Palestinian armed groups were the target of a major Israeli army operation in the Jordanian village ofKarameh, where the Fatah headquarters—as well as a mid-sizedPalestinian refugee camp—were located. The town\'s name is theArabicword for \'dignity\', which elevated itssymbolismin the eyes of theArab people, especially after the collective Arab defeat in 1967. The operation was in response to attacks, including rockets strikes from Fatah and other Palestinian militias, within the Israeli-occupied West Bank. According toSaid Aburish, the government of Jordan and a number of Fatah commandos informed Arafat that large-scale Israeli military preparations for an attack on the town were underway, prompting fedayeen groups, such as George Habash\'s newly formedPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine(PFLP) andNayef Hawatmeh\'s breakaway organization theDemocratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine(DFLP), to withdraw their forces from the town. Though advised by a sympatheticJordanian Armydivisional commander to withdraw his men and headquarters to the nearby hills, Arafat refused,[32]stating, \"We want to convince the world that there are those in the Arab world who will not withdraw or flee.\"[34]Aburish writes that it was on Arafat\'s orders that Fatah remained, and that the Jordanian Army agreed to back them if heavy fighting ensued.[32]

In response to persistent PLO raids against Israeli civilian targets, Israelattacksthe town ofKarameh, Jordan, the site of a major PLO camp. The goal of the invasion was to destroy Karameh camp and capture Yasser Arafat in reprisal for the attacks by the PLO against Israeli civilians, which culminated in an Israeli school bus hitting a mine in the Negev.[35]However, plans for the two operations were prepared in 1967, one year before the bus incident.[36]When Jordan saw the size of the raiding forces entering the battle it was lead to the assumption that Israel had another goal of capturingBalqa Governorateto create aGolan Heightssimilar situation.[37][38]Israel assumed that the Jordanian Army would ignore the invasion, but the latter fought alongside thePalestiniansand opened heavy fire that inflicted losses upon the Israeli forces.[39]This engagement marked the first known deployment of suicide bombers by Palestinian forces.[40]The Israelis were repelled at the end of a day\'s battle, having destroyed most of the Karameh camp and taken around 141 PLO prisoners.[41]Both sides declared victory. On a tactical level, the battle went in Israel\'s favor[42]and the destruction of the Karameh camp was achieved.[43]However, the relatively high casualties were a considerable surprise for the Israel Defense Forces and was stunning to the Israelis.[44]Although the Palestinians were not victorious on their own, King Hussein let the Palestinians take credit.[44][45][46]Some have alleged that Arafat himself was on the battlefield, but the details of his involvement are unclear. However, his allies–as well asIsraeli intelligence–confirm that he urged his men throughout the battle to hold their ground and continue fighting.[47]

The battle was covered in detail byTime, and Arafat\'s face appeared on the cover of the 13 December 1968 issue, bringing his image to the world for the first time.[48]Amid the post-war Environment, the profiles of Arafat and Fatah were raised by this important turning point, and he came to be regarded as a national hero who dared to confront Israel. With mass applause from theArab world, financial donations increased significantly, and Fatah\'s weaponry and equipment improved. The group\'s numbers swelled as many young Arabs, including thousands of non-Palestinians, joined the ranks of Fatah.[49]

When thePalestinian National Council(PNC) convened in Cairo on 3 February 1969, Yahya Hammuda stepped down from his chairmanship of the PLO. Arafat was elected chairman on 4 February.[50][51]He becameCommander-in-Chiefof the Palestinian Revolutionary Forces two years later, and in 1973, became the head of the PLO\'s political department.[32]

Confrontation with JordanSee also:Black September in JordanArafat withDemocratic Front for the Liberation of Palestineleader,Nayef Hawatmehand Palestinian writerKamal Nasserat press conference inAmman, 1970

In the late 1960s, tensions between Palestinians and the Jordanian government increased greatly; heavily armed Palestinian elements had created a virtual \"state within a state\" in Jordan, eventually controlling several strategic positions in that country. After their proclaimed victory in the Battle of Karameh, Fatah and other Palestinian militias began taking control of civil life in Jordan. They set up roadblocks, publicly humiliated Jordanian police forces, molested women and levied illegal taxes—all of which Arafat either condoned or ignored.[34]King Husseinconsidered this a growing threat to his kingdom\'s sovereignty and security, and attempted to disarm the militias. However, in order to avoid a military confrontation with opposition forces, Hussein dismissed several of his anti-PLO cabinet officials, including some of his own family members, and invited Arafat to becomePrime Minister of Jordan. Arafat refused, citing his belief in the need for aPalestinian statewith Palestinian leadership.[52]

Despite Hussein\'s intervention, militant actions in Jordan continued. On 15 September 1970, thePFLPhijacked five planes and landed three of them atDawson\'s Field, located 30 miles (48km) east ofAmman. After the passengers were moved to other locations, three of the planes were blown up. This tarnished Arafat\'s image in many western nations, including the United States, who held him responsible for controlling Palestinian factions that belonged to the PLO. Arafat, bowing to pressure from Arab governments, publicly condemned the hijackings and suspended the PFLP from any guerrilla actions for a few weeks. He had taken the same action after the PFLP attackedAthens Airport. The Jordanian government moved to regain control over its territory, and the next day, King Hussein declaredmartial law.[52]On the same day, Arafat became supreme commander of the PLA.[53]

