SYRACUSE in Sicily 440BC RARE Ancient Greek Coin Nymph Arethusa Octopus i39221
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SYRACUSE in Sicily 440BC RARE Ancient Greek Coin Nymph Arethusa Octopus i39221:
$398.88
Item: i39221
Authentic Ancient Coin of:
Greek city ofSyracuse inSicily
Bronze Trias 13mm (2.73 grams) Struck 440-425 B.C.
Reference: Sear 1184; B.M.C. 2.126
ΣYPA , Head of nymph Arethusa right, hair in korymbos; dolphins before and behind.
Cuttle-fish/Octopus; three pellets around.
You are offerding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
A nymph inGreek mythology and inLatin mythology is a minor female nature deity typically associated with a particular location or landform. There are 5 different types of nymphs, Celestial Nymphs, Water Nymphs, Land Nymphs, Plant Nymphs and Underworld Nymphs. Different from goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as divine spirits who animate nature, and are usually depicted as beautiful, young nubile maidens who love to dance and sing; their amorous freedom sets them apart from the restricted and chaste wives and daughters of the Greek polis. They are believed to dwell in mountains andgroves, by springs and rivers, and also in trees and in valleys and coolgrottoes. Although they would never die of old age nor illness, and could give birth to fully immortal children if mated to a god, they themselves were not necessarily immortal, and could be beholden to death in various forms.Charybdis andScylla were once nymphs.
Other nymphs, always in the shape of young maidens, were part of theretinue of a god, such asDionysus,Hermes, orPan, or a goddess, generally the huntressArtemis.[1] Nymphs were the frequent target ofsatyrs. They are frequently associated with the superior divinities: the huntressArtemis; the propheticApollo; the reveller and god ofwine,Dionysus; and rustic gods such as Pan and Hermes.
EtymologyNymphs are personifications of the creative and fostering activities of nature, most often identified with the life-giving outflow of springs: asWalter Burkert (Burkert 1985:III.3.3) remarks, \"The idea that rivers are gods and springs divine nymphs is deeply rooted not only in poetry but in belief and ritual; the worship of these deities is limited only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality.\"
TheGreek word νύμφη has \"bride\" and \"veiled\" among its meanings: hence a marriageable young woman. Other readers refer the word (and alsoLatin nubere andGerman Knospe) to a root expressing the idea of \"swelling\" (according toHesychius, one of the meanings ofνύμφη is \"rose-bud\").
Greek deitiesseries Primordial deities Titans and Olympians Aquatic deities Chthonic deities Personified concepts Other deities
- Asclepius, god of medicine
- Leto, mother of Apollo
and Artemis - Pan, shepherd god
- Alseid
- Auloniad
- Aurai
- Crinaeae
- Dryads
- Eleionomae
- Hamadryads
- Hesperides
- Limnades
- Meliae
- Naiads
- Napaeae
- Nereids
- Oceanids
- Oreads
- Pegaeae
- Pegasides
- Pleiades
- Potamides
The Greek nymphs were spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin genius loci, and the difficulty of transferring their cult may be seen in the complicated myth that broughtArethusa to Sicily. In the works of the Greek-educatedLatin poets, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna,Egeria,Carmentis,Fontus), while theLymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water-goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The mythologies of classicizing Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cult of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts ofLatium. Among theRoman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted, and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.
In modern Greek folklore A Sleeping Nymph Watched by a Shepherd by Angelica Kauffman, about 1780, (V&A Museum no. 23-1886)The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century, when they were usually known as \"nereids\". At that time, John Cuthbert Lawson wrote: \"...there is probably no nook or hamlet in all Greece where the womenfolk at least do not scrupulously take precautions against the thefts and malice of the nereids, while many a man may still be found to recount in all good faith stories of their beauty, passion and caprice. Nor is it a matter of faith only; more than once I have been in villages where certain Nereids were known by sight to several persons (so at least they averred); and there was a wonderful agreement among the witnesses in the description of their appearance and dress.\"[2]
Nymphs tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night. They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate human. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to Saint Artemidos.[3][4]
Due to the depiction of the mythological nymphs as females who mate with men or women at their own volition, and are completely outside male control, the term is often used for women who are perceived as behaving similarly. (For example, the title of thePerry Mason detective novel The Case of the Negligent Nymph (1956) byErle Stanley Gardner is derived from this meaning of the word.)