Egyptian PresidentGamal Abdel Nasser(center) mediating an agreement between Arafat and JordanianKing Husseinto end to theBlack Septemberconflict, during theemergency Arab League summit, September 1970

As the conflict raged, other Arab governments attempted to negotiate a peaceful resolution. As part of this effort, Gamal Abdel Nasser led the first emergencyArab League summit in Cairoon 21 September. Arafat\'s speech drew sympathy from attending Arab leaders. Other heads of state took sides against Hussein, among themMuammar Gaddafi, who mocked him and his schizophrenic fatherKing Talal. A ceasefire was agreed upon between the two sides, but Nasser died of a massive heart attack hours after the summit, and the conflict resumed shortly afterward.[52]

By 25 September, the Jordanian army achieved dominance, and two days later Arafat and Hussein agreed to a ceasefire in Amman. The Jordanian army inflicted heavy casualties on the Palestinians—including civilians—who suffered approximately 3,500 fatalities.[53]After repeated violations of the ceasefire from both the PLO and the Jordanian Army, Arafat called for King Hussein to be toppled. Responding to the threat, in June 1971, Hussein ordered his forces to oust all remaining Palestinian fighters in northern Jordan, which they accomplished. Arafat and a number of his forces, including two high-ranking commanders,Abu IyadandAbu Jihad, were forced into the northern corner of Jordan. They relocated near the town ofJerash, near the border with Syria. With the help ofMunib Masri, a pro-Palestinian Jordanian cabinet member, andFahd al-Khomeimi, the Saudi ambassador to Jordan, Arafat managed to enter Syria with nearly two thousand of his fighters. However, due to the hostility of relations between Arafat and Syrian PresidentHafez al-Assad(who had since ousted PresidentSalah Jadid), the Palestinian fighters crossed the border into Lebanon to join PLO forces in that country, where they set up their new headquarters.[54]

Headquarters in LebanonOfficial recognitionYasser Arafat visits East Germany in 1971; background:Brandenburg Gate

Because of Lebanon\'s weak central government, the PLO was able to operate virtually as an independent state. During this time in the 1970s, numerousleftistPLO groups took up arms against Israel, carrying out attacks against civilians as well as military targets within Israel and outside of it.

Two major incidents occurred in 1972. The Fatah subgroupBlack SeptemberhijackedSabena Flight 572en route toViennaand forced it to land at theBen Gurion International AirportinLod, Israel.[55]The PFLP and theJapanese Red Armycarried out ashooting rampage at the same airport, killing twenty-four civilians.[55][56]Israel later claimed that the assassination of PFLP spokesmanGhassan Kanafaniwas a response to the PFLP\'s involvement in masterminding the latter attack. Two days later, various PLO factions retaliated by bombing a bus station, killing eleven civilians.[55]

At theMunich Olympic Games, Black September kidnapped and killed eleven Israeli athletes.[57]A number of sources, includingMohammed Oudeh(Abu Daoud), one of the masterminds of theMunich massacre, andBenny Morris, a prominent Israeli historian, have stated that Black September was an armed branch of Fatah used for paramilitary operations. According to Abu Daoud\'s 1999 book, \"Arafat was briefed on plans for the Munich hostage-taking.\"[58]The killings were internationally condemned. In 1973–74, Arafat closed Black September down, ordering the PLO to withdraw from acts of violence outside Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[59]

In 1974, the PNC approved theTen Point Program(drawn up by Arafat and his advisers), and proposed a compromise with the Israelis. It called for a Palestinian national authority over every part of \"liberated\" Palestinian territory,[60]which refers to areas captured by Arab forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War (present-day West Bank,East Jerusalemand Gaza Strip). This caused discontent among several of the PLO factions; the PFLP, DFLP and other parties formed a breakaway organization, theRejectionist Front.[61]

Israel and the US have alleged also that Arafat was involved in the1973 Khartoum diplomatic assassinations, in which five diplomats and five others were killed. A 1973United States Department of Statedocument, declassified in 2006, concluded \"The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat.\"[62][63]Arafat denied any involvement in the operation and insisted it was carried out independently by the Black September group. Israel claimed that Arafat was in ultimate control over these organizations and therefore had not abandoned terrorism.[64]

In addition, some circles within the US State Department viewed Arafat as an able diplomat and negotiator who could get support from many Arab governments at once. An example of that, we find in March 1973 that Arafat tried to arrange for a meeting between the President of Iraq and the Emir of Kuwait in order to resolve their disputes.[65]

Also in 1974, the PLO was declared the \"sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people\" and admitted to full membership of the Arab League at theRabat Summit.[61]Arafat became the first representative of a non-governmental organization to address aplenary sessionof theUN General Assembly. In his United Nations address, Arafat condemned Zionism, but said, \"Today I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighter\'s gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand.\"[66]He wore aholsterthroughout his speech, although it did not contain a gun.[67][68]His speech increased international sympathy for the Palestinian cause.[61]

Following recognition, Arafat established relationships with a variety of world leaders, includingSaddam HusseinandIdi Amin. Arafat was Amin\'s best man at his wedding inUgandain 1975.[69][70]

Fatah involvement in Lebanese Civil WarSee also:Lebanese Civil WarArafat in a Palestinian refugee camp inSouthern Lebanon, 1978

Although hesitant at first to take sides in the conflict, Arafat and Fatah played an important role in theLebanese Civil War. Succumbing to pressure from PLO sub-groups such as the PFLP, DFLP and thePalestine Liberation Front(PLF), Arafat aligned the PLO with the Communist andNasseristLebanese National Movement(LNM). The LNM was led byKamal Jumblatt, who had a friendly relationship with Arafat and other PLO leaders. Although originally aligned with Fatah,Syrian PresidentHafez al-Assadfeared a loss of influence in Lebanon and switched sides. He sent his army, along with the Syrian-backed Palestinian factions ofas-Sa\'iqaand thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command(PFLP-GC) led byAhmad Jibrilto fight alongside right-wing Christian forces against the PLO and the LNM. The primary components of the Christian front were thePhalangistsloyal toBachir Gemayeland theTigers Militialed byDany Chamoun, a son of former PresidentCamille Chamoun.[71]

Yasser Arafat withGaddafiin 1977

In February 1975, a pro-Palestinian Lebanese MP,Maarouf Saad, was shot and killed, reportedly by theLebanese Army.[72]His death, from his wounds, the following month, and themassacre in Aprilof that year of 27 Palestinians and Lebanese travelling on a bus fromSabra and Shatilato the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp by Phalangist forces, precipitated the Lebanese Civil War.[73]Arafat was reluctant to respond with force, but many other Fatah and PLO members felt otherwise.[34]For example, the DFLP carried out several attacks against theLebanese Army. In 1976, an alliance of Christian militias with the backing of the Lebanese andSyrianarmies besieged Tel al-Zaatar camp in eastBeirut.[74][75]The PLO and LNM retaliated by attacking the town ofDamour, a Phalangist stronghold where they massacred 684 people and wounded many more.[74][76]TheTel al-Zaatar camp fellto the Christians after a six-month siege in which thousands of Palestinians, mostly civilians, were killed.[77]Arafat and Abu Jihad blamed themselves for not successfully organizing a rescue effort.[71]

PLO cross-border raids against Israel grew during the late 1970s. One of the most severe—known as theCoastal Road massacre—occurred on 11 March 1978. A force of nearly a dozen Fatah fighters landed their boats near a major coastal road connecting the city ofHaifawithTel Aviv-Yafo. There they hijacked a bus and sprayed gunfire inside and at passing vehicles, killing thirty-seven civilians.[78]In response, the IDF launchedOperation Litanithree days later, with the goal of taking control of Southern Lebanon up to theLitani River. The IDF achieved this goal, and Arafat withdrew PLO forces north into Beirut.[79]

Arafat withIranian Prime MinisterMehdi Bazargan, days afterIranian RevolutionArafat with Palestinian poetMahmoud Darwish(center) and PFLP leaderGeorge Habash(right) inSyria, 1980

After Israel withdrew from Lebanon, cross-border hostilities between PLO forces and Israel continued, though from August 1981 to May 1982, the PLO adopted an official policy of refraining from responding to provocations.[80]On 6 June 1982, Israel launched an invasion of Lebanon to expel the PLO from southern Lebanon. Beirut was soon besieged and bombarded by the IDF;[71]Arafat declared the city to be the \"HanoiandStalingradof the Israeli army.\"[71]The Civil War\'s first phase ended and Arafat—who was commanding Fatah forces at Tel al-Zaatar—narrowly escaped with assistance from Saudi and Kuwaiti diplomats.[81]Towards the end of the siege, the US and European governments brokered an agreement guaranteeing safe passage for Arafat and the PLO—guarded by a multinational force of eight hundredUS Marinessupported by theUS Navy—to exile inTunis.[71]

Arafat returned to Lebanon a year after his eviction from Beirut, this time establishing himself in the northern Lebanese city ofTripoli. This time Arafat was expelled by a fellow Palestinian working under Hafez al-Assad. Arafat did not return to Lebanon after his second expulsion, though many Fatah fighters did.[71]

Headquarters in Tunisia

Arafat and Fatah\'s center for operations was based in Tunis, the capital ofTunisia, until 1993. In 1985 Arafat narrowly survived an Israeli assassination attempt whenIsraeli Air ForceF-15sbombed his Tunis headquarters as part ofOperation Wooden Leg, leaving 73 people dead; Arafat had gone out jogging that morning.[82]