The term nymphomania was created by modernpsychology as referring to a \"desire to engage inhuman sexual behavior at a level high enough to be considered clinically significant\", nymphomaniac being the person suffering from such a disorder. Due to widespread use of the term among lay persons (often shortened to nympho) and stereotypes attached, professionals nowadays prefer the term hypersexuality, which can refer to males and females alike.
The word nymphet is used to identify a sexually precocious girl. The term was made famous in the novel Lolita byVladimir Nabokov. The main character,Humbert Humbert, uses the term many times, usually in reference to the title character.
ClassificationAsH.J. Rose states, all the names for various classes of nymphs are plural feminine adjectives agreeing with the substantivenymphai, and there was no single classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive. Thus the classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. Rose mentionsdryads andhamadryads as nymphs of trees generally, meliai as nymphs ofash trees, andnaiads as nymphs of water, but no others specifically.[5]
Classification by type of dwelling Hylas and the Nymphs by John William Waterhouse, 1896The following[6] is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended simply as a guide:
- Celestial nymphs
- Aurae (breezes), also called Aetae or Pnoae
- Asteriae (stars), mainly comprising the Atlantides (daughters of Atlas)
- Hesperides (nymphs of the West, daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the Hamadryads)
- Aegle (\"dazzling light\")
- Arethusa
- Erytheia (or Eratheis)
- Hesperia (or Hispereia)
- Hyades (star cluster; sent rain)
- Pleiades (daughters of Atlas and Pleione; constellation; also were classed as Oreads)
- Hesperides (nymphs of the West, daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the Hamadryads)
The myth of her transformation begins when she came across a clear stream and began bathing, not knowing it was the river god Alpheus. He fell in love during their encounter, but she fled after discovering his presence and intentions, as she wished to remain a chaste attendant of Artemis. After a long chase, she prayed to her goddess to ask for protection. Artemis hid her in a cloud, but Alpheus was persistent. She began to perspire profusely from fear, and soon transformed into a stream. Artemis then broke the ground allowing Arethusa another attempt to flee. Her stream traveled under the earth to the island of Ortygia, but Alpheus flowed through the sea to reach her and mingle with her waters.
During Demeter\'s search for her daughter Persephone Sicily for her daughter\'s disappearance. She told the goddess that while traveling in her stream below the earth, she saw her daughter looking sad as the queen of Hades.
Arethusa occasionally appeared on coins as a young girl with a net in her hair and dolphins around her head. These coins were common around Ortygia, the location in which she ends up after fleeing from Alpheus.
The Roman writer Ovid called Arethusa by the name \"Alpheias\", because her stream was believed to have a subterranean communication with the river Alpheius, in Peloponnesus.
Syracuse pronounced,Sicilian: Sarausa, is a historiccity insouthern Italy, thecapital of theprovince of Syracuse. The city is famous for its rich Greek and association toArchimedes, playing an important role in ancient times as one of the top powers of theMediterranean world; it is over 2,700 years old. Syracuse is located in the south-east corner of the island ofSicily, right by the Gulf of Syracuse next to theIonian Sea.
The city was founded byAncient Greek Corinthians and became a very powerfulcity-state. Syracuse was allied withSparta andCorinth, exerting influence over the entire Magna Grecia area of which it was the most important city. Once described by Cicero as \"the greatest Greek city and the most beautiful of them all\", it later became part of theRoman Republic andByzantine Empire. After thisPalermo overtook it in importance, as the capital of theKingdom of Sicily. Eventually the kingdom would be united with theKingdom of Naples to form theTwo Sicilies until theItalian unification of 1860.
In the modern day, the city is listed byUNESCO as aWorld Heritage Site along with theNecropolis of Pantalica. In the central area, the city itself has a population of around 125,000 people. The inhabitants are known as Siracusans, and the local language spoken by its inhabitants is theSicilian language. Syracuse is mentioned in theBible in theActs of the Apostles book at 28:12 asPaul stayed there.[2] The patron saint of the city isSaint Lucy; she was born in Syracuse and her feast day,Saint Lucy\'s Day, is celebrated on 13 December.
Greek period Main articles: Magna Graecia and List of Tyrants of SyracuseSyracuse and its surrounding area have been inhabited since ancient times, as shown by the findings in the villages of Stentinello, Ognina, Plemmirio, Matrensa, Cozzo Pantano and Thapsos, which already had a relationship withMycenaean Greece.
Syracuse was founded in 734 or 733 BC by Greek settlers fromCorinth and Tenea, led by the oecist (colonizer)Archias, who called it Sirako, referring to a nearby salt marsh. The nucleus of the ancient city was the small island of Ortygia. The settlers found the land fertile and the native tribes to be reasonably well-disposed to their presence. The city grew and prospered, and for some time stood as the most powerful Greek city anywhere in theMediterranean. Colonies were founded atAkrai (664 BC),Kasmenai (643 BC),Akrillai (VII century BC), Helorus (VII century BC) andKamarina (598 BC). The descendants of the first colonist, called Gamoroi, held the power until they were expelled by the Killichiroi, the lower class of the city. The former, however, returned to power in 485 BC, thanks to the help ofGelo, ruler ofGela. Gelo himself became the despot of the city, and moved many inhabitants of Gela, Kamarina and Megera to Syracuse, building the new quarters ofTyche andNeapolis outside the walls. His program of new constructions included a new theater, designed byDamocopos, which gave the city a flourishing cultural life: this in turn attracted personalities asAeschylus, Ario ofMetimma, Eumelos ofCorinth andSappho, who had been exiled here fromMytilene. The enlarged power of Syracuse made unavoidable the clash against theCarthaginians, who ruled western Sicily. In theBattle of Himera, Gelo, who had allied with Theron ofAgrigento, decisively defeated the African force led byHamilcar. Atemple, entitled to Athena (on the site of the today\'s Cathedral), was erected in the city to commemorate the event
Gelon was succedeed by his brotherHiero, whofought against theEtruscans at Cumae in 474 BC. His rule was eulogized by poets likeSimonides of Ceos,Bacchylides and Pindar, who visited his court. A democratic regime was introduced byThrasybulos (467 BC). The city continued to expand inSicily, fighting against the rebelliousSiculi, and on theTyrrhenian Sea, making expeditions up toCorsica andElba. In the late 5th century BC, Syracuse found itself at war withAthens, which sought more resources to fight thePeloponnesian War. The Syracusans enlisted the aid of a general fromSparta, Athens\' foe in the war, to defeat the Athenians, destroy their ships, and leave them to starve on the island (seeSicilian Expedition). In 401 BC, Syracuse contributed a force of 3,000hoplites and a general toCyrus the Younger\'sArmy of the Ten Thousand.
Then in the early 4th century BC, thetyrantDionysius the Elder was again at war againstCarthage and, although losing Gela and Camarina, kept that power from capturing the whole of Sicily. After the end of the conflict Dionysius built a massive fortress on the Ortygia island of the city and 22km-long walls around all of Syracuse. Another period of expansion saw the destruction ofNaxos, Catania and Lentini, then Syracuse entered again in war against Carthage (397 BC). After various changes of fortune, the Carthaginians managed to besiege Syracuse itself, but were eventually pushed back by a pestilence. A treaty in 392 BC allowed Syracuse to enlarge further its possessions, founding the cities of Adrano, Ancona,Adria, Tindari and Tauromenos, and conqueringReggio Calabria on the continent. Apart from his battle deeds, Dionysius was famous as a patron of art, andPlato himself visited Syracuse several times.