First Intifada

During the 1980s, Arafat received financial assistance from Libya, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, which allowed him to reconstruct the badly damaged PLO. This was particularly useful during theFirst Intifadain December 1987, which began as an uprising of Palestinians against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The wordIntifadain Arabic is literally translated as \"tremor\", however, it is generally defined as an uprising or revolt.[83]

The first stage of the Intifada began following an incident at theErez checkpointwhere four Palestinian residents of theJabalya refugee campwere killed in a traffic accident involving an Israeli driver. Rumors spread that the deaths were a deliberate act of revenge for an Israeli shopper that was stabbed to death by a Palestinian in Gaza four days earlier. Mass rioting broke out and within weeks and partly upon consistent requests by Abu Jihad, Arafat attempted to direct the uprising, which lasted until 1992–93. Abu Jihad had previously been assigned the responsibility of the Palestinian territories within the PLO command and according to biographerSaid Aburish, had \"impressive knowledge of local conditions\" in theIsraeli-occupied territories. On 16 April 1988, as the Intifada was raging, Abu Jihad wasassassinated in his Tunis householdby an Israeli hit squad. Arafat had considered Abu Jihad as a PLO counterweight to local Palestinian leadership in the territories, and led a funeral procession for him inDamascus.[83]

The most common tactic used by Palestinians during the Intifada was throwing stones,molotov cocktails, and burning tires.[84]The local leadership in some West Bank towns commenced non-violent protests against Israeli occupation by engaging intax resistanceand other boycotts. Israel responded by confiscating large sums of money in house-to-house raids.[83][85]As the Intifada came to a close, new armed Palestinian groups—in particularHamasand thePalestinian Islamic Jihad(PIJ)—began targeting Israeli civilians with the new tactic ofsuicide bombings, and internal fighting amongst the Palestinians increased dramatically.[83]

Change in direction

In 1970, Arafat declared: \"Our basic aim is to liberate the land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River. We are not concerned with what took place in June 1967 or in eliminating the consequences of the June war. The Palestinian revolution\'s basic concern is the uprooting of the Zionist entity from our land and liberating it.\"[86]However, in early 1976, at a meeting with US SenatorAdlai Stevenson III, Arafat suggested that if Israel withdrew a \"few kilometers\" from parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and transferred responsibility to the UN, Arafat could give \"something to show his people before he could acknowledge Israel\'s right to exist\".[87]

On 15 November 1988, the PLO proclaimed the independentState of Palestine. Though he had frequently been accused of and associated with terrorism,[88][89][90]in speeches on 13 and 14 December Arafat repudiated \'terrorism in all its forms, including state terrorism\'. He acceptedUN Security Council Resolution 242and Israel\'s right \"to exist in peace and security\" and[91][92]Arafat\'s statements were greeted with approval by the US administration, which had long insisted on these statements as a necessary starting point for official discussions between the US and the PLO. These remarks from Arafat indicated a shift away from one of the PLO\'s primary aims—the destruction of Israel (as entailed in thePalestinian National Covenant)–and toward the establishment of two separate entities: an Israeli state within the 1949 armistice lines, and an Arab state in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. On 2 April 1989, Arafat was elected by the Central Council of the Palestine National Council, the governing body of the PLO, to be the president of the proclaimed State of Palestine.[83]

Prior to theGulf Warin 1990–91, when the Intifada\'s intensity began to wear down, Arafat supportedSaddam Hussein\'s invasion ofKuwaitand opposed the US-led coalition attack on Iraq. He made this decision without the consent of other leading members of Fatah and the PLO. Arafat\'s top aide Abu Iyad vowed to stay neutral and opposed an alliance with Saddam; On 17 January 1991, Abu Iyad was assassinated by theAbu Nidal Organization. Arafat\'s decision also severed relations with Egypt and many of the oil-producing Arab states that supported the US-led coalition. Many in the US also used Arafat\'s position as a reason to disregard his claims to being a partner for peace. After the end of hostilities, many Arab states that backed the coalition cut off funds to the PLO and began providing financial support for the organization\'s rival Hamas and other Islamist groups.[83]Arafat narrowly escaped death again on 7 April 1992, when anAir Bissauaircraft he was a passenger on crash-landed in theLibyan Desertduring a sandstorm. Two pilots and an engineer were killed; Arafat was bruised and shaken.[93]

Palestinian Authority and peace negotiationsFurther information:Palestinian views on the peace process §Yasser Arafat and the PLOOslo AccordsYitzhak Rabin,Bill Clinton, and Arafat during theOslo Accordson 13 September 1993Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat receiving the Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords

In the early 1990s, Arafat and leading Fatah officials engaged the Israeli government in a series of secret talks and negotiations that led to the1993 Oslo Accords.[64][94]The agreement called for the implementation of Palestinian self-rule in portions of the West Bank and Gaza Strip over a five-year period, along with an immediate halt to and gradual removal of Israeli settlements in those areas. The accords called for a Palestinian police force to be formed from local recruits and Palestinians abroad, to patrol areas of self-rule. Authority over the various fields of rule, including education and culture,social welfare,direct taxationand tourism, would be transferred to the Palestinian interim government. Both parties agreed also on forming a committee that would establish cooperation and coordination dealing with specific economic sectors, including utilities, industry, trade and communication.[95]

Prior to signing the accords, Arafat—as Chairman of the PLO and its official representative—signed two letters renouncing violence and officially recognizing Israel. In return, Prime MinisterYitzhak Rabin, on behalf of Israel, officially recognized the PLO.[96]The following year, Arafat and Rabin were awarded theNobel Peace Prize, along withShimon Peres.[97]The Palestinian reaction was mixed. TheRejectionist Frontof the PLO allied itself with Islamists in a common opposition against the agreements. It was rejected also byPalestinian refugeesin Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan as well as by many Palestinian intellectuals and the local leadership of the Palestinian territories. However, the inhabitants of the territories generally accepted the agreements and Arafat\'s promise for peace and economic well-being.[98]

Establishing authority in the territories

In accordance with the terms of the Oslo agreement, Arafat was required to implement PLO authority in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. He insisted that financial support was imperative to establishing this authority and needed it to secure the acceptance of the agreements by the Palestinians living in those areas. However,Arab states of the Persian Gulf—Arafat\'s usual source for financial backing—still refused to provide him and the PLO with any major donations because for siding with Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War.[98]Ahmed Qurei—a key Fatah negotiator during the negotiations in Oslo—publicly announced that the PLO was bankrupt.[99]

In 1994, Arafat moved toGaza City, which was controlled by thePalestinian National Authority(PNA)—the provisional entity created by the Oslo Accords.[97]Arafat became thePresidentandPrime Ministerof the PNA, the Commander of thePLAand theSpeakerof thePLC. In July, after the PNA was declared the official government of the Palestinians, theBasic Laws of the Palestinian National Authoritywas published,[100]in three different versions by the PLO. Arafat proceeded with creating a structure for the PNA. He established anexecutive committeeor cabinet composed of twenty members. Arafat also replaced and assigned mayors and city councils for major cities such as Gaza andNablus. He began subordinating non-governmental organizations that worked in education, health, and social affairs under his authority by replacing their elected leaders and directors with PNA officials loyal to him. He then appointed himself chairman of the Palestinian financial organization that was created by theWorld Bankto control most aid money towards helping the new Palestinian entity.[98]

Arafat established a Palestinian police force, named thePreventive Security Service(PSS), that became active on 13 May. It was mainly composed of PLA soldiers and foreign Palestinian volunteers. Arafat assignedMohammed DahlanandJibril Rajoubto head the PSS.[98]Amnesty Internationalaccused Arafat and the PNA leadership for failing to adequately investigate abuses by the PSS (including torture and unlawful killings) of political opponents and dissidents as well as the arrests of human rights activists.[101]

Throughout November and December 1995, Arafat toured dozens of Palestinian cities and towns that were evacuated by Israeli forces includingJenin, Ramallah,al-Bireh, Nablus,QalqilyahandTulkarm, declaring them \"liberated\". The PNA also gained control of the West Bank\'spostal serviceduring this period.[102]On 20 January 1996, Arafat was elected president of the PNA, with an overwhelming 88.2 percent majority (the other candidate was charity organizerSamiha Khalil). However, becauseHamas, the DFLP and other popular opposition movements chose to boycott the presidential elections, the choices were limited. Arafat\'s landslide victory guaranteed Fatah 51 of the 88 seats in the PLC. After Arafat was elected to the post of President of the PNA, he was often referred to as theRa\'is, (literally president in Arabic), although he spoke of himself as \"the general\".[103]In 1997, the PLC accused the executive branch of the PNA of financial mismanagement causing the resignation of four members of Arafat\'s cabinet. Arafat refused to resign his post.[104]

Other peace agreementsArafat with PNA cabinet membersYasser Abed Rabbo(left) andNabil Shaath(right) at a meeting inCopenhagen, 1999

In mid-1996,Benjamin NetanyahuwaselectedPrime Minister of Israel. Palestinian-Israeli relations grew even more hostile as a result of continued conflict.[105]Despite the Israel-PLO accord, Netanyahu opposed the idea of Palestinian statehood.[106]In 1998, US PresidentBill Clintonpersuaded the two leaders to meet. The resultingWye River Memorandumdetailed the steps to be taken by the Israeli government and PNA to complete the peace process.[107]

Arafat withEhud Barakand Bill Clinton atCamp David Summit, 2000

Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu\'s successor,Ehud Barak, at theCamp David 2000 Summitin July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftistLabor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from therightistLikudParty) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over theTemple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem\'s four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak\'s offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer.[94]He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"[108]

After the September 2000 outbreak of theSecond Intifada, negotiations continued at theTaba summitin January 2001; this time, Ehud Barak pulled out of the talks to campaign in the Israeli elections. In October and December 2001, suicide bombings by Palestinian militant groups increased and Israeli counter strikes intensified. Following the election ofAriel Sharonin February, the peace process took a steep downfall. Palestinian elections scheduled for January 2002 were postponed—the stated reason was an inability to campaign due to the emergency conditions imposed by the Intifada, as well as IDF incursions and restrictions onfreedom of movementin the Palestinian territories. In the same month, Sharon ordered Arafat to be confined to hisMukata\'aheadquarters inRamallah, following an attack in the Israeli city ofHadera;[108]US PresidentGeorge W. Bushsupported Sharon\'s action, claiming that Arafat was \"an obstacle to the peace.\"[109]