His successor wasDionysius the Younger, who was however expelled byDion in 356 BC. But the latter\'s despotic rule led in turn to his expulsion, and Dionysius reclaimed his throne in 347 BC. A democratic government was installed by Timoleon in 345 BC. The long series of internal struggles had weakened Syracuse\'s power on the island, and Timoleon tried to remedy this, defeating the Carthaginians in 339 BC near theKrimisos river. But the struggle among the city\'s parties restarted after his death and ended with the rise of another tyrant,Agathocles, who seized power with a coup in 317 BC. He resumed the war against Carthage, with alternate fortunes. He however scored a moral success, bringing the war to the Carthaginians\' native African soil, inflicting heavy losses to the enemy. The war ended with another treaty of peace which did not prevent the Carthaginians interfering in the politics of Syracuse after the death of Agathocles (289 BC). The citizens calledPyrrhus of Epirus for help. After a brief period under the rule of Epirus,Hiero II seized power in 275 BC.
Hiero inaugurated a period of 50 years of peace and prosperity, in which Syracause became one of the most renowned capitals of Antiquity. He issued the so-called Lex Hieronica, which was later adopted by the Romans for their administration of Sicily; he also had the theater enlarged and a new immensealtar, the \"Hiero\'s Ara\", built. Under his rule lived the most famous Syracusan, thenatural philosopherArchimedes. Among his many inventions were various military engines including theclaw of Archimedes, later used to resist theRoman siege of 214BC–212BC. Literary figures includedTheocritus and others.
Hiero\'s successor, the youngHieronymus (ruled from 215 BC), broke the alliance with the Romans after their defeat at theBattle of Cannae and acceptedCarthage\'s support. The Romans, led by consulMarcus Claudius Marcellus,besieged the city in 214 BC. The city held out for three years, but fell in 212 BC. It is believed to have fallen due to a peace party opening a small door in the wall to negotiate a peace, but the Romans charged through the door and took the city, killing Archimedes in the process.
From Roman domination to the Middle AgesThough declining slowly by the years, Syracuse maintained the status of capital of the Roman government of Sicily and seat of thepraetor. It remained an important port for the trades between the Eastern and the Western parts of the Empire.Christianity spread in the city through the efforts ofPaul of Tarsus and Saint Marziano, the first bishop of the city, who made it one of the main centres ofproselytism in the West. In the age of the persecutions massivecatacombs were carved, whose size is second only to those of Rome.
After a period ofVandal rule, Syracuse and the island was recovered byBelisarius for theByzantine Empire (31 December 535). From 663 to 668 Syracuse was the seat of Emperor Constans II, as well as metropolis of the whole Sicilian Church.
Another siege in 878, resulted in the city coming under two centuries ofMuslim rule. The capital was moved from Syracuse toPalermo. The Cathedral was converted into amosque and the quarter on the Ortygia island was gradually rebuilt along Islamic styles. The city, nevertheless, maintained important trade relationships, and housed a relatively flourishing cultural and artistic life: several Arab poets, includingIbn Hamdis, the most important Sicilian poet of the 12th century, flourished in the city.
In 1038, the Byzantine generalGeorge Maniaces reconquered the city, sending the relics of St. Lucy toConstantinople. The eponymous castle on the cape of Ortygia bears his name, although it was built under theHohenstaufen rule. In 1085 theNormans entered Syracuse, one of the lastArab strongholds, after a summer-long siege byRoger I of Sicily and his sonJordan of Hauteville, who was given the city as count. New quarters were built, and the cathedral was restored, as well as other churches.
In 1194Henry VI of Swabia occupied Syracuse. After a short period ofGenoese rule (1205–1220), which favoured a rise of trades, Syracuse was conquered back by emperorFrederick II. He began the construction of theCastello Maniace, the Bishops\' Palace and the Bellomo Palace. Frederick\'s death brought a period of unrest and feudal anarchy. In the struggle between theAnjou andAragonese monarchies, Syracuse sided with the Aragonese and defeated the Anjou in 1298, receiving from the Spanish sovereigns great privileges in reward. The pre-eminence of baronal families is also shown by the construction of the palaces of Abela,Chiaramonte, Nava,Montalto.
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SYRACUSE in Sicily 440BC RARE Ancient Greek Coin Nymph Arethusa Octopus i39221:
$398.88