Political survivalPlay mediaFootage of Arafat speaking and meeting international leaders

Arafat\'s long personal and political survival was taken by most Western commentators as a sign of his mastery ofasymmetric warfareand his skill as a tactician, given the extremely dangerous nature of politics of the Middle East and the frequency of assassinations.[110]Some commentators believe his survival was largely due to Israel\'s fear that he could become amartyrfor the Palestinian cause if he were assassinated or even arrested by Israel.[111]Others believe that Israel refrained from taking action against Arafat because it feared Arafat less thanHamasand the other Islamist movements gaining support over Fatah. The complex and fragile web of relations between the US, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab states contributed also to Arafat\'s longevity as the leader of the Palestinians.[110]

Israel attempted to assassinate Arafat on a number of occasions, but has never used its own agents, preferring instead to \"turn\" Palestinians close to the intended target, usually using blackmail.[112]According to Alan Hart, the Mossad\'s specialty is poison.[112]According to Abu Iyad, two attempts were made on Arafat\'s life by the Israeli Mossad and the Military Directorate in 1970.[113]In 1976, Abu Sa\'ed, a Palestinian agent working for the Mossad, was enlisted in a plot to put poison pellets that looked like grains of rice in Arafat\'s food. Abu Iyad explains that Abu Sa\'ed confessed after he received the order to go ahead, explaining that he was unable to go through with the plot because, \"He was first of all a Palestinian and his conscience wouldn\'t let him do it.\"[114]Arafat claimed in a 1988 interview withTimethat because of his fear of assassination by the Israelis, he never slept in the same place two nights in a row.[115]

Relations with Hamas and other militant groups

Arafat\'s ability to adapt to new tactical and political situations was perhaps tested by the rise of the Hamas andPIJorganizations, Islamist groups espousingrejectionistpolicies with Israel. These groups often bombed non-military targets, such as malls and movie theaters, to increase the psychological damage and civilian casualties. In the 1990s, these groups seemed to threaten Arafat\'s capacity to hold together a unified nationalist organization with a goal of statehood.[110]

An attack carried out by Hamas militants killed 29 Israeli civilians celebratingPassover, including many senior citizens.[116]In response, Israel launchedOperation Defensive Shield, a major military offensive into majorWest Bank cities.Mahmoud al-Zahar, a Hamas leader in Gaza, stated in September 2010 that Arafat had instructed Hamas to launch what he termed \"military operations\" against Israel in 2000 when Arafat felt that negotiations with Israel would not succeed.[117]

Some Israeli government officials opined in 2002 that the armed Fatah sub-groupal-Aqsa Martyrs\' Brigadescommenced attacks towards Israel in order to compete with Hamas.[118]On 6 May 2002, the Israeli government released a report, based in part on documents, allegedly captured during the Israeli raid of Arafat\'s Ramallah headquarters, which allegedly included copies of papers signed by Arafat authorizing funding for al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades\' activities. The report implicated Arafat in the \"planning and execution of terror attacks\".[119]

Attempts to marginalize

Persistent attempts by the Israeli government to identify another Palestinian leader to represent the Palestinian people failed. Arafat was enjoying the support of groups that, given his own history, would normally have been quite wary of dealing with or supporting him.Marwan Barghouti(a leader of al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades) emerged as a possible replacement during the Second Intifada, but Israel had him arrested for allegedly being involved in the killing of twenty-six civilians, and he was sentenced to five life terms.[120]

Arafat was finally allowed to leave his compound on 2 May 2002 after intense negotiations led to a settlement: six PFLP militants, including the organization\'s secretary-generalAhmad Sa\'adat, wanted by Israel, who had been holed up with Arafat in his compound, would be transferred to international custody inJericho. After the wanted men were handed over the siege was lifted.[121]With that, and a promise that he would issue a call to the Palestinians to halt attacks on Israelis, Arafat was released. He issued such a call on 8 May. On 19 September 2002, the IDF largely demolished the compound witharmored bulldozersin order to isolate Arafat.[122][123][124]In March 2003, Arafat ceded his post as Prime Minister toMahmoud Abbasamid pressures by the US.[125]

After the Israeli security Cabinet on 11 September 2003 had decided that \"Israel will act to remove this obstacle [Arafat] in the manner, at the time, and in the ways that will be decided on separately\",[126]Israeli Cabinet members and officials had hinted on Arafat\'s death[127][128][129]and the Israeli military had begun making preparations for Arafat\'s possible expulsion in the near future,[130][131]many feared for his life. Israeli peace activists ofGush Shalom, Knesset members and others went into thePresidential Compound, prepared to serve as a human shield.[132][133]The compound remained under siege until Arafat\'s transfer to a French hospital, shortly before his death.

In 2004, President Bush dismissed Arafat as a negotiating partner, saying he had \"failed as a leader\" and accused him of undercutting Abbas when he was prime minister (Abbas resigned the same year he was given the position).[134]Arafat had a mixed relationship with the leaders of other Arab nations. His support from Arab leaders tended to increase whenever he was pressured by Israel; for example, when Israel declared in 2003 it had made the decision, in principle, to remove him from the Israeli-controlled West Bank.[108]In an interview with the Arabic news networkAl Jazeera, Arafat responded to Ariel Sharon\'s suggestion that he be exiled from thePalestinian territoriespermanently, by stating, \"Is it his [Sharon\'s] homeland or ours? We were planted here before the Prophet Abraham came, but it looks like they [Israelis] don\'t understand history or geography.\"[108]

Financial dealings

Under the Oslo Peace Accords, Israel undertook to deposit the VAT tax receipts on goods purchased by Palestinians into the Palestinian treasury. Until 2000, these monies were transferred directly to Arafat\'s personal accounts atBank Leumi, in Tel Aviv.[135]

In August 2002, theIsraeli Military IntelligenceChief alleged that Arafat\'s personal wealth was in the range of US$1.3 billion.[136]In 2003 theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF) conducted an audit of the PNA and stated that Arafat diverted $900 million in public funds to a special bank account controlled by Arafat and the PNA Chief Economic Financial adviser. However, the IMF did not claim that there were any improprieties, and it specifically stated that most of the funds had been used to invest in Palestinian assets, both internally and abroad.[137][138]

However, in 2003, a team of American accountants—hired by Arafat\'s ownfinance ministry—began examining Arafat\'s finances. In its conclusions, the team claimed that part of the Palestinian leader\'s wealth was in a secret portfolio worth close to $1 billion, with investments in companies like aCoca-Colabottling plant inRamallah, a Tunisian cell phone company andventure capital fundsin the US and theCayman Islands. The head of the investigation stated that \"although the money for the portfolio came from public funds like Palestinian taxes, virtually none of it was used for the Palestinian people; it was all controlled by Arafat. And none of these dealings were made public.\"[139]An investigation conducted by theGeneral Accounting Officereported that Arafat and the PLO held over $10 billion in assets even at the time when he was publicly claiming bankruptcy.[140]

Although Arafat lived a modest lifestyle,Dennis Ross, former Middle East negotiator for PresidentsGeorge H.W. Bushand Bill Clinton, stated that Arafat\'s \"walking-around money\" financed a vast patronage system known asneopatrimonialism. According toSalam Fayyad—a formerWorld Bankofficial whom Arafat appointedFinance Minister of the PNAin 2002—Arafat\'s commodity monopolies could accurately be seen as gouging his own people, \"especially in Gaza which is poorer, which is something that is totally unacceptable and immoral.\" Fayyad claims that Arafat used $20 million from public funds to pay the leadership of the PNA security forces (thePreventive Security Service) alone.[139]

Fuad Shubaki, former financial aide to Arafat, told the Israeli security serviceShin Betthat Arafat used several million dollars of aid money to buy weapons and support militant groups.[141]During Israel\'sOperation Defensive Shield, the Israel army recovered counterfeit money and documents from Arafat\'s Ramallah headquarters. The documents showed that, in 2001, Arafat personally approved payments toTanzimmilitants.[142]The Palestinians claimed that the counterfeit money was confiscated from criminal elements.[143]

Illness and deathArafat mausoleum

The first reports of Arafat\'s failing health by his doctors for what his spokesman said was the flu came on 25 October 2004, after he vomited during a staff meeting. His condition deteriorated in the following days.[144]Following visits by other doctors, including teams from Tunisia, Jordan, and Egypt—and agreement by Israel to allow him to travel—Arafat was taken to France on a French government jet, and was admitted to thePercy military hospitalinClamart, a suburb of Paris.[145][146]On 3 November, he had lapsed into a gradually deepening coma.[147]

Arafat was pronounced dead at 03:30UTCon 11 November 2004 at the age of 75 of what French doctors called a (hemorrhagic stroke).[148][149]Initially, Arafat\'s medical records were withheld by senior Palestinian officials, and Arafat\'s wife refused an autopsy.[150]French doctors also said that Arafat suffered from a blood condition known asdisseminated intravascular coagulation, although it is inconclusive what brought about the condition.[151][152]When Arafat\'s death was announced, the Palestinian people went into a state of mourning, withQur\'anicmourning prayers emitted from mosque loudspeakers throughout the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and tires burned in the streets.[153]The Palestinian Authority and refugee camps in Lebanon declared 40 days of mourning.[154][155]

FuneralArafat\'s \"temporary\" tomb inRamallah, 2004

On 11 November 2004, aFrench ArmyHonor Guardheld a brief ceremony for Arafat, with his coffin draped in aPalestinian Flag. A military band played the French and Palestinian national anthems, and a Chopin funeral march.[156]French PresidentJacques Chiracstood alone beside Arafat\'s coffin for about ten minutes in a last show of respect for Arafat, whom he hailed as \"a man of courage\".[157]The next day, Arafat\'s body was flown from Paris aboard aFrench Air Forcetransport plane toCairo, Egypt for a briefmilitary funeralthere, attended by several heads of states, prime ministers and foreign ministers.[158]Egypt\'s top Muslim clericSayed Tantawiled mourning prayers preceding the funeral procession.[145]

Honour guard at attention over Yasser Arafat\'stombstoneinmausoleum, opened 10 November 2007 at the PNAPresidential headquartersin Ramallah

Israel refused Arafat\'s wish to be buried near theAl-Aqsa Mosqueor anywhere inJerusalem, citing security concerns.[159]Israel also feared that his burial would strengthen Palestinian claims to East Jerusalem.[160]Following the Cairo procession, Arafat was \"temporarily\" buried within theMukataainRamallah; tens of thousands of Palestinians attended the ceremony.[145]Arafat was buried in a stone, rather than wooden, coffin, and Palestinian spokesmanSaeb Erekatsaid that Arafat would be reburied in East Jerusalem following the establishment of a Palestinian state. AfterSheikh Taissir Tamimidiscovered that Arafat was buried improperly and in a coffin—which is not in accordance withIslamic law—Arafat was reburied on the morning of 13 November at around 3:00am.[161]On 10 November 2007, prior to the third anniversary of Arafat\'s death, PresidentMahmoud Abbasunveiled amausoleumfor Arafat near his tomb in commemoration of him.[162]

Theories about the cause of deathMain article:Cause of Yasser Arafat\'s death

Numerous theories have appeared regarding Arafat\'s death, with the most prominent being poisoning[163][164][165][166](possibly bypolonium) and[167]AIDS-related illnesses,[168][169][170]as well as liver disease[171]or aplateletdisorder.[172]

In September 2005, an Israeli-declared AIDS expert claimed that Arafat bore all the symptoms of AIDS based on obtained medical records.[168]But others, includingPatrice Manginof theUniversity of LausanneandThe New York Timesdisagreed with this claim, insisting that Arafat\'s record indicated that it was highly unlikely that the cause of his death was AIDS.[173][174]Arafat\'s personal doctor Ashraf al-Kurdi and aideBassam Abu Sharifmaintained that Arafat was poisoned,[163][164]possibly bythallium.[165]A senior Israeli physician concluded that Arafat died from food poisoning. Both those claims were rejected byHaaretzandThe New York Times.[168][175]Then-Palestinian foreign ministerNabil Shaathhad also ruled out poisoning after talks with Arafat\'s French doctors.[175]

On 4 July 2012,Al Jazeerapublished the results of a nine-month investigation, which revealed that none of the causes of Arafat’s death suggested in several rumors could be true. Tests carried out by a Swiss scientific experts found traces of polonium in quantities much higher than could occur naturally on Arafat\'s personal belongings.[173][176]On 12 October 2013, the British medical journalThe Lancetpublished a peer-reviewed article by the Swiss experts about the analysis of the 38 samples of Arafat\'s clothes and belongings and 37 reference samples which were known to be polonium-free, suggesting that Arafat could have died of polonium poisoning.[177][178]

On 27 November 2012, three teams of international investigators, a French, a Swiss, and a Russian team, collected samples from Arafat\'s body and the surrounding soil in the mausoleum inRamallah, to carry out an investigation independently from each other.[179][180][181]

On 6 November 2013, Al Jazeera reported that the Swiss forensic team had found levels of polonium in Arafat\'s ribs and pelvis 18 to 36 times the average, and were 83 percent confident that polonium poisoning occurred, but Professor Bochud disagreed with this interpretation by Al Jazeera and only states that the poisoning hypothesis by polonium is \"reasonably to the Swiss expert team (including notably experts in radio-chemistry, radio-physics and legal medicine), on a probability scale ranging from one to six, death by polonium poisoning is around five.[178]Forensic Biologist Nathan Lents of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, said the report\'s results are consistent with a possible polonium poisoning, but \"There\'s certainly not a smoking gun here.\" Derek Hill, a professor in radiological science at University College London who was not involved in the investigation, said \"I would say it\'s clearly not overwhelming proof, and there is a risk of contamination (of the samples), but it is a pretty strong signal. ... It seems likely what they\'re doing is putting a very cautious interpretation of strong data.\"[185]

On 26 December 2013, a team of Russian scientists released a report saying they had found no trace of radioactive poisoning—a finding that comes after the French report found traces of the radioactive isotope polonium. Vladimir Uiba, the head of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, said that Arafat died of natural causes (without explaining which) and the agency had no plans to conduct further tests.[186]Unlike the Swiss report, the French and Russian reports were not made public, at the time.[178]The Swiss experts read the French and Russian reports and explained that the radiologic data measured by the other teams support their conclusions of a probable death by polonium poisoning.[178]In March 2015 a French prosecutor announced that his death was of natural causes, and the polonium and lead traces found were Environmental.[187